Background
s : The visits of patients who want to treat the osidrosis were increased due to the improvement of living status. Surgical methods, therefore, that removes only scars subcutaneous tissue with the minimum of scars in short time have been studied. This study is to compare the clinical and shistological results of Manual and INABA's method that is available in primary care units briefly.

Methods : The authors reviewed 48 patients who were treated osmidrosis in Kun San Medical Center by use of the manual method in right axilla and Inaba's method in the left axila from May 1992 to June 1994. We chddoose the single incision-flap method and 48 patients were analyzed in 2 groups according to instrument in same patient. The results of the extent of Apocrine and Eccring gland removed were compared by the histological byopsy in pre and post-operation. The complications of these methods folowed for at least 4 months up to 13 months after operation.

Results : There were 35 females and 13 males among the 48 patients. The age of the patients ranged from 14 years to 43 years with the mean age of 22 years(Table 1). In histological comparision, apocrine gland was removed completly by two methods, but Inaba method reduced more eccrine gland than Manual method(Tabele 4, p<0.001). After operation, the complications, 12%(6/48) flap necrosis, 6%(3/48) hypertrophic scar and 12%(6/48) hematoma occurred by Manual method, instead of only 12%(6/48) hematoma showed by Inaba method without other complications(Table 3). The operation time for the single incision was 45 minutes(42-47) by Manual method, 30 minutes(25-35) by Indaba(Table 5). The operation time of Manual method is longer than Inaba method about 15 minutes(p<0.001)

Conclusion : Inaba method is brief and easier than Manual's in operation. It is desirable to recommend Inaba method for the patients and physicians in primary care units.

Background
: A number of epidemiological and medical studies have clearly documented the negative effects of smoking on health and, it was reported that smokers be more susceptible to unhealthy behaviors than never smokers. Thereafter, we carried out this study to clear out the association between smoking and other unhealthy other behaviors.

Methods : Data were gathered from 20~65 year aged 529 males, who visited Presbyterian Medical Center to be evaluated for general check up, and to attend them by interviewing from June 23rd, 1993 to August 6th, 1993 with questionnaires. General features included age, education, job, monthly income, religion, marital status and, unhealthy behaviors included overweight, breakfast, sleep, exercise, drinking from Alameda County Study, and smoking status. Thereafter, taken with results, we performed statistical analysis among the results by means of chisquare test and Chisquare trend test.

Results : 502 subjects among the 529 subjects were validly replied. The average age was 41, 83% were mid-school graduateds, 80% were 500,000 Won or more monthly family income, 60% had a religion, 82% were married. 23% were never smokers, 24% were former smokers, 53% were current smokers. Among the unhealthy behaviors, the factors that were significantly associated with smoking were overweight, breakfast, exercise, drinking, but sleep was not associated with smoking. Compared with non-smokers, smokers were more likely to skip breakfast, ciated with smoking. Compared with non-smokers, smokers were more likely to skip breakfast, not exercise actively, and drink heavily. Overweight was significantly associated with smoking, but had no trend with smoking.

Conclusion : Smoking was found to be partially associated with unhealthy behaviors. Primary physicians who managed and counselled the smokers need to consider these associations and, therefore, comprehensive approaches are needed for health promotion of their patients. The limitations of this study were small sample size and, limitation to male sex, uncontrollability of the association between variables.

Background
: It is known that smoking is harmful to humanbody and it brings about several diseases and it has risk of losing life. A high white blood cell count has been shown leukocyte toxicity even to a normal and it has been shown to exist in certain disease status, such as current infection, some malignancies and acute myocardial infarction. It was reported that it involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as gout, emphysema, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This study intends to show the relationship between smoking status and white blood cell count.

Methods : From May 1992 to July 1993, we had a questionnaire interview, phone interview and mail interview to over 35 year-old male who had visited the presbyterian Medical Center for their health screening. Among them, we studied 447 persons. Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidemia were excluded. We made a distinction current smoker, ex-smoker, non-smoker from them according to smoking status. There was many variables according to age, education, economics, smoking status, the amounts of daily smoking, the duration of smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise status, diseases, height, weight, BMI and white blood cell counts. We made use of Chi-square test, ANOVA test and multiple regression analysis in order to make a statistical analysis.

Results : Current smokers were 250, ex-smokers were 24, non-smokers were 173. There was a positive association between smoking status and white blood cell count(P<0.05). Other associations were exercise status, alcohol drinking and education. Mean white blood cell counts according to smoking status were 6,472cells/mm³ in non-smokers, 6,979 cells/mm³, 7,258 cells/mm³ when they exercised for over 30 minutes everyday and exerciser's case, mean white blood cell counts were 6,544 cells/mm³. Also they were 7,228 cells/mm³ when they never exercised(P<0.05). There was a significant association between smoking status and a high white blood cell count though we controlled the exercise status(P<0.05). It was examined that the more the amounts of smoking incerased, the more white blood cell count inereased(p<0.05). It was examined that the more the amounts of smoking incerased, the more white blood cell count inereased(p<0.05).

Conclusion : There was a significant association between smoking status and a high white blood cell count. After we controlled the disturbance factor, the results were same. There was a dose-response relationship between the amounts of smoking and white blood cell count. Therefore we can conclude that smoking increase white blood cell count and it is a factor of strengthening leukocyte toxicity.