Background
: This study was attempted to evaluate the influence of the family function on individual health by analyzing an association between Smilkstein's APGAR Score and depression scales, anxiety scales, degree of fatigue.

Methods : Data were gathered by questionnaires which is consisted of Smilkstein's APGAR Score, Beck's depression inventory(BDI), Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), and subjective complaints of fatigue from 239 passers of Jeonju Teachers college in 1992.

Results : The mean of Family APGAR Score was 13.74±3.33 and among them the dysfunctional group(point 0 to 13) was 113(47.3%), and functional group(point 14 to 20) was 126(52.7%). There was significant difference between dysfunctional and functional group in depression and anxiety score(P<0.05), but no significant difference in degree of fatigue(P>0.05). The depression scores of each APGAR item showed a significant difference between satisfactional and dissatisfactional groups in all items(P<0.05). Also, there were meaningful difference in all anxiety scores except affection item as well as in all fatigue scores except adaptation item between two groups.

Conclusion : These results suggested the family APGAR Score has an association with depression, anxiety, fatigue of individual family members. Thus, it is recommanded to approach for evaluation of family function in treatment of depressive, anxious, or fatigued patients.

Background
: As a complication peripheral polyneuropathy is frequently observed in diabetic patients. Although it has been reported that the duration of diabetes and the status of diaberic control played critical roles in pathogenesis of peripheral polyneuropathy, nothing else was known previously. In this paper we investigate the possible relationship between peripheral polyeuropathy and smoking among the diabetic patients, consequently to study if smoking induces any significant effects on the pathogenesis of the peripheral polyenuopathy.

Methods : The one hundred and four patients showing the symptom of periheral polyneuropthy and the same number of patients without the symtpom were chose among 296 patients, after excluding seemingly irrelevant 88 patients, who were hospitalized in the Presbyterian Medial Center at Jeonju from 1992. 1.1 to 1993.7.31. Those selected patients were called up for a inquiry and their medial records were also looked up in order to obtain the relevant data for the current investigation. The obtained data were the age, sex, duration of diabetes dringking behavior, and amount of smoking. These were analyzed statistically by utilizing SAS.

Results : The mean age of the group with the symptom of peripheral polyneuropathy is 57.5 years and that of the group without any symptom is 58.6 years. There shows no difference in the sexual ratio between two groups. Also, observed is that the age of onset of diabetes is younger, the duration of diabetes is longer, and more patients are using insulin in the group without the symptom of peripheral polyneuropathy(P<0.05). compared to the group without the symptom. On the other hand, no difference is noticed between the groups in the fasting blood suqar and the amount of smoking. Neither is seen the diffence of the onset age and duration of diabetes, and the controlling method of the blood glucose between the smoker and nonsmoker group.

Conclusion : It is not observed any relevant association between the smoking and the symptom of the peripheral polyneuropathy among the diabetic patients.

Background
: It is known that smoking is harmful to humanbody and it brings about several diseases and it has risk of losing life. A high white blood cell count has been shown leukocyte toxicity even to a normal and it has been shown to exist in certain disease status, such as current infection, some malignancies and acute myocardial infarction. It was reported that it involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as gout, emphysema, artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This study intends to show the relationship between smoking status and white blood cell count.

Methods : From May 1992 to July 1993, we had a questionnaire interview, phone interview and mail interview to over 35 year-old male who had visited the presbyterian Medical Center for their health screening. Among them, we studied 447 persons. Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidemia were excluded. We made a distinction current smoker, ex-smoker, non-smoker from them according to smoking status. There was many variables according to age, education, economics, smoking status, the amounts of daily smoking, the duration of smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise status, diseases, height, weight, BMI and white blood cell counts. We made use of Chi-square test, ANOVA test and multiple regression analysis in order to make a statistical analysis.

Results : Current smokers were 250, ex-smokers were 24, non-smokers were 173. There was a positive association between smoking status and white blood cell count(P<0.05). Other associations were exercise status, alcohol drinking and education. Mean white blood cell counts according to smoking status were 6,472cells/mm³ in non-smokers, 6,979 cells/mm³, 7,258 cells/mm³ when they exercised for over 30 minutes everyday and exerciser's case, mean white blood cell counts were 6,544 cells/mm³. Also they were 7,228 cells/mm³ when they never exercised(P<0.05). There was a significant association between smoking status and a high white blood cell count though we controlled the exercise status(P<0.05). It was examined that the more the amounts of smoking incerased, the more white blood cell count inereased(p<0.05). It was examined that the more the amounts of smoking incerased, the more white blood cell count inereased(p<0.05).

Conclusion : There was a significant association between smoking status and a high white blood cell count. After we controlled the disturbance factor, the results were same. There was a dose-response relationship between the amounts of smoking and white blood cell count. Therefore we can conclude that smoking increase white blood cell count and it is a factor of strengthening leukocyte toxicity.

Background
: It is very difficult for those who are engaged in day-time occupations to receive medical care, because most of the practice schedule is centered principally on daytime. Some of them may benefit greatly if there are some evening clinics.
To ascertain the idea and decide whether we should begin the evening clinic, we surveyed about the extent of positive response to the evening clinic in a community.

Methods : We surveyed those who dwell in a medium-sized city during the month of August, 1991, and analyzed 600 people who had answered relatively sincerely about the actual usage of the medical services and response to the evening clinic.

Results : Of the 600 chosen respondents, 76.8% had positive response to the evening clinic, and 23.2% did not show any interest in the evening clinic. In analyzing the positive-response group, we found out the three most common types of their occupations were as follows in the order of frequency ; public servants, merchants, and office workers.
The positive-response group responded more frequently than the negative-response group in the following answers : 'I don't make much use of hospitals, because my schedule don't fit to the practice schedule.' 'I have visited hospitals, but failed to receive medical cares, because the practice schedule was over.' 'I had to go to emergency room even without any emergency problems, because no medical clinic was available at night time.' 'I don't think the present practice hours are properly scheduled for everyone.' "The most convenient time for us to go to hospital is from 5 PM. to 9 PM.'
In these responses, there was a statistically significant difference between the positive-response group and the negative-response group(P<0.05).

Conclusion : The people of survey area showed highly positive response to the evening clinic, especially high in those who had experienced inconvenience in the daytime-centered practice schedule.

Background
: Most women have regular menstruation since their menarche. According to a regular menstrual cycle, the hormone levels change. Also physical and mental impairments occur before menstruation. However. only recently have the interests and interest of the medical community in PMS increased. Therefore we gathered information concerning the frequency, and type of PMS in these study.

Methods : In this research, 277 first and second-year high school students and 65 Margaret Pritchard Nursing college students were surveyed during the period from July 1991 to August 1991.

Results : Of the 330 subjects, 26(7.9%) suffered from PMS. According to the Dawood's classification, the degree of the disease was as follows : 19(73.1%), mild ; 2(7.7%), moderate ; 5(19.2%), severe. Of the symptoms, fatigue is the most often experienced(88%). 11 subjects have taken medication for relief.

Conclusion : We gathered information concerning the frequency and type of PMS. The purpose of this research is informed and aid young women through counseling and treatment of problem.