| Jin Gyu Jung | 25 Articles |
Background
This study aimed to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean women as determined by facial flushing. Methods Of the female patients aged <65 years who visited the health promotion center at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 2016 to March 2017, 1,344 women were included. After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, exercise, and menopausal status, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome in the facial flushing and non-facial flushing groups compared with the non-drinkers. Results Even after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high in all drinking subgroups (≤2 standard drinks: odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.68; 2<, ≤4 standard drinks: OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.29–4.74; and >4 standard drinks: OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.03–8.30) of the facial flushing group. The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high only in the subgroup of weekly alcohol consumption >4 standard drinks (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.07–4.52) in the non-facial flushing group. Conclusion This study suggests that Korean women experiencing facial flushing when drinking have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome even with a low weekly drinking amount than those who do not experience face flushing. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) has been widely used to identify alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study evaluated the validity of the AUDIT-Korean revised version (AUDIT-KR) for screening AUD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) criteria. This research was conducted with 443 subjects who visited the Chungnam National University Hospital for a comprehensive medical examination. All subjects completed the demographic questionnaire and AUDIT-KR without assistance. Subjects were divided into two groups according to DSM-5 criteria: an AUD group, which included patients that fit the criteria for AUD (120 males and 21 females), and a non-AUD group, which included 146 males and 156 females that did not meet AUD criteria. The appropriate cut-off values, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the AUDIT-KR were evaluated. The mean±standard deviation AUDIT-KR scores were 10.32±7.48 points in males and 3.23±4.42 points in females. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval, CI) of the AUDIT-KR for identifying AUD was 0.884 (0.840–0.920) in males and 0.962 (0.923–0.985) in females. The optimal cut-off value of the AUDIT-KR was 10 points for males (sensitivity, 81.90%; specificity, 81.33%; positive predictive value, 77.2%; negative predictive value, 85.3%) and 5 points for females (sensitivity, 100.00%; specificity, 88.54%; positive predictive value, 52.6%; negative predictive value, 100.0%). The AUDIT-KR has high reliability and validity for identifying AUD according to DSM-5 criteria. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk and alcohol consumption according to facial flushing after drinking among Korean men. The subjects were 1,817 Korean men (non-drinker group, 283 men; drinking-related facial flushing group, 662 men; non-flushing group, 872 men) >30 years who had undergone comprehensive health examinations at the health promotion center of a Chungnam National University Hospital between 2007 and 2009. Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related facial flushing were assessed through a questionnaire. Cardiovascular disease risk was investigated based on the 2008 Framingham Heart Study. With the non-drinker group as reference, logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between weekly alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease risk within 10 years for the flushing and non-flushing groups, with adjustment for confounding factors such as body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and exercise patterns. Individuals in the non-flushing group with alcohol consumption of ≤4 standard drinks (1 standard drink = 14 g of alcohol) per week had significantly lower moderate or high cardiovascular disease risk than individuals in the nondrinker group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.37 to 0.71). However, no significant relationship between the drinking amount and cardiovascular disease risk was observed in the flushing group. Cardiovascular disease risk is likely lowered by alcohol consumption among non-flushers, and the relationship between the drinking amount and cardiovascular disease risk may differ according to facial flushing after drinking, representing an individual's vulnerability. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
It has been reported that children with parental drinking problems are at increased risk of drinking problems or psychiatric diseases in adulthood. The present study was conducted to examine the psychiatric characteristics of high school students according to paternal drinking problems. The subjects were 950 high school students (390 male and 560 female). The paternal drinking problems were assessed by using the Father-Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Beck's depression inventory, and Beck's anxiety inventory were used to evaluate the drinking behavior, depression, and anxiety of high school students. While male students with paternal drinking problems showed significantly increased risk of anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 4.63), female students with paternal drinking problems showed significantly increased risk of depression (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.74) according to the results of logistic regression analysis with adjustments for participants' age, whether they live together with parents, their religion, club activities, and smoking habits on the basis of students without paternal drinking problems. The above results suggest that paternal drinking problems lead to unstable mentalities in both male and female students, and that a family physician should address the mental state of teenagers with paternal drinking problems during clinical encounters. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
This study evaluated the utility of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C) in screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders among Korean college students. For the 387 students who visited Chungnam National University student health center, drinking state and alcohol use disorders were assessed through diagnostic interviews. In addition, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener (CAGE) were applied. The utility of the questionnaires for the interview results were compared. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of AUDIT-C for screening at-risk drinking were 0.927 in the male and 0.921 in the female participants. The AUROCs of AUDIT and CAGE were 0.906 and 0.643, respectively, in the male, and 0.898 and 0.657, respectively, in the female participants. The optimal screening scores of at-risk drinking in AUDIT-C were ≥6 in the male and ≥4 in the female participants; and in AUDIT and CAGE, ≥8 and ≥1, respectively, in the male, and ≥5 and ≥1 in the female participants. The AUROCs of AUDIT-C in screening alcohol use disorders were 0.902 in the male and 0.939 in the female participants. In the AUDIT and CAGE, the AUROCs were 0.936 and 0.712, respectively, in the male, and 0.960 and 0.844, respectively, in the female participants. The optimal screening scores of alcohol use disorders in AUDIT-C were ≥7 in the male and ≥6 in the female participants; and in AUDIT and CAGE, ≥10 and ≥1, respectively, in the male, and ≥8 and ≥1 in the female participants. AUDIT-C is considered useful in screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders among college students. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
This research investigated the association between facial flushing after drinking and alcohol-induced biomarker abnormalities. This retrospective study included 374 male drinkers who visited the department of Family Medicine of Chungnam National University Hospital between January and December of 2010. The participants were classified into two groups: the flushing group (n = 107) and the non-flushing group (n = 267). The biomarkers assessed were % carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (rGTP). The upper limits of %CDT and rGTP were set as 2.47 and 50, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to obtain the cut-off value for the amount of drinking that caused abnormal %CDT and rGTP levels in the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off drinking amount for %CDT and rGTP abnormalities were analyzed in each group. In the flushing group, the cut-off value for alcohol-induced %CDT abnormality was 3.38 drinks (1 drink: 14 g of alcohol) per week, with sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 70.4%. In the non-flushing group, the cut-off value was 11.25 drinks per week, with sensitivity of 62.2% and specificity of 69.6%. The cut-off value for the amount of alcohol that induced rGTP abnormality was 3.38 drinks per week in the flushing group, with sensitivity of 68.0% and specificity of 76.8%, whereas it was 8.75 drinks in the non-flushing group, with sensitivity of 71.1% and specificity of 66.7%. The area under the ROC of the drinking level was 0.726 in the flushing group and 0.684 in the non-flushing group for %CDT. For rGTP, the value was 0.738 in the flushing group and 0.718 in the non-flushing group. The weekly drinking amount required to induce biomarker abnormalities was lower in the flushers than in the non-flushers. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
In Korea, few studies have been performed on screening instruments for the detection of at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders in the elderly. This study evaluated the validity of three screening instruments in elderly male drinkers. The subjects were 242 Korean men aged ≥ 65 years. Face-to-face interviews were used to identify at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders. At-risk drinking was defined according to the criteria for heavy or binge drinking of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol use disorder was diagnosed using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-text revision. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-geriatric version (SMAST-G), and cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener (CAGE) questionnaire were used as the alcohol-screening instruments. Based on the diagnostic interview results, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the instruments were compared. For identification of at-risk drinking, the AUDIT AUROC demonstrated greater diagnostic power than did those of SMAST-G and CAGE (both P < 0.001). In screening for alcohol use disorders, the AUDIT AUROC was also significantly higher than those of SMAST-G and CAGE (both P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of screening for at-risk drinking with an AUDIT score ≥ 7 were 77.3% and 85.1%, respectively, whereas those for the alcohol use disorders with an AUDIT score ≥ 11 were 91.3% and 90.8%, respectively. The results suggest that the AUDIT is the most effective tool in identifying problem drinkers among elderly male drinkers. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
This study examined the effects of the method of delivery of brief advice on the readiness to change in at-risk drinkers. The participants were 103 at-risk male drinkers who visited Chungnam National University Hospital for general health examinations. Baseline data on drinking behavior, readiness to change drinking behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from a questionnaire. Family physicians gave two minutes of advice by telephone or in-person. The brief advice comprised a simple statement that the patient's drinking exceeded the recommended limits and could lead to alcohol-related problems. It also included advice to moderate one's drinking. One month later, the readiness to change was assessed again by telephone. The improvement in the readiness to change according to each method of delivery was investigated. Initially, among the 58-patient in-person advice group, 12 patients were in the precontemplation stage, 38 in the contemplation stage, and 8 in the action stage. One month after the advice was given to the patients, the distribution had changed significantly (P < 0.001) to 1, 21, and 36 patients, respectively. Among the 45-patient telephone advice group, 7 patients were in the precontemplation stage, 32 patients were in the contemplation stage, and 6 patients were in the action stage before the advice. The distribution had changed significantly (P < 0.001) to 1, 17, and 27 patients, respectively, 1 month after the advice. These results suggest that brief advice by family physicians is effective in improving the readiness to change of at-risk drinkers, regardless of the delivery method.
Background
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is effective in identifying problem drinking. This study purposed to evaluate the usefulness of AUDIT in identifying problem drinking among Korean university students whose drinking characteristic is different from adults.Methods: The subjects were 235 students who had visited the Health Service Center of Chungnam National University. All subjects had a diagnostic interview for the presence of at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder. At-risk drinking was defi ned according to the criteria of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol use disorder was diagnosed by the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV TR). At-risk drinking or alcohol use disorder was classified into problem drinking. At the same time, a survey was conducted using three screening tools: AUDIT, cut down, annoyed, guilty feelings, eye opener (CAGE), and cut down, under infl uence, guilty feelings, eye opener (CUGE). Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the questionnaires to the results of interviews were compared. Results: Seventy one students were at-risk drinkers and 46 had alcohol use disorder, and 75 were classifi ed into problem drinkers. For identifi cation of problem drinking, AUROC of AUDIT was 0.970 in men and 0.989 in women. For CAGE, it was 0.650 in men and 0.747 in women. For CUGE, it was 0.689 in men and 0.745 in women.Conclusion: Above results suggest that AUDIT is most effective in identifying university students' problem drinking. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
Background
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of group intervention by primary care physicians on the changes of drinking behaviors in Korean heavy drinkers.Methods: A total of 32 male heavy drinkers participated in group intervention by family physicians of Chungnam National University Hospital. Initially, they were assessed for general characteristics, family function and drinking characteristics prior to the intervention conducted 4 times (about 40 minutes/each session). Reassessment on their drinking frequencies (times/week), drinking amounts (drinks/drinking day) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score was achieved at directly, at 12 weeks and at 1 year after intervention.Results: The mean drinking frequency was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased from 5.2 ± 1.7 before to 3.5 ± 2.4 at directly, 3.9 ± 2.3 at 12 weeks and 4.0 ± 2.3 at 1 year after intervention. The mean drinking amounts were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased from 17.0 ± 16.5 before to 11.0 ± 16.9 at directly, 14.2 ± 17.8 at 12 weeks and 13.9 ± 17.8 at 1 year after intervention. The mean AUDIT score was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased from 29.4 ± 5.8 before to 19.1 ± 11.0 at directly, 21.8 ± 9.1 at 12 weeks and 23.0 ± 9.4 at 1 year after intervention. The number of heavy drinkers and binge drinkers were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from 32 (100%) and 32 (100%) before to 20 (62.5%) and 22 (68.8%) at directly, 23 (71.9%) and 24 (75.0%) at 12 weeks, and 22 (68.8%) and 19 (59.4%) at 1 year after intervention.Conclusion: It is suggested that group intervention by family physicians may be effective on the improvement of drinking behavior at 12 weeks and 1 year after the intervention in heavy drinkers.
Background
Alcoholism screening tests are commonly used in primary medical care. This study examined how much the level of insight of alcohol-dependent patients would impact on the sensitivity of alcoholism screening tests. Methods: The sample consisted of 122 subjects who had been diagnosed with alcohol dependence and who completed Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and CAGE questionnaire. AUDIT positive was defined as a score of 20 points or above and CAGE positive, 3 points or above. Insight level was classified as poor, fair, and good using the Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale (HAIS). Positive rates on the AUDIT and CAGE were analyzed according to the level of insight. Results: In good insight group, the sensitivity of AUDIT and CAGE identified 96.9% and 96.9% of the participants as alcohol dependence, respectively. In fair insight group, those were 92.7% and 96.4%, respectively. However, in poor insight group, these decreased substantially to 62.9% and 65.7%, respectively. After adjusting for general characteristics on the basis of good insight group, we found that the possibility of positive on the AUDIT was significantly lower in poor insight group (Odd ratios [OR], 0.025; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.002 to 0.411). Also, the possibility of positive on the CAGE was significantly lower in poor insight group (OR, 0.016; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.358). Conclusion: Alcohol-dependent patients with poor insight showed a high rate of false negatives in alcoholism screening tests. These suggest that primary care physicians should be careful in interpreting the results of alcoholism screening tests. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
Background
This study evaluated how the alcohol drinking motives and alcohol drinking expectancies, as the internal factors, would relate to university students' alcohol drinking problems. Methods: The general characteristics, the alcohol drinking problems, the motives to drink, and drinking expectancy were surveyed with 197 university students (106 males, 91 females) who visited the Health Center of Chungnam National University. Results: The alcohol drinking amount per drink (P < 0.001), weekly alcohol drinking frequency (P < 0.001), alcohol drinking problem score (P < 0.001), the score of drinking expectancy (P < 0.001) and motives to drink for each domain (P < 0.05) for male students were significantly higher or larger than those of the female students. The distribution of the number of binge, heavy and at risk drinkers didn't show significant difference between sexes. The drinking problem score, the score of drinking expectancy and motives to drink for each domain showed significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation and male students displayed a higher positive correlation than that of female. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence on drinking problem score. The male students' drinking problem score was associated with the score of coping motive, lower grade, the score of enhancement motive and drinking expectancy (R2, 0.325; P < 0.05) whereas those of female students were related to the score of social and coping motive (R2, 0.477; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The common factor that related to drinking problem for both male and female students was the coping motive to resolve negative feeling. In addition, the enhancement motive and drinking expectancy in male students and the social motive in female students were the associated factors. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
Background
This study was done to validate the three single questions about binge drinking for identifying problem drinkers. Methods: Two hundred sixty-one patients (133 men) were interviewed by family physicians for the presence of problem drinking which was defi ned as at-risk drinking or alcohol use disorders according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) guideline and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. The three single questions (the largest amount of drinking in a day; days of drinking 1.5 bottle [1 bottle in women] or more of Soju [Korean alcoholic beverage, 56 g of alcohol/bottle]; and days of getting drunk during the recent 3 months) were validated against the interview results. Results: Among 261 interviewees, 31.4% were at-risk drinkers, 30.2% had a current alcohol use disorder, and 36.8% had either or both conditions. The fi rst question, considering 4 drinks or more for men and 3 drinks or more for women as positive, showed a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 75.0% in men, and 86.6% and 86.7% in women, respectively. The second question with cut-point of 1 in both gender showed 81.3% and 86.5% in men, respectively and 80.0% and 89.4%, respectively in women. The third question with cut-point of 3 in both gender showed 61.7% and 92.3% in men, respectively and 46.7% and 91.2%, respectively in women. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of the fi rst question was 0.937 in men and 0.970 in women, for the second question, 0.906 and 0.915, and for the third question, 0.768 and 0.764, respectively. Conclusions: The first question (the largest amount of drinking in a day during the recent 3 months) and the second question (days of drinking 1.5 bottle [1 bottle in women] or more of Soju during the recent 3 months) were considered useful in detecting problem drinkers. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
Background
Patient education can play an important role in motivating patients to change their problematic behavior. This study purposed to evaluate the effects of the brief group education, which was performed by primary care physicians, on the improvement of the readiness to change in problem drinkers after a year from the education. Methods: 34 male were followed up as the subjects who had been problem drinkers and at the stage of precontemplation or contemplation before group education. The readiness to change of the subjects was re-evaluated again 12 weeks and a year after the brief group education. Results: Before the education, 11 patients among the subjects were at the stage of precontemplation and 23 at the contemplation. The distribution was significantly changed into 2 at the stage of precontemplation, 14 at the contemplation and 18 at the action 12 weeks after the group education (P<0.001), and into 2 at the precontemplation, 16 at the contemplation, and 16 at the action a year after the group education (P<0.001). The most influential factor associated with the improvement of the status of readiness to change was family function score (after 12 weeks odds ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.10-3.62; after a year odds ratio 2.31, 95% CI 1.10-4.85). Conclusions: Problem drinkers who had participated in brief group education by primary care physicians showed continuous improvement in the readiness to change even after a year from the education. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
Background
The present study purposed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of biological indicators in identifying Korean female heavy drinkers. Methods: Fifty five drinking women were selected among those who visited the Department of Family Medicine of Chungnam National University Hospital during the period from January to December 2006. We surveyed the alcohol intake during the recent one month. The correlation of alcohol intake with %CDT (carbohydrate- deficient transferrin), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), gamma glutamyl transferase (ՃGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was examined. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve of the biomarkers for heavy drinking (more than 7 drinks per week, one drink= 14 g of alcohol) were also investigated. Results: The mean weekly alcohol intake showed a significant positive correlation with %CDT (r=0.583, P＜ 0.01), MCV (r=0.290, P＜0.05) and AST (r=0.423, P＜0.01). The sensitivity of %CDT, MCV, ՃGT, AST and ALT to heavy drinking were 66.7%, 13.3%, 40.0%, 26.7% and 26.7%, respectively, and the specificity 80.0%, 97.4%, 71.1%, 90.0% and 85.0%, respectively, and positive predictive values 55.6%, 66.6%, 35.3%, 50.0% and 40.0%, respectively, and negative predictive values 86.5%, 74.5%, 75.0%, 76.6% and 75.6%, respectively. The areas under the ROC curve (95% confidence interval) of %CDT, MCV, ՃGT, AST and ALT were 0.873 (0.780∼0.966), 0.806 (0.668∼0.944), 0.549 (0.372∼0.725), 0.519 (0.328∼0.710) and 0.479 (0.293∼0.666), respectively. Conclusion: %CDT is considered as the most useful marker for identifying Korean female heavy drinkers.(J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:412-417)
Background
This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of brief group education on improvement of readiness to change in heavy drinkers. Methods: We selected 37 heavy drinkers categoriged in the state of precontemplation and contemplation stage according to readiness to change questionnaire (RTCQ). The readiness to change was re-evaluated after 4 sessions of drinking education. Results: The mean (±SD) frequency of participation in group education was 3.5 (±0.6). According to the stage of readiness to change, the subjects were distributed into 11 (29.7%) in the stage of precontemplation and 26 (70.3%) in contemplation before participation in the program. After completion of educational program, the readiness to change in the subjects was significantly (P＜0.001) changed into 1 drinker (2.7%) in the stage of precontemplation, 16 (43.2%) in contemplation and 20 (54.1%) in action. The influential factors associated with the improvement of the status of readiness to change was family APGAR score (odd ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.02-3.03). Conclusion: Above results suggested that the readiness to change in heavy drinkers can be improved by brief group education program. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29: 342-348)
Background
Drinking problem is known to affect not only patients but also their offsprings. This study purposed to examine the drinking behaviors and emotional aspects of university students whose fathers have drinking problems. Methods: Fathers' drinking problems of 208 students were measured by father‐short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. The degree of alcohol use, anxiety, and depression were measured by AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), Zung's self‐rating anxiety and depression scales. Results: The male students whose fathers have drinking problems showed higher rate of binge drinking (adjusted OR 3.72; 95% CI 1.03∼13.5), heavy drinking (adjusted OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.13∼6.62), and harmful and hazardous drinking (adjusted OR 4.12; 95% CI 1.30∼12.89) than the male students whose fathers do not have drinking problems. The female students whose fathers have drinking problems showed higher rate of depression (adjusted OR 9.29; 95% CI 1.91∼24.31) than the female students whose fathers do not have drinking problems. Conclusion: The results suggest that primary care physicians in a university setting need to evaluate and counsel drinking problems in male students, and emotional aspects in female students whose fathers have drinking problems. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:902-908)
Background
This study investigated the relationship between stress and nicotine dependence, dividing stress into external stress and internal response. Methods: The subjects were 263 male adults who had visited the General Health Promotion Center at Chungnam National University Hospital in Korea between April and June 2005. Nicotine dependence, external stress and internal response were measured by the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, life change unit of the social readjustment rating scale and the brief encounter psychosocial instrument. Results: The mean (±SD) score of external stress in smokers (n=107) was 150.79 (±109.02), which was significantly (P<0.001) higher than 92.96 (±126.27) in non- smokers, and the mean (±SD) score of internal response in smokers was 10.30 (±3.16), which was also significantly (P<0.001) higher than 8.71 (±3.33) in non- smokers. The smokers' nicotine dependence showed positive correlation with the score of external stress (r=0.436, P<0.001) and the score of internal response (r=0.579, P<0.001). The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that nicotine dependence was related to the score of internal response, the score of external stress, the duration of education, the age of first smoking (overall R2=0.433, P=0.040), and most closely to the score of internal response (partial R2=0.335, P<0.001). Conclusion: In order to develop an effective strategy for quitting smoking, the internal response to stress needs to be considered as one of evaluation items. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:604-609)
Background
Parent's alcohol drinking not only influences their health but also their children. This research was designed to assess the family function of children who were affected by parent's alcohol drinking. Methods: Questionnaire survey was performed on 208 high school students (129 males and 79 females) in Daejeon from March to April, 2005. We defined the students whose CAST (Children of Alcoholics Screening Test) score was 6 or more as children of alcoholics (COA) group. Then, we evaluated the family function by family APGAR score between the COA group and the control group. Results: Among the total, 36 (27.9%) male and 27 (34.1%) female students were in COA group. There was a significant (P＜0.01) negative correlation between the CAST score and the family APGAR score in all students. In boys, there was no significant correlation between the CAST score and the family APGAR score, but in girls, there was significant negative correlation (P＜0.01). Mean family APGAR score of the COA group was significantly (P＜0.05) lower than that of the control group in all students. In boys, there was no significant difference, but in girls, the COA group's family APGAR score was significantly lower than the control group's score (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The high school students, especially girl students, who were affected by parent's alcohol drinking showed a lower family APGAR score. Therefore, family physicians need to evaluate the family function when encountering students similar to COA group.
Background
Moderate drinking has been known to be associated with a risk of reduced cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. The metabolic syndrome has been associated with a risk of increased cardiovascular diseases. Because drinking is considered as a risk factor of the metabolic syndrome, this study was performed to examine the association between alcohol drinking and the metabolic syndrome in Korean women. Methods: The subjects were 262 women who visited the health promotion center of Chungnam National University Hospital for general health check-up. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the definition by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The abdominal obesity guidelines for waist circumference applied the WHO Asian Pacific Guideline. The subjects were classified into nondrinking, moderate drinking (≤1 drink), and heavy drinking (＞1 drink) according to their drinking amount per day. The relationship between the components of the metabolic syndrome and drinking state were investigated. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was compared according to the drinking state. Results: The women with moderate drinking showed significantly lower levels of triglyceride than nondrinkers (P＜0.05). The women with drinking showed significantly higher levels of HDL cholesterol than nondrinkers (moderate drinkers P＜0.05, heavy drinkers P＜0.05). Considering nondrinkers as standard, the risk of the metabolic syndrome was significantly low in women with moderate drinking (odds ratio=0.43, 95% confidence interval: 0.22∼0.84, P=0.013). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that moderate drinking is related to a lower rate of the metabolic syndrome in Korean women. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:120-126)
Background
: The management of problem drinking is very important in family practice and primary care. This research was designed to evaluate the effect of brief intervention on heavy drinking patients in family practice. Methods : The subjects were composed of 34 Korean males who had findings of alcoholic liver disease in the general health examination. About 5 to 10 minute outpatient interventions consisting of brief advice on drinking problems were delivered in the mean (±SD) frequency of 3.5 (±1.4) times during the 12 weeks. The effect of brief intervention was evaluated by the number of drinking days per week and drinks per drinking day during the 4 weeks before brief intervention and 12 weeks later. The result was compared with the control group (24 males) who had the same condition but did not receive the brief intervention. Results : The mean (±SD) drinking days per week were significantly (P＜0.001) decreased from 3.5 (±1.7) to 2.0 (±2.1) days and the mean (±SD) drinks per drinking day were significantly (P＜0.001) decreased from 9.5 (±3.5) to 5.1 (±4.3) drinks. The degree of decrease in the subjects was significantly higher than the control group in both drinking days per week (P=0.001) and drinks per drinking day (P＜0.005). Conclusion : The brief intervention by family physicians is an effective clinical method in the management of heavy drinking patients.
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