Background
: The increase of smoking prevalence in adolescents is serious problem because of physical and psychological influences furthermore, fixation of smoking habit. This study is aimed at providing applicable basic information to setting up the education programs and strategies to prevent smoking among high school students by analysis smoking behavior an its related factors.

Methods : 835 students from one senior high school in Taegu completed a self administerd questionnaire during school hours in May, 1996. 813 questionnaires with adequate responses were analyzed using SPSS/PC program. All students were asked class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of their three best friends who smoke, smoking status of their fathers, religion, allowance, alcoholic drinks, addicting drug use, Zung's self-rating depression scale(SDS) and Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS). Smokers were asked amount of smoking, motives for smoking, when they started smoking, Fagerstrom score.

Results : Of the 813 students in the sample 135(16.6%) were current smokers. About the amount of smoking, 59.3% smoked less than 5 cigarettes/day. About the motives of smoking, 34.8% started smoking through the solicitation by friends or for making friends. About when they started smoking, 52.6% started smoking before entrance into senior high school. The related factor with smoking included class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of three best friends who smoke, allowance, alcoholic drinking, addicting drug use, SDS. Predictors of smoking were number of three best friends who smoke, number of alcoholic drinking, and allowance. The related factors of nicotine dependency were amount of smoking, allowance, when they started smoking. Predictor of nicotine dependency were amount of smoking, number of three best friends who smoke.

Conclusion : The related factors with smoking included class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of three best friends who smoke, allowance, alcoholic drinking, addicting drug use, and SDS. Predictors of smoking were number of three best friends who smoke, number of alcoholic drinking, and allowance.

Background
: Today, patients with fatty liver have increased by several factors. Some patients with fatty liver have abnormal liver function tests, by the way they have interpreted unwisely and made wrong therapeutic approach about abnormal liver function tests. So we conducted this study to evaluate the factors related to patients with fatty liver and make basic concept for management.

Methods : We selected 96 patients(71 men, 25 women) who were diagnosed as fatty liver by ultra-sound in Asan Medical Health Examination Center, also selected 91 controls(68 men, 23 women) who had similar sex and age distribution from January to December, 1993. We excluded toxic and viral hepatitis cases or patients. We surveyed by questionnaires that composed of 3 day-dietary diary and life style. Nutrient and alcohol intakes were analyzed by nutrient-analysis program that was deriva-ted from Food Composition Table, and we analyzed several biochemical variables.

Results : There were 71 men and 25 women with fatty liver, 68 men and 23 women in controls. In cases of men, the mean age was 47 years-old in patient group, 44 years-old in control group. The obesity index was 112.7% in patients, 102.6% in controls, the mean level of triglyceride was 205mg/dl in patients, 150mg/dl in controls. The mean level of serum HDL-C was 46mg/dl in patients, 50mg/dl in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of obesity was 66.2% in patients, 27.9% in controls, hypertri-glyceridemia was 42.3% in patients, 22.1% in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of patients who had increased AST was 26.8% in patients, 11.8% in controls, and the frequency of patients or cases who had increased ALT was 26.8% in patients, 7.4% in controls(p<0.05). There were no significant stati-stical differences in the nutrient intakes, alcohol drinking and exercise between the male patients and controls. In cases of women, the mean age was 53 years in patient group or among patients, 51 years in controls. The obesity index was 112.2% in patients, 102.1% in controls, and the mean level of serum triglyceride was 198.3mg/dl in patients, 136.4mg/dl in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of obesity was 76.0% in patients, 30.4% in controls, and the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was 36.0% in patie-nts, 13.0% in controls. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia between patients and controls(p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of increased AST and ALT, nutrient intakes, alcohol drinking, and exce-rcise between patients and controls.

Conclusion : The fatty liver disease was attributed either to obesity or hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, it is very important to control of weight and hypertriglyceridemia in the management of patients with fatty liver.

Background
: This study was performed to determine and compare the practice patterns of management of hypertension of the internists and family physicians in general hospitals and to compare them according to the JNC V guidelines.

Methods : Questionnaires were mailed to total 964 of internists and family physicians in general hospitals during May, 1996. 217 of them were returned with the response rate of 23.5%. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were performed to examine the statiscal difference between two groups.

Results : The mean age of the respondents wa 39.1 and 77.9% of them were male. 65.4% of hospitals for respondents were located in metropolitan cities. Concerning the number of measurements of blood pressure, 0.5% of the respondents measured just once before confirmation of the diagnosis. Items for physical examinations for initial evaluation were as follows; cardiac auscultation(94.0%), measurements of body weight and height(58.9%), ab-dominal examination(52.8%), auscultation for carotid bruit(41.7%), fundoscopic examination(25.6%). Regarding the laboratory tests, the frequency of evaluation of all item were higher than that of the physical examinations. For initial drug therapy, calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors were the most frequently chosen mediations. NO difference was found between two specialties or tertiary and secondart hospitals in this trend. With edu-cations for the life-style modification, 60-80% of the respondents educated the patients. NO difference was found between two specialties except one item.

Conclusion : As a whole the JNC V gudelines were not followed faithfully for the management of hypertension.

Background
: The infection rate of intestinal parasites has been abruptly decreased during a couple of decades, but the report that Clonorchis sinensis has been decreased in infection rate was not shown. Because Clonorchis sinensis could induce the serious complication such as cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholangiocarcinoma, authors thought that clonotchiasis requird early diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Therefore the authors surveyed the infection pattern of Clonorchis sinensis for inhabitants who lived in Miryang city, well-known as endemic area for a long time, located at lower basin of Nakdong river.

Methods : The 661 subjects that received worker's health examination in Miryang Youngnam General Hospital from September to November, 1996, were surveyed by using questionnaire, skin test and stool egg examination. This questionnaire contained history, duration, frequency of raw freshwater fish ingestion, history and treatment of clonorchiasis, history of other hepatic disease. The authors performed laboratory examination to 54 stool egg positive subjects.

Results : Among 661 subjects, the stool egg positive subjects were 54 and showed 8.2% in infection rate. In male(8.9%), stool egg positive rate also increased. Compared to the age group less than 30, stool egg positive rate was higher among age group 30 or over, particularly, in age group 50 or over, stool egg positive rate showed highest infection rate, 31.6%. And stool egg positive rate was increased according to increase of period, frequency of raw freshwater fish ingestion. Subjects with history of clonorchiasis and administrating Praziquantel had higher infection rate than the other subjects without the history.

Conclusion : In this survey, the authors thought that high risk factors of clonorchiasis were male, age of 30 or over(particularly age of 50 or over), more than 10 years in raw freshwater fish ingestion period, more than twice per month in raw freshwater fish ingestion frequency. Then people having these risk factors must be performed various examinations for clonorchiasis, although they had not clinical symptoms, signs and abnormal laboratory findings.

Background
: Smoking is one of the most significant etiologic factors of carious cardio-pulmonary diseases. For the proper management and good outcome, smoking cessation is thought to be even more important than pharmacologic treatment in these diseases. We studied the proportion of physicians who recommended quitting smoking, the ways of rec-ommendations they did, and the effectiveness of recommendations.

Methods : We performed questionnaire survey by mail twice for the 349 patients who admitted in AMC for COPD, angina or MI from July, 1994 to July, 1995. Among the total 109 respondents(response rate:37.%), we analysed the 49 patients who had been smoking by the time of admission.

Results : The average age of the subjects was 57.0, and the number of men was 41. In hospital the number of patients who were told about smoking cessation by the physicians were 45(97.8%). Among them, those patients who were told to reduce to smoking amount were 6(13.0%), and those who were told just to "quit smoking"were 27(63.0%), and those who were taught how to stop smoking were 11(23.9%). After the recommendations to quit smoking amount were 14(32.6%). The frequency of admission, the number of physicians who recommended and the number of recommendations did no affect the patients' smok-ing. The rate of smoking cessation was significantly higher for concrete recommendations than simple recommendations.

Conclusion : To the patients with smoking-related diseases, most physicians recommended to quit smoking. And for the smoking cessation, concrete and practical educations brought better outcomes than simple recommendations.