Background
: Urography(IVU) is considered the best first investigation in patient with suspected urinary calculi, but recently ultrasonography(USG), combined with a plain film of the abdomen, has been suggested as an alternative.

Methods : We undertaken study to see if this approach can be used in emergency patients and outpatients by radiologists with different amounts of ultrasound experience. Some 192 patients with suspected urinary colic presenting to Koo Hospital Emergency Department and Youngnam Universith Hospital outward Department(IM, URO, FM) over 12-month period were studied. They had a plain abdominal film(KUB) and USG examination of the kidney, ureter, bladder following hydration and subsequently underwent IVU. Of these, 22 patients passed a stone before their IVU. The data analysis was performed on the remaining 170 patients. Urography was used as the gold standard.

Results : Some 170 patients subsequently underwent IVU at a mean interval of 1.8 days after the ultrasound examination. In 91 of 170 patients the IVU was positive. In 97 of 170 patients the combination of JUB plus USG was 97%, specificity was 89%, positive predictive value was 91%, and negative predictive value was 96%.

Conclusion : Our findings in this study suggest that in the hydrated patient the combination of KUB plus US is a very sensitive and relative specific screening test. Because of the high negative predictive value of KUB plus US, urography is not likely to be helpful when KUB plus US are negative. Urography is indicated only if KUB plus US findings are equivocal or if intervention is necessary.

Background
: This study was undertaken to evaluate the validity of fever detection using commonly used infrared tympanic membrane thermometer of the children. It is simple to use, cleanliness, sterility, minimum inconvenience or discomfort to patients, and give a reading in 1-2 seconds.

Methods : One hundred and one children, aged 3 months through 10 years, by comparing it with rectal temperature obtained with a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer.

Results : Correlation of the infrared device and mercury-in-glass thermometer was high(0.87 in less than 3 years old, 0.90 in more than 3 years old). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values are 85.7%, 86.8%, 82.8%, 89.2% in less than 3 years old and 100%, 74.1%, 53.3%, 100% in more than 3 years old respectively.

Conclusion : Our findings indicate that infrared tympanic membrane thermometer providing a reliable temperature reading in children, so infrared tympanic membrane thermometer has high validity in detecting fever of the children.