Background
: Among a number of social habits, smoking is an important factor of human health to prevent related disease morbidity and death. It is essential for family physicians to participate in this subject considering the influence of smoking on life pattern or one's behavior as well as smoking itself, physician should keep above aspects in mind through smoking consultation session. therefore, this report is to elaborate the correlations between smoking and the other health activities.
Method: The survey was performed to those who had their health examined at an university hospital and a general hospital during the period between April and May, 1995. Smoking group(male:141, female:14, total:155) and nonsmoking group(male:141, female:18, total:159) were rando-mly selected among those who had answered to the survery(total:650). The questionnaire of the survey consisted of 12 categories and 25 questions to evaluate health score graded 0 point to 4 point according to interpreted version of Wilosn's FANTASTIC Lifestyle Assessment.
Result: The health score of smoking group was lower than that of nonsmoking group in terms of alcohol, exercise, toxin, stress and personality. Nevertheless, the grade between 2 groups was family and friends. Total score of smoking group(68.2 out of 100). The longer the period of smoking was and the more cigarettes one smoked, the lower total health point he had. The onset of smoking, however, is insignifa-ntly related to the health status.

Conclusion : This report shows that concerning the relationship between smoking and other health behaviours, physician must take not only tratment of disease and smoking, but other health behaviours into consideration.

Background
: In recent years, the issue of body image merger because of need for detail approach to managing obesity. Body image is the mental image one gas of one's body and studies suggets that perceptual distortions may result in wrong health behavior such as over-dieting and over-dieting and over-exercise. This cross-sectional study was attempted to find factors affecting body image distrotion.

Methods : From July 1995 to December 1995, data were collected from 332 subjects who visited two university hospitals for medical examination. Educational level and Zung's self depression scale data were collected by questionnaire and body image was assessed by asking subjects' perceived actual body somatotypes.

Results : When body image was stratified with sex, age, educational level, height, weight, BMI, SDS score, weight, BMI and SDS score were significantyly associated with body image distortion. When body image distortion group was sepatated into negative body image group and positive body image group, negative group subjects were significantly lighter than normal body image group subjects and positive group subjects were significantly heavier than normal body image group subjects. Odds ratios of BMI, SDS, weight for body image distrotion were 2.45(2.08-2.80), 0.45(0.30-0.88), 0.97(0.58-1.36).

Conclusion : Body image distortion was significantly associated with BMI and SDS score. but the clinical implication must be validated.

Background
: Infectious disease is reducing today, but still major in children's morbidity and mota-lity. Infection is influenced by many factors and one of factor is socioenvironmental factor, especially familial factor. This study investigated the relations between the infectious disease of children and family function and other socioenvironmental factors.

Methods : Family functioning as measured by the Korean version of the FES and Family APGAR and socioenviromental factor were examined to 289 family members of normal children aged below 6 years and 184 family members of hospitalized children due to infectious disease from April to September, 1995.

Results : The significant factors among familial function were Family APGAR, familial cohesion, independence, intellectual-cultural orientation and active-recreational orientation and significant ones of multiple pegression analysis were Family APGAR, cohesion, active-recreational orientation. Other associated factors in familial or environmental factors were family conflict, marital problem and punish-ment form and the result of logistic regression was same.

Conclusion : Familial functioning and socioenvironmental factors were worse in infectious group and family conflict, marital problem, physical punishment were more than control group. The results focused relationship of family and socioenvironmental factors and infectious disease and importance of assessment of family functioning.

Background
: Today, adolescent smoking is one of the most serious problems in our society. In this study we surveyed the smoking status and patterns, nicotine dependency and factors associated with smoking for general high school students to provide helpful informations on adolescent smoking and its major risk factors which can be used to make intervention for high risk group.

Methods : In Feb. 1995, a total of 1803 students from 9 male and 8 female general high schools located in Seoul were assessed with self-completing questionnaire.

Results : Percentage of male smokers was 27.7% and that of female smokers was 6.6%. The median score of FTQ was 3.0 among male smokers and 2.0 among female smokers. Percentage of students with high FTQ score(FTQ≥7) was 6.3%. Major risk factors of adolesecnt smoking among males were low APGAR score, having smoking siblings, low marks at school, high proportion of the number of smoking friends, unclear perceptions of the negative effects of smoking, positive view to smoking behaviors. among females, low APGAR score, high proportion of the number of smoking female friends, unclear perccptions of the negative effects of smoking, positive view to smoking beha-viors were significant risk factors.

Conclusion : Adolescent smoking was more closely associated with quality of family functions and school/peer environmental factors rather than superficial family environmental factors. Since there are many different aspects of daily activities between high school students and adults, it is necessary to modify some items of FTQ in order to apply it more properly to smoking adolescents.

Background
: It is required for further constrictive disposal at a primary care by sheer necessity of risk factor management of coronary artery disease with recent increase of cardiovascular disease. Main study was performend to be a basic data for quality improvement of post medicine through quality evaluation about hyperlipidemia patient management.

Methods : We reviewed patient chart in an object of total 379 patients who was above 240mg/dl of total cholesterol level which was measured more one time among the all patients from January 1994 to December 1994 at the department of Family Medicine, Asan medical center. Quality assessment of management was based upon adult Treatment Panel II of National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP).

Results : By 3 stages analysis, it was 293 patients(77.3%) that were taken a adequate management among total 379 patients. When we classified the 293 pateints above mentioned, 193 pateints received lipoprotein analysis, 50 patients were decreased normal level after re-estimation, 46 patients did not receive lipoprotein analysis, and 4 patients were treated in other departments. When LDL level above 130mg/dl, it was 86 patients(22.7%) that was taken inadequate management among 193 patients. 78 patients (22.8%) did not receive lipoprotein analysis and 8 patients were transfered to other depart-ments by other disease. It was 85 patients(44.1%) that was taken inadequate management by LDL level and risk factor of coronary artery disease.
When risk factor of patient chart was considered, past medical history medical history of 68 patients(35.2%), family history of 99 patients(51.3%), and smoking history of 111 patients(57.5%) were not recorded.

Conclusion : Management of hypercholesterolemia patients were treated inadequately and patients chart recording state were inadequate. Further effort for improvement of positive medical quality should be required.

Background
: Doubtlessly the incidence of cancer has increased. As the technology for diagnosis of cancer improves, the possibility of early diagnosis of cancer has increased, and the primary physicians experience many chances to tell their patients about the diagnoses of cancer. Despite the increasing number of ethical dilemmas that the primary physicians have to face, the medical schools do not offer enough moral educations. Instread, many primary phsicians have to depend only on their personal experiences in dealing their inevitable dilemma. Moreover, as the patients are more conscious of their rights as patients, and the conversations between the patients and doctors decrease, it is discove-red that the patients are found to have unsatisfactory feelings toward the medical doctors who do not tell their patients about the diagnosis of their disease and do not explain the procedures on the treatment of the disease. Considering the fact that patients have the right to decide on their own, and that the doctors have to help the untreatable cancer patients to cope with their remaining life, this research is conducted to establish a principle for doctors in telling the diagnosis of cancer based on the comparative study between the cancer patients and the non-cancer patients' experience in hearing about the diagnosis of cancer.
Method: In this study, the 40 non-cancer patients and 36 cancer patients were selected randomly as sample pupulation, from patients who were admitted to the Korea University Hospital between May 1 and May 31, 1994.

Results : 88.9% of cancer patients were told about the diagnosis of their disease by the doctors, 92.5% of non-cancer patients have answered that they want to know the diagnosis if they would develop cancer, 70% and 77.8% of non-cancer patients and cancer patients, respectively, have answe-red that they believe that the patient should know the diagnosis of cancer if a member of their family happens to develop cancer. 82.5% of non-cancer patients and 77.8% of cancer patients have answered that they wanted to be notified by their doctors. And, 37.5% of non-cancer patients and 55.6% of cancer patients have answered that both patients and their families should be told about the diagnosis of cancer at the same time. For their reason, 56.7% of the interviewee gave answered that it is because knosing the diagnosis of cancer would help the teatment of the disease.

Conclusion : The results of this study revealed that the doctors should that the doctors should tell the diagnoses of cancer to their patients, as a principle, and the doctors should bestow psychological comfort and hope to their patients. The patients also want to be told about the treatment procedures and the prognosis of their cancer. The principle on telling the diagnosis of cancer to the patient should be based on its beeficial effects. An exquisite exploration of the patient should be conducted before deciding to tell the diagnosis of cancer, I.e. the personality of the patient, educational and emotional status, support of the family, etc. Hence, the customary pracitce of alienating the patients in decision making procedures during the coures of diagnosis and treatment should be subjugated, and the patients should be informed about their diagnoses of cancer.

Background
: The loss of bone mass is increased with aging and is accelerated in menopausal women, so that they would be exposed to the risk of osteoporosis. Thus, for the detection and early management of osteoporosis, authors have investigated about the variations of bone mineral density and bone biochemical markers (ostseocalcin, deoxypyridinoline, alkaline phosphatase) accor-ding to factors such as age, menopause, duration after menopause, and body mass index in premeno-pause and postmenopausal women.
Methodes: We have evaluated bone mineral density and biochemical markers of 208 premenopau-sal(cases 29) and postmenopausal(cases 179) women out of total 1,037 women who had visited Health Screening Center in Tae Jeon Sun General Hospital from July 1994 to May 1995.

Results : The mean age of subjects was 55.6 years and the mean age of menopause women was 48.4 years. There was significant correlation between bone mineral density level and age (p<0.001). Also, menopause showed significant correlation related with not only bone mineral density level but biochemical markers level(P<0.001). Postmenopausal period and body mass index had significant correlations with bone mineral density respectively(P<0.001).
In viewing their correlations, bone mineral density had adverse correlations with factors such as age, menopause, postmenopausal period and biochemical markers(P<0.001), and menopause had correlations with Alkaline Phosphatase and Osteocalcin(P<0.001).

Conclusion : Considering the results above, we have concluded it would be helpful for the detection and early management to carry out further studies about factors which have influences on bone metabolism, bone mineral density, and biochemical markers.