Background
: Blood pressures measured by a nurse at reception room as a part of routine physical examination are often used as a indicator of medical care. Blood pressure at reception room and consultation room are, however, often different to each other and these differences are caused by various factors including difference of white coat effect by nurse and doctor. Thus, this study was performed in order to know whether blood pressure difference really exit, and its associated factors.

Methods : Two hundred ninety one patients who visited to one university hospital family practice were enrolled in this study. Blood pressure and pulse rate at reception room and consultation room, waiting time, time interval between reception and consultation, smoking status, and intake of coffee and food were collected. Nine patients were excluded, because blood pressure either at reception room or at consulation room was not recorded. This study was performed by one nurse and two doctors. They defined the guideline for method of blood pressure measurement before the study, and used the same kind of indirect cuff sphygmomanometer.

Results : Two hundred eighty two patients were analyzed. The number of men was one hundred twenty five. Systolic blood pressure at consultation room was higher than that at reception room by 1.6±11.9mmHg(P<0.05). Sixty five cases(65%) in systolic blood pressure and 111 cases(40%) in diastolic blood pressure showed blood pressure differences more than 5mmHg. The group with systolic blood pressure difference between reception room and consultation room(Δ SBP) in more than 5mmHg is more likely to be hypertensive than the group with ΔSBP in less than 5mmHg(P<0.01). More female patients(66%) and hypertensive patients(59%) were belong to the group whose systolic blood pressure at consultation room were 5mmHg higher than at reception room(P<0.01). Twenty four patients(30%) of the group whose systolic blood pressure at reception room were 5mmHg higher than at consultation room had cigarette smoking within 1 hour, and this ratio was significantly higher than the other groups whose systolic blood pressure difference was less than 5mmHg or systolic blood pressure at consultation room were 5mmHg higher than at reception room(P<0.01). There was relatively good concordance room were 5mmHg higher than at reception room(P<0.01). There was relatively good concordance in classifying hypertension and normal blood pressure according to measurement site(Overall kappa ; 0.747, P<0.01).

Conclusion : Many patients showed blood pressure differences more than 5mmHg between reception room and consultation room. Systolic blood pressure at consultation room was higher than that at reception room, and there was relatively good concordance in classifying hypertension and normal blood pressure according to measurement site, but the adverse effect by misclassification should not be neglected. The importance as well as the limitation of blood pressure measurement at reception room should be considered in screening and treating hypertensive patient. Every time when blood pressure is taken, physicians should keep in mind to consider patient's factors which may influence blood pressure level.

Introduction : In traditional society, the roles of housewives were to do housework, to look after her children and to give her family emotional stability. With rapid social and economic change, the traditional sense of value changes and the concepts of sexual roles, too. However, they are in a transition period yet. These discord and tension followed by role change appeared as the form of psychological instability or social pathological problem in modern family. Thus, this study aimed to avaluate the effect of employment on depression of housewives who play important roles in family and their commumity.

Methods : From May to July 1996, the questionnaires were distributed to 179 housewives who have university education background(including community college), and have one or more children and live in Bundang-Ku of Sungnam city, making a distinction between working housewives and non-working housewives. Regarding the subjects of this study, the non-working housewives are restricted to full-time housewives who have no job, and working housewives who have full-time job. As tools of measurement, we used BDI questionnaires consisted of 15 items in Korean. We performed statistical analysis among the data by means of SPSS/PC+. We analyzed statistical data for significance using one-way ANOVA and analyzed categorical data for significance using S-test.

Results : The average score on BDI for working housewives was 12.22(standard deviation 7.42) and this is rather higher than that of non-working housewives(10.80, standard deviation : 7.42). But the number of children increased, the BDI score were higher significantly in both groups. And the BDI score was high in working Housewives groups whose husbands had professional jop or dommerce job, whose family system is a multi-generation family, and who feel a lot of fatigue afterwork. In case of non-working housewives, the BDI score was high with age(especially between 50-59), duration of marriage, lower income and Duvall's family life cycle 6,7.

Conclusion : There is no difference in depression tendency between working housewives and non-working housewives. But in case of working housewives, some factors have influence on their depression tendency; the number of children, husband's job, family type, degree of fatigue after work. And in case of non-working housewives, the factors are the number of children, age, duration of marriage, income, family life cycle.

Background
: The drug abuse has become cone of social problems especially in the adolescents. It has been well known that the drug abuse is concerned with interaction of biopsychosocial factors and family relation factors. So I have studied the general characteristics and rearing attitude and family state of the adolesents who were in a jail because of drug abuse and have in tended to give some help for establishing effective strategies for family education and therapy.

Methods : The study was done for adolescents who were in a jail because of violation the illegal drug control law. The group was total 55 men and the age distribution was from 15 to 20years. The Questionnaire was used in Mar 1996 for study and I analyzed 53 cases excluding 2 cases because they were nearly illiterate. The FACES III(Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales), family APGAR score and PBI(Parental Bonding Instrument) were used for evaluating the characteristics of family function and the parental rearing attitude. Statistical management with SAS was executed for data analysis.

Results : The average age of the group was 6.9±1.4. 48.1% of them lived in the metropolitan area, 40.4% lived in the middle-sized cities and 11.5% lived in the small country towns. The education level of 91.8% was under middle-school graduate. They have use drugs since the age of 14.6±1.8, they began to use glue sniffing at the first time in 78.8% and butane gas inhalation in 17.3%. The state of family showed the death of father in 28.9% and the death of mother in 13.5% and 76.9% of deaths occurred before they have become 13 years. Their parents divorced in 25%. The mean APGAR score was 4.56±2.6, which means moderately dysfunctional state of family. In FACES III adaptability score was 20.3±5.7 and cohesion score was 26.2±6.9. According to the family type by FACES III, there were 5 cases(9.4%) in balanced, 19 cases(35.9%) in midrange, and 29 cases(54.7%) in extreme. In PBI mother overprotection score was 16.24±4.59, mother care score was 22.5±6.8, father overprotection score was 16.71 5.1 father care was 21.94 6.24.

Conclusion : The drug abused adolescents in a jail were in handicapped family because of deaths and divorce of parents. Their family function score was low and more than half of them had the extreme type of family. Therefore it is wise for us to have a concern for the family problem when understanding and managing drug abused adolescents.

Background
: An Epidemiological study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of E. vermicularis infestation among children in kindergartens.

Methods : A total of 247 cellotape anal swab specimens from kindergarten children in Inchon were examined for E. vermicularis eggs. Each specimen was collected in the morning.

Results : Out of 247 specimens from two kindergartens in Inchon, E. vermicularis eggs were detected in 168 specimens, the egg detection rate being 68.0%. The egg detection rates in boys and girls were 63.9% out of 133 children and 72.8% out of 114 children, respectively. The egg detection rate in girls was higher than that of boys. The egg detection rates by age group was 65.6%(age 3), 57.4%(age 4), 72.0%(age 5) and 75.4%(age 6), respectively.

Conclusion : Enterobiasis is a cosmopolitan infection. Surveys for children of kindergartens indicate that E.vermicularisis probably the most widely distributed human helminth, its incidence varing from 59.2% to 73.8% in groups studied since pinworm infection is frequently a familial problem that infestation of the household frequently results in reinfection. Careful washing of hands and cleansing of fingernails before meals and after use of the toilet are the most practical measures, all member of family should be treated simultaneously when practicable.

Background
: Non ulcer dyspepsia(NUD) is a commonly encountered disease at the primary practice. The relations of functional gastrointestinal disorder and Irritable bowel syndrome with depression of stress were suggested by previous studies. But the contributions of the anxiety, depression and stress as a whole to the NUD were not assessed. In this study, we wanted to show the associations of the anxiety, depression and stress levels with NUD.

Methods : This study was performed by case and control method from Aug. 1 to Sep. 7 at the outpatient department of Family Medicine and at the Health Management and Service department in Pusan Paik Hospital. The both groups were matched by sex and age. The case was defined who has three or more symptoms among nine upper gastrointestinal symptoms like dyspepsia, epigastric pain and anorexia etc. frequently or always and who has no ulcer at the gastrofibroscope. The anxiety, depression, stress levels were measured by questionnaire which was validated by previous studies. The questionnaire was composed of Trait-STAI, Jung's Self Depression Scale(SDS), Modified BEPSI, and Grobal Assessment of Recent Stress(GARS) Scale.

Results : The total subjects were 136 persons(NUD group : 86 persons/control group : 86 persons). There were significant differances in regularity of diet(P<0.001), levels of education(P=0.009), and history of medications(P<0.001) between two groups. The two group had higher scores than the control group in the depression score, anxiety score and modified BEPSI score(P<0.001). All items in GARS showed higher scores in NUD group than in control group(P<0.001).

Conclusion : NUD group had higher degree of anxiety and depression than the control group. It seems that the NUD may have streeful status. When we encounter the NUD in outpatient department, we had better consider the underlying psychogenic of stressful conditions.

Background
: Urography(IVU) is considered the best first investigation in patient with suspected urinary calculi, but recently ultrasonography(USG), combined with a plain film of the abdomen, has been suggested as an alternative.

Methods : We undertaken study to see if this approach can be used in emergency patients and outpatients by radiologists with different amounts of ultrasound experience. Some 192 patients with suspected urinary colic presenting to Koo Hospital Emergency Department and Youngnam Universith Hospital outward Department(IM, URO, FM) over 12-month period were studied. They had a plain abdominal film(KUB) and USG examination of the kidney, ureter, bladder following hydration and subsequently underwent IVU. Of these, 22 patients passed a stone before their IVU. The data analysis was performed on the remaining 170 patients. Urography was used as the gold standard.

Results : Some 170 patients subsequently underwent IVU at a mean interval of 1.8 days after the ultrasound examination. In 91 of 170 patients the IVU was positive. In 97 of 170 patients the combination of JUB plus USG was 97%, specificity was 89%, positive predictive value was 91%, and negative predictive value was 96%.

Conclusion : Our findings in this study suggest that in the hydrated patient the combination of KUB plus US is a very sensitive and relative specific screening test. Because of the high negative predictive value of KUB plus US, urography is not likely to be helpful when KUB plus US are negative. Urography is indicated only if KUB plus US findings are equivocal or if intervention is necessary.

Background
: Recently, there are so many newly developed equipments to detect blood gas analysis with serum electrolytes. And then, so many important parameters are quickly reported from laboratory department. So, many clinicians use the data to manage the critical patient. We attempted to determine the correlation coefficient and adjustment equation.

Methods : Total 68 patients' results of Na, K that are cheked using arterial whole blood(288 blood gas system) and venous serum electrolytes analyzer(NOVA 6) were evaluated and we detemined the coefficient of two methods from April to September, 1995.

Results : The correlations between the results obtained with NOVA 6 and that of 288 blood gas system were excellent for both Sodium and potassium(r>0.95, p<0.001 in both).
In this study, we make the regression equation to adjust the differences between the two methods.
Na : y=1.004190X + 7.656643(r=0.9637, p<0.001)
y =venous serum Na, x=arterial whole blood Na
K : y=0.994831X + 0.489631(r=0.9545, p<0.001)
y=venous serum K, x=arterial whole blood K

Conclusion : Specimen(whole blood, serum), kind and content of heparin also affect the results of electrolytes. And then, the report of the result after adjustment of them using above equation will provide reinforcement of the efficacy of the results using arterial whole blood specmen. We recommend it especially for emergency laboratories for critical test.

Background
: Smoking increases the risk of respiratory, cardiac diseases and cancer. This study is to ascertain the relationship between passive smoking, the modes of residence, its location and the immunoglobulin values as well as the eosinophil counts in relation to child patients suffering from bronchial or cardiac asthma.

Methods : The research was conducted at a general hospital with cooperation of 242 patients who had been hospitalized 1991 through 1995. We compared the average values of immunoglobulin between the groups of exposed and non-exposed to smoking by T-test. A same work for residential modes was done by T-test, while the data regarding the residing locality were processed by ANOVA.

Results : Each values of TEC, IgE, IgA, and IgM in both groups has been analysed but spelling no significant differences. The group residing in apartments showed lower value of IgM than those of flats.

Conclusion : The reason the IgM value of apartments is lower than that of flats is due to the difference of living quarters. This signifies the modes of residence may as well affect the IgE value.