Aging has become a global problem, and the interest in healthy aging is growing. Healthy aging involves a focus on the maintenance of the function and well-being of elderly adults, rather than a specific disease. Thus, the management of frailty, which is an accumulated decline in function, is important for healthy aging. The adaptation method was used to develop clinical practice guidelines on frailty management that are applicable in primary care settings. The guidelines were developed in three phases: preparation (organization of committees and establishment of the scope of development), literature screening and evaluation (selection of the clinical practice guidelines to be adapted and evaluation of the guidelines using the Korean Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool), and confirmation of recommendations (three rounds of Delphi consensus and internal and external reviews). A total of 16 recommendations (five recommendations for diagnosis and assessment, 11 recommendations for intervention of frailty) were made through the guideline development process. These clinical practice guidelines provide overall guidance on the identification, evaluation, intervention, and monitoring of frailty, making them applicable in primary care settings. As aging and “healthy aging” become more and more important, these guidelines are also expected to increase in clinical usefulness.

Citations

• Promoting an international consensus on frailty assessment: An urgent call to address the challenges of perioperative management in an aging population
  Ying Xia, Wei Tang
  BioScience Trends.2026; 20(2): 135.     CrossRef
• International landscape of guidelines for perioperative frailty assessment and barriers to clinical translation
  Ya-nan Ma, Kenji Karako, Ying Xia, Peipei Song, Xiqi Hu
  BioScience Trends.2026; 20(2): 149.     CrossRef
• Effect of a wearable-sensor-assisted multicomponent exercise program on physical fitness, cognition and quality of life in frail older adults
  Genghong Tu, Lining Liu, Huiyi Tang, Weizhong Chen, Bagen Liao
  Translational Exercise Biomedicine.2025; 2(3): 201.     CrossRef
• Frailty assessment utilization around the globe–a systematic review
  Samantha Gaston, Elle Billman, Lichy Han, David Drover
  The Journal of Frailty & Aging.2025; 14(6): 100088.     CrossRef
• Exercise Prescription for Frail Older Adults: Impact on Handgrip Strength and Gait Speed – A Systematic Review
  Andreia Carvalho, Vânia Cerqueira Palma, Maria Teresa Tomás
  Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Summary of best evidence for prevention and management of frailty
  Yinning Guo, Xueyi Miao, Jieman Hu, Li Chen, Yimeng Chen, Kang Zhao, Ting Xu, Xiaoman Jiang, Hanfei Zhu, Xinyi Xu, Qin Xu
  Age and Ageing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Frailty: Assessment and Intervention
  Hana Moon, Geon Ho Lee, DaeHyun Kim
  Keimyung Medical Journal.2024; 43(2): 100.     CrossRef
• Clinical practice guidelines for frailty vary in quality but guide primary health care: a systematic review
  Huaxin Si, Jiaqi Yu, Qinqin Liu, Yanyan Li, Yaru Jin, Yanhui Bian, Xiaoxia Qiao, Wenyu Wang, Lili Ji, Yan Wang, Jian Du, Cuili Wang
  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.2023; 161: 28.     CrossRef
• Yaşlılarda Kırılganlığın Önlenmesi ve Yönetiminde Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşımlar
  Ayşe Buket DOĞAN, Özlem CANBOLAT
  Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer.2023; 13(3): 501.     CrossRef
• Validation of the Korean Academy of Geriatric Dentistry screening questionnaire and oral frailty diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older adults
  Jeong-Hyun Kang, Seong-Chan Park, Hoi-In Jung, Sun Jae Jung, Hye-Jin Park, Soo-Min Kim, Min-Ji Jo, Yun-Seon Lee, Sun-Young Han
  Epidemiology and Health.2023; 46: e2024008.     CrossRef
• Up-to-date knowledge of frailty
  Chang Won Won
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef

Background
Obesity is considered a state of enhanced oxidative stress as well as chronic and low-grade inflammation. The copper–zinc ratio in obese individuals has been reported to reflect systemic oxidative stress and inflammatory status. We investigated whether the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is related to the copper–zinc ratio in hair, within the context of a normal white blood cell count among overweight or obese Korean individuals.
Methods
We included 56 participants aged older than 20 years who voluntarily sought weight reduction treatment and met the inclusion criterion of body mass index of 23 kg/m² or greater. Intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue was measured by computed tomography imaging, while the copper and zinc levels were measured by hair mineral analysis. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we examined the associations between the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and the copper–zinc ratio.
Results
The mean age, body mass index, and visceral adipose tissue were 46.0±10.5 years, 29.0±4.1 kg/cm² , and 142.9±68.8 cm² , respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed the association of the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio with copper level (r=0.475, P<0.001) and copper–zinc ratio (r=0.494, P<0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, we found the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was significantly associated with the level of copper and the copper–zinc ratio in hair (regression coefficient: 0.055±0.015; P<0.001 and regression coefficient: 0.761±0.185; P<0.001, respectively).
Conclusion
A higher copper–zinc ratio in hair is positively and independently associated with the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio. Thus, a high hair copper–zinc ratio could be a useful parameter for oxidative burden of individuals predisposed to obesity-related comorbidity.

Citations

• Associations between exposure to metals, chlorinated pesticides, and PCBs and differential leukocyte profiles in Flemish adolescents
  Fen Zhang, Lützen Portengen, Hamid Y. Hassen, Laura Rodriguez Martin, Madeline Carsique, Amélie Crépet, Jasper Engel, Jacob Van Klaveren, Nicolas Van Larebeke, Willy Baeyens, Stefaan De Henauw, Tim S. Nawrot, Adrian Covaci, Elly Den Hond, Greet Schoeters,
  Environmental Research.2026; 288: 123188.     CrossRef
• Context-Dependent Shift in Trace Element Risk Drivers for Carotid Plaque Instability: Copper Supersedes Iron in Patients with Hypertension or Diabetes
  Pengfei He, Yang Xu, Jiaqi Wang, Changming Xu, Xin Liu, Lijun Wei
  Biological Trace Element Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Hair Trace Element Imbalance in Smokers with HFpEF: A Pilot Study of Micronutrient and Metal Homeostasis
  Beata Krasińska, Tomasz Urbanowicz, Ievgen Spasenenko, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Krzysztof Bartuś, Zbigniew Krasiński, Andrzej Tykarski, Anetta Hanć
  Biomedicines.2026; 14(5): 970.     CrossRef
• Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy as a Natural Animal Model for Human Epilepsy: A Scoping Review Highlighting Metabolic Perspectives Beyond the Brain
  Giulia Cabri, Sofie F. M. Bhatti, Lieselot Y. Hemeryck, Paul Boon, Holger A. Volk, Myriam Hesta, Fien Verdoodt
  Nutrients.2026; 18(11): 1734.     CrossRef
• Serum Copper/Zinc Ratio in Overweight and Obese Children: a Cross-Sectional Study
  Mu Du, Mingfang Qiu, Ye Qian, Tianqi Wang, Xiaobo Chen
  Biological Trace Element Research.2024; 202(4): 1539.     CrossRef
• The Protective Effect of the Crosstalk between Zinc Hair Concentration and Lymphocyte Count—Preliminary Report
  Tomasz Urbanowicz, Anetta Hanć, Jolanta Tomczak, Michał Michalak, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Patrycja Rzesoś, Mateusz Szot, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Beata Krasińska, Zbigniew Krasiński, Andrzej Tykarski, Marek Jemielity
  Life.2024; 14(5): 571.     CrossRef
• Whole blood trace element and toxic metal concentration in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and healthy dogs: A case-control study
  Sarah Rosendahl, Johanna Anturaniemi, Tiina-Kaisa Kukko-Lukjanov, Kristiina A. Vuori, Robin Moore, Manal Hemida, Anne Muhle, Anna Hielm-Björkman
  Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mineral, trace element, and toxic metal concentration in hair from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy compared to healthy controls
  Sarah Rosendahl, Johanna Anturaniemi, Tiina-Kaisa Kukko-Lukjanov, Kristiina A. Vuori, Robin Moore, Manal Hemida, Anne Muhle, Anna Hielm-Björkman
  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.2023; 37(3): 1100.     CrossRef
• Associations between Hair Mineral Concentrations and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Korean Adults
  Y.-A. Lee, H.-N. Kim, Sang-Wook Song
  The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2022; 26(5): 515.     CrossRef
• Investigation on the Association of Copper and Copper-to-Zinc-Ratio in Hair with Acute Coronary Syndrome Occurrence and Its Risk Factors
  Ewelina A. Dziedzic, Agnieszka Tuzimek, Jakub S. Gąsior, Justyna Paleczny, Adam Junka, Mirosław Kwaśny, Marek Dąbrowski, Piotr Jankowski
  Nutrients.2022; 14(19): 4107.     CrossRef
• Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on People’s Sexual Lives in Turkiye
  Mert Kılıç, Ersin Köseoğlu, Fadimana Tekkalan, Elisabetta Costantini, Francesco Trama, Ester Illiano, Tufan Tarcan
  Journal of Urological Surgery.2022; 9(4): 281.     CrossRef

Background
High mean corpuscular volume (MCV) has been implicated in various health problems, such as anemia, liver disease, and thyroid disease. However, the clinical significance of borderline-high MCV is poorly understood in the primary care setting. This study aimed to investigate whether borderline-high MCV was related to arterial stiffness in Korean adults as measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).
Methods
This cross-sectional study comprised 582 participants aged >30 years who underwent routine health examinations. Borderline-high MCV was defined as over 95.0 fl (>90th percentile) after excluding participants with MCV of ≥100 fl or ≤80 fl, and high baPWV was defined as >1,600 cm/s (>90th percentile). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for high baPWV according to borderline-high MCV were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for the confounding variables.
Results
The mean age of the study population was 47.8±11.7 years, and 56.9% of the participants were male. Compared to that in the control group, the OR (95% CI) of high baPWV in those with a borderline-high MCV was 3.68 (1.39–9.74) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, regular exercise, mean blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, γ-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, hypertension medication, and diabetes medication.
Conclusion
Borderline-high MCV was independently associated with arterial stiffness among apparently healthy Korean individuals.

Citations

• Interrelationship between alcohol consumption, overnutrition, and pharmacotherapy for liver steatosis: Considerations and proposals
  Rodrigo Valenzuela, Camila Farías, Yasna Muñoz, Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández, Luis A. Videla
  Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2026; 611: 112676.     CrossRef
• Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy and related complications with specific insight in Rivers State, Nigeria: a narrative review
  Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Basil Omieibi Altraide, Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
  Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(6): 3435.     CrossRef
• Laboratory Data Analysis of Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome Patients to Predict Disease Severity and Patient Prognosis
  Hong Shi, Feng Du, Ting Wang, Zhendong Gu, Ting Ruan, Qiujian Zhao, Rui Xu, Yi Wang, Langxi Luo, Shaohua Wang, Liejun Jiang, Yaoni Li
  Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH – AN IGNORED BUT EMERGING INDICATOR TO PREDICT ADVERSE EVENTS IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
  Hardikkumar A Mistry, Dharitri Parmar
  Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.2024; : 47.     CrossRef
• Association between biomarkers of inflammation and dyslipidemia in drug resistant tuberculosis in Uganda
  Joseph Baruch Baluku, Robinah Nalwanga, Andrew Kazibwe, Ronald Olum, Edwin Nuwagira, Nathan Mugenyi, Frank Mulindwa, Felix Bongomin
  Lipids in Health and Disease.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Gene‐Environment Interactions and Gene–Gene Interactions on Two Biological Age Measures: Evidence from Taiwan Biobank Participants
  Wan‐Yu Lin
  Advanced Biology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Ameliorative delivery of docetaxel and curcumin using PEG decorated lipomers: A cutting-edge in-vitro/ in-vivo appraisal
  Imran Tariq, Hira Hassan, Sajid Ali, Syed Atif Raza, Pervaiz Akhtar Shah, Muhammad Yasir Ali, Zain Tariq, Udo Bakowsky
  Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2024; 97: 105814.     CrossRef
• Sensing Biomechanical Alterations in Red Blood Cells of Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Potential Markers for Microvascular Complications
  Riccardo Di Santo, Benedetta Niccolini, Alessandro Rizzi, Laura Bertini, Denise Pires Marafon, Maria Vaccaro, Federica Cristallo, Enrico Rosa, Linda Tartaglione, Laura Leo, Marco De Spirito, Gabriele Ciasca, Dario Pitocco
  Biosensors.2024; 14(12): 587.     CrossRef
• The effect of soursop‐flower‐enriched fried palm olein on some biochemical and hematological parameters of rats
  Valerie Demgne Loungaing, Fabrice Tonfack Djikeng, Gires Boungo Teboukeu, Fabrice Herve Njike Ngamga, Hilaire Macaire Womeni
  Food Science & Nutrition.2023; 11(6): 2798.     CrossRef
• Development of multiple intracranial aneurysms: beyond the common risk factors
  Thiemo F. Dinger, Marvin Darkwah Oppong, Chikadibia Park, Maryam Said, Mehdi Chihi, Laurèl Rauschenbach, Oliver Gembruch, Cornelius Deuschl, Karsten H. Wrede, Veronika Lenz, Christoph Kleinschnitz, Michael Forsting, Ulrich Sure, Ramazan Jabbarli
  Journal of Neurosurgery.2022; 137(4): 1056.     CrossRef
• Age‐related changes in mean corpuscular volumes in patients without anaemia: An analysis of large‐volume data from a single institute
  Jin Young Lee, Hanlim Choi, Jin Woo Park, Bo Ra Son, Jong Hyock Park, Lee Chan Jang, Jae Gil Lee
  Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2022; 26(12): 3548.     CrossRef

Background
Epidemiological studies suggest that serum calcium levels correlate with cardiovascular events. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) between 0.9 and 1.00 is a surrogate estimation of preclinical peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Prior studies have shown that an ABI of 0.9–1.0 is also associated with endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we sought to investigate the relationship between serum calcium levels and preclinical PAD in apparently healthy Korean individuals.
Methods
We evaluated the association between serum calcium levels and preclinical PAD in 596 participants (334 males, 262 females) in a health examination program. Preclinical PAD was defined by an ABI of 0.9–1.0. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether the serum calcium level was an independent determinant of preclinical PAD.
Results
The overall prevalence of preclinical PAD was 14.3%. The mean age was 44.0±12.5 years in the non-PAD group and 48.3±11.4 years in the preclinical PAD group (P=0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, g-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, hypertension medication, diabetes medication, and hyperlipidemia medication, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for preclinical PAD was 2.28 (1.02–5.11) with a 1-mg/dL increase in the serum calcium.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that increased serum calcium is independently and positively associated with preclinical PAD regardless of the presence of classic cardiovascular risk factors.

Citations

• Mechanisms of environmental risk factors for autoimmune diseases
  Siddharth Maruvada, Frederick W. Miller
  Autoimmunity Reviews.2026; 25(4): 104012.     CrossRef
• Association of Klotho and FGF23 with cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic older adults with chronic limb-threatening ischemia: a prospective study
  Federico Biscetti, Silvia Giovannini, Roberto Iezzi, Claudia Loreti, Pietro Caliandro, Lorenzo Biscotti, Dario Pitocco, Andrea Flex
  GeroScience.2025; 47(3): 4921.     CrossRef

Citations

• Serum uric acid: an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Pakistani Punjabi patients
  Misbah Hussain, Muhammad Umer Ghori, Muhammad Naeem Aslam, Shahid Abbas, Muhammad Shafique, Fazli Rabbi Awan
  BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• U-shaped association of uric acid to overall-cause mortality and its impact on clinical management of hyperuricemia
  William T. Crawley, Cyprien G. Jungels, Kurt R. Stenmark, Mehdi A. Fini
  Redox Biology.2022; 51: 102271.     CrossRef
• U-shaped relationship between serum uric acid level and decline in renal function during a 10-year period in female subjects: BOREAS-CKD2
  Kazuma Mori, Masato Furuhashi, Marenao Tanaka, Keita Numata, Takashi Hisasue, Nagisa Hanawa, Masayuki Koyama, Arata Osanami, Yukimura Higashiura, Masafumi Inyaku, Megumi Matsumoto, Norihito Moniwa, Hirofumi Ohnishi, Tetsuji Miura
  Hypertension Research.2021; 44(1): 107.     CrossRef
• Association between uric acid and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients and in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Paola Rebora, Anita Andreano, Nicola Triglione, Enrico Piccinelli, Matteo Palazzini, Lucia Occhi, Guido Grassi, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Cristina Giannattasio, Alessandro Maloberti
  Blood Pressure.2020; 29(4): 220.     CrossRef