Hemicrania continua (HC) is an indomethacin-responsive headache, characterized by unilateral and continuous headaches with cranial autonomic symptoms. Various pathologies, including sinus-related conditions, are associated with HC. Here, we report the case of a 62-year-old man with HC and rhinosinusitis. The patient complained of a unilateral continuous headache with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms, conjunctival injection, and eyelid edema for 20 months. HC was identified as a potential diagnosis based on the symptom criteria, and a response to indomethacin confirmed the diagnosis. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia should be considered in patients with unilateral headaches and cranial autonomic symptoms.

Primary care services improve healthcare outcomes and limit unnecessary specialty care. Thus, it is essential to monitor primary care physician demand and supply projections to suggest evidence-based healthcare reforms and promote better healthcare delivery. This study evaluates 28 demand variables, 50 supply variables, and 26 additional variables associated with the demand and supply projections of physicians by reviewing scenarios from other countries, including Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, and the United States of America. The results indicate that Korea uses less diverse demand and supply indicators and suggest the need to implement variables used in the other four countries to improve projection modeling.

Citations

• What is the optimal number of physicians for a sustainable healthcare system?
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(1): 1.     CrossRef

Citations

• Clinical efficacy and outcomes of calcitriol combined with bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A quasi-experimental study
  Kui Han, Xiaoyan Wang
  Medicine.2024; 103(45): e40171.     CrossRef
• Fracture Preventing Effects of Maxmarvil® Tablets (Alendronate 5 mg + Calcitriol 0.5 µg) in Patients with Osteoporosis
  Jun-Il Yoo, Yong-Chan Ha, Ye-Yeon Won, Kyu-Hyun Yang, Sang-Bum Kim, Ju-Hyung Yoo, Dong-Soo Kim
  Journal of Bone Metabolism.2017; 24(2): 91.     CrossRef
• The clinical use of vitamin D metabolites and their potential developments: a position statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF)
  Luisella Cianferotti, Claudio Cricelli, John A. Kanis, Ranuccio Nuti, Jean-Y. Reginster, Johann D. Ringe, Rene Rizzoli, Maria Luisa Brandi
  Endocrine.2015; 50(1): 12.     CrossRef

Citations

• Factors Related to Suboptimal Adherence to Dyslipidemia Medication: An Exploration Using Nationally Representative Databases
  Jihye Shin, Taegyu Um, Sangyong Jo, Minkook Son
  Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2025; 14(3): 312.     CrossRef
• Patient-related characteristics associated with non-persistence with statin therapy in elderly patients following an ischemic stroke
  Martin Wawruch, Dusan Zatko, Gejza Wimmer, Jan Luha, Vasil Hricak, Jan Murin, Peter Kukumberg, Tomas Tesar, Adam Hloska, Rashmi Shah
  Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.2017; 26(2): 201.     CrossRef
• Improving Medication Adherence in Coronary Heart Disease
  Leah L. Zullig, Katherine Ramos, Hayden B. Bosworth
  Current Cardiology Reports.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Risk of cardiovascular disease? A qualitative study of risk interpretation among patients with high cholesterol
  Pia Kirkegaard, Adrian Edwards, Mette Bech Risør, Janus Laust Thomsen
  BMC Family Practice.2013;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Statin Adherence and Cholesterol Level Reduction from Baseline in a Veteran Population
  Rashid Kazerooni, Jonathan H. Watanabe, Mark Bounthavong
  Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy.2013; 33(10): 1044.     CrossRef
• Achieving recommended low density lipoprotein cholesterol goals and the factors associated with target achievement of hypercholesterolemia patients with rosuvastatin in primary care
  Jung Ah Lee, Sung Sunwoo, Young Sik Kim, Han Jin Oh, Hee-Cheol Kang, Kyung-Chae Park, Dong Hyuk Sin, Sang Yeoup Lee, Yun Jun Yang, Byung Yeon Yu, Chul-Min Kim
  Current Medical Research and Opinion.2013; 29(7): 751.     CrossRef

We report three cases of iron defi ciency anemia due to long-time bloodletting using cupping. Case 1 was a 52-year-old man who sought evaluation at the Health Promotion Center in our hospital due to fatigue and dyspnea on exertion (DOE). There were no abnormal fi ndings on his general health examination, except anemia. He has performed self-bloodletting for a long time with cupping on his back and extremities for fatigue, myalgias, or polyarthralgias. Case 2 was a 52-year-old woman with fatigue and DOE. The physical examination revealed a systolic murmur at her left lower anterior chest and pale conjunctiva. The initial hematocrit was 22.4% and the hemoglobin was 6.4 g/dL. She has self-bloodletted using cupping 2 to 3 times a week when she felt tired or had myalgias. Case 3 was a 35-year-old man with sudden onset fatigue and DOE. He had severe DOE during a challenging physical test. He frequently received bloodletting using cuppings on his back and extremities by a doctor of Oriental medicine. There were no abnormal findings on the general health examination, except anemia. All three patients were diagnosed with iron defi ciency anemia due to chronic blood loss. We recommended stopping bloodletting using cupping and prescribed oral iron supplements.

Citations

• Bloodletting for Acute Stroke Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Mikyung Kim, Changho Han
  Healthcare.2024; 12(20): 2060.     CrossRef
• Adverse events related to cupping therapy in studies conducted in Korea: A systematic review
  Tae-Hun Kim, Kun Hyung Kim, Jun-Yong Choi, Myeong Soo Lee
  European Journal of Integrative Medicine.2014; 6(4): 434.     CrossRef

Background
In the primary care setting, compliance with lipid lowering therapy was relatively low. In order to compare the efficacy of a short messaging service (SMS) text messaging and postal reminder as means of improving attendance rates during the first 24 weeks of lipid-lowering therapy, a randomized controlled trial of 918 patients from 19 family practice clinics was conducted between February 2003 and June 2006. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned into 3 groups: SMS (327), postal (294),and control (297) group. To ascertain attendance rates, patients were followed up at 24 weeks after their treatment. Reminders were sent at 16 weeks from the coordinating center. Results: Overall attendance rate was 74.1%. This differed between groups, with 76.1% attendance for the SMS group, 73.5% for the postal group, and 72.4% for the control group. According to a multivariate analysis, the SMS group had a significantly higher attendance rate (Odds ratios [OR] 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.16) than the control group, but the postal group (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.69) did not. Moreover, the cost per attendance for the SMS reminder (155 Korean Won [KRW]) was much lower than that for the postal reminder (722 KRW). Conclusion: SMS reminder may be more cost saving method to improve the attendance rate compared with the postal reminder.

Citations

• Effect of A Mobile-Phone Mediated Based Education on Self-Care Behaviors of Patients With Thalassemia Major
  Fatemeh Gharaati, Teamur Aghamolaei, Zahra Hosseini, Sayed Hossein Davoodi, laleh Hassani, Razieh Mohamadi, Shokroallah Mohsseni, Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi
  Journal of Caring Sciences.2019; 8(3): 149.     CrossRef
• Self-management of Chronic Conditions Using mHealth Interventions in Korea: A Systematic Review
  Jae Yoon Yi, Yujin Kim, Yoon-Min Cho, Hongsoo Kim
  Healthcare Informatics Research.2018; 24(3): 187.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of SMS Reminders on Appointment Attendance: a Meta-Analysis
  Nasim Boksmati, Kerryn Butler-Henderson, Kevin Anderson, Tony Sahama
  Journal of Medical Systems.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Using digital notifications to improve attendance in clinic: systematic review and meta-analysis
  Dan Robotham, Safarina Satkunanathan, John Reynolds, Daniel Stahl, Til Wykes
  BMJ Open.2016; 6(10): e012116.     CrossRef
• The effect of SMS messaging on the compliance with iron supplementation among pregnant women in Iran: a randomized controlled trial
  Marzieh Rakhsh Khorshid, Poorandokht Afshari, Parvin Abedi
  Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.2014; 20(4): 201.     CrossRef
• Targeting the Use of Reminders and Notifications for Uptake by Populations (TURNUP): a systematic review and evidence synthesis
  Sionnadh McLean, Melanie Gee, Andrew Booth, Sarah Salway, Susan Nancarrow, Mark Cobb, Sadiq Bhanbhro
  Health Services and Delivery Research.2014; 2(34): 1.     CrossRef
• How Effective Are Short Message Service Reminders at Increasing Clinic Attendance? A Meta‐Analysis and Systematic Review
  Rebecca Guy, Jane Hocking, Handan Wand, Sam Stott, Hammad Ali, John Kaldor
  Health Services Research.2012; 47(2): 614.     CrossRef

Smoking is known as one of the major cause of disability and premature death. It should be framed as an individual-level disease requiring medical treatment. Smoking is addictive disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking, and smokers needs therapeutic interventions such as nicotine replacement therapy and nicotine agonist. In terms of addiction, nicotine facilitating neurotransmitter release results in the development of nicotine dependence, and corticotropin-releasing factor related nicotine withdrawal. Smoking will be regarded as disease, for smoking cessation is more effective intervention to prevent mortality than hypertension and dyslipidemia treatment. We will review some aspects of framing tobacco as a disease, and move on to the recent American and Japanese guideline which encourage the social reimbursement system of cessation practice.

Citations

• The Impact of Messaging on the Relationship Between COVID-19 and Perceptions of Tobacco Smoking
  Namun Cho, Sungkyu Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Kyubum Moon
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2025; 16(3): 89.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Heavy Smoking and Related Risk Factors for One-Person and Multi-Person Households
  Byeong Hwa Han, Hyun-su Kang, Keun Mi Lee, Seung Pil Jung
  Korean Journal of Family Practice.2022; 12(2): 79.     CrossRef
• A Literature Review of Randomized Controlled Trials on Tobacco Cessation Using Auricular Acupuncture and Auricular Acupressure
  Min-Gi Jo, Jun-Yeong Jang, Min-Jung Ko, Sang-Yeup Chae, Seungeun Lee, Dongmin Lee, Won Suk Sung, Jung-Hyun Kim, Bonhyuk Goo, Yeon-Cheol Park, Yong-Hyeon Baek, Sang-Soo Nam, Byung-Kwan Seo
  Journal of Acupuncture Research.2022; 39(4): 258.     CrossRef
• Smoking cessation is related to change in metabolic syndrome onset: A rural cohort study
  Myung-Bae Park, Jung-Kyu Choi, Cheon-Kook Kang
  Tobacco Induced Diseases.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Smoking on Intraocular Pressure Changes
  Kyu-Seon Shim, Sung-Hee Lee, Cheol-Dong Kim, Young-Cheol Shin, Mi-A Jung, Eun-Hee Lee
  The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2019; 21(4): 599.     CrossRef
• Associations between Sleep Duration and Smoked Cigarettes per Day, Heavy Smoking in Smokers
  Jae-Geon Yu, Chang-Gon Kim, Seung-Pil Jung, Keun-Mi Lee
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2018; 18(1): 1.     CrossRef
• The relationship between smoking and depressive symptoms among Korean adults
  Han Na Sung, Jong Sung Kim
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2016; 33(2): 57.     CrossRef
• Time to First Cigarette and Hypertension in Korean Male Smokers
  Saerom Lee, Miae Jang, Hye-Mi Noh, Hye-Young Oh, Hong Ji Song, Kyung Hee Park, Yu-Jin Paek
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2015; 36(5): 221.     CrossRef
• Smoking and Oral Diseases
  Dal-Nim Yang, Yong-Duk Park
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2015; 6(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Factors Contributing to the Intention to Quit Smoking in Community-dwelling Elderly Smokers
  Jung Soon Kim, Jung Ok Yu, Myo Sung Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(4): 358.     CrossRef

Background
It has been reported that cardiovascular factors such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes and obesity are related to decrease in heart rate variability (HRV). This study purposed to examinate the association of HRV with Framingham risk score in non-obese males and the affecting factors of HRV. Methods: The study was carried out in 323 males who visited a health care center from June to August, 2004, None had previous cardiovascular and cerebral diseases, diabetes, or obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m²). The subjects were divided into three groups by Framingham risk score and we compared the means of HRV parameters including the Mean Heart Rate (MHR), Standard Deviation of NN interval (SDNN), the Square Root of the Mean Squared Differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD), Total Power (TP), Very Low Frequency (VLF), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio in these three groups. Results: There were significant differences among the groups by age. Among HRV parameters, SDNN (P＜ 0.001), RMSSD (P=0.001), TP (P=0.008), LF (P=0.024), and HF (P=0.003) are inversely associated with the risk score group. Multiple regression analysis revealed age, systolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein as independent explanatory variables of HRV. Conclusion: SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF and HF were decreased in the higher risk group, we can suggest that autonomic function is impaired as the cardiovascular risk increases. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:330-335)

Background
Many countries have been legally prescribing graphic health warning labels on cigarette package as a part of their national policy of smoking cessation. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of graphic health warning labels of Canada, Singapore and European union, in Korean for smoking cessation. Methods: From February to July in 2005, we surveyed 110 people who were high school students and college students. After showing them the 64 graphic health warning labels (16 from Canada, 6 from Singapore and 42 from European union), the self recorded questionnaires were collected. Results: The effectiveness for smoking cessation was related to the arousal levels of visual effects and it had the same result for each country in which we researched. The high arousal loss-framed graphic health warning labels were more effective than the gain-framed low arousal ones. Conclusion: To quit smoking, it can be reasonably concluded that high and negative images of health that were shown on warning labels of cigarette packages were effective. Hereafter, it is recommended more useful and proper designs of graphic warning labels be developed and applied. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:923-930)

Adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) is an uncommon acute systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin. The clinical features include high spiking fever, arthralgia or arthritis, transient maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and serositis. The laboratory findings include leukocytosis(neutrophilia), elevation of AST, ALT, ESR, CRP and serum ferritin, and negative rheumatic factor and anti-nuclear antibody. We report a case of a 52-year old woman whom symptom is subsided after steroid use. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28: 210-213)

Background
: A considerable portion of patients in primary care are thought to have mental disorders in Korea. But they are not easily noticed and are thus underdiagnosed and approached improperly. This study was done to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders in a hospital-based family practice and to evaluate the utility of a diagnostic tool, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ).

Methods : Ten or more patients each day were systematically selected in family practice clinics for two weeks in a university and a community hospital-based family practice clinics in Seoul, Korea. Routine care was delivered as a control during the first week and the PHQ was administered to patients during the second week and the physicians were allowed to review the PHQ just before making clinical decisions. Physicians were asked to answer whether they recognized patients' with mental disorders before reviewing the PHQ.

Results : The prevalence of mental disorders was higher in the test group than the control except for eating disorders and other anxiety disorders (P＜0.05)(test vs. control group): major depressive disorders 1.75% vs. 3.8%, other depressive disorders 6.8% vs. 11.4%, panic disorders 0.6% vs. 2.3, somatoform disorders 3% vs. 5%, alcohol abuse 2.2% vs. 8.7%, and any mental disorders 20.9% vs. 29.4%. In the test group, the percentage (95% confidence interval in parenthesis) of newly diagnosed mental disorders after physicians' review of the PHQ were 66% (49∼82) in major depressive disorders, 70% (50∼90) in panic disorders, 70% (56∼83) in somatoform disorders, 84% (75∼92) in alcohol abuse, and 68% (62∼74) in any mental disorders. Patients' response to the PHQ was overall very receptive.

Conclusion : One-week prevalence of common mental disorders in the hospital-based family practice was 29.4% and the PHQ tool was efficient to help the family physicians recognize hidden mental disorders.

Background
: Many countries have been legally prescribing health warning messages on cigarette packages as a part of their national policy of smoking cessation. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness for smoking cessation of graphic health warning labels, and compare them with the existing health warning messages.

Methods : From February to December 2002, we surveyed 103 smokers who were college students of fine arts. After letfing them see the graphic health warning labels, the self recorded questionnaires were collected.

Results : The effectiveness for the smoking cessation of the existing health warning messages was evaluated low, despite its wide recognition. But there was no difference between the visual effect and the effectiveness for the smoking cessation of the graphic health warning labels. The graphic health warning labels were more effective for the smoking cessation than the existing health warning messages, and it was the same in the subgroup analysis such as sex, degree of recognition of disease, and non- smoking planning.

Conclusion : To quit smoking, it is reasonably concluded that the graphic health warning labels on cigarette packages was very effective. Hereafter, it is recommended more useful designs of graphic health warning labels be developed.

Background
: Comprehensive geriatric assessment is identified as a dynamic process responsive to the changes on health status that occurs over time in the context of extremely increasing trend in the numbers of the elderly people, their office visit, and the medical cost universally. We completed the comprehensive geriatric assessment and applied it to the Korean elderly through the multi-center trials.

Methods : We performed studies variables using questionnaires, with interviewing, physical examination to number of total 312 elderly people who visited the department of family medicine or physical medicine and rehabilitation of the 11 university hospital or general hospital in Korea from July 1, 1999 through October 31, 1999. We, the geriatrician, met and discussed 3 times to complete the comprehensive geriatric assessment through the consensus panel.

Results : We found the sex ratio of 312 subjects was 1 to 2 (104 males and 208 females) and the average age was 73.2 years old. The orders of more frequency of self-reported health status of the respondents were hypertension, arthritis, cataract, gastrointestinal disturbance, diabetes mellitus, urinary/fecal incontinence, depression, cerebrovascular accident, anemia, and heart disease. Nearly 15% of those showed depression 41.6% of those were in the status of socially isolation. We found 43.1% of those showed hypertension, 3.7% isolated systolic hypertension, and 20.2% orthostatic hypotension. Of those, cognitive impairment were measured in 37.1%, gait disturbance 13.0%, and the risk of malnutrition 39.6%. Geriatrician spent 21.1 minutes per person during the process of comprehensive geriatric assessmnet.

Conclusion : We realized we could diagnose and intervene effectively certain hidden conditions/ diseases, particularly urinary incontinence, falls, visual impairment, hearing impairment, pain, depression, social isolation, cognitive impairment, and orthostatic hypotension, with using the comprehensive geriatric assessment. These results reflected the fact that the comprehensive geriatric assessment might be necessary for the care of the elderly.

Background
: Many studies to reduce serum lipoprotein(a) are done because serum lipoprotein(a) has been known to be an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease along with age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Till now, oral estrogen/androgen therapy, niacin analogue and plasmapheresis are known therapeutic methods. This study examined the relative effects of three antihyperlipidemic agents, acipimox, lovastatin, fenofibrate.

Methods : Among 70 subjects(male-19, female-51) with their serum cholesterol level of more than 240mg/dL, 56 subjects who were completed 2 months antihyperlipidemic treatment (acipimox-20, lovastatin-18, fenofibrate-18) were examined for baseline total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein(a) and were followed up 2 months later.

Results : Mean values of each group for acipimox, lovastatin, fenofibrate were as follows: total cholesterol (268.1±19.03, 287.1±36.42, 268.9±25.99), HDL cholesterol (43.5±10.99, 42.7±11.88, 37.9±8.20), triglyceride (226.1±165.03, 260.4±175.98, 234.3±124.33), LDL cholesterol (179.3±30.40, 192.3±41.52, 184.1±38.08), lipoprotein(a) (26.2±15.32,34.8±18.56,29.9±12.58). Mean percentile reduction of lipoprotein(a) was acipimox-41.4%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-22.2%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-16.1%(P<0.05), and p value was less than 0.05 in the comparison of groups. Lipoprotein (a) showed no relations with age, sex, BMI, WHR, smoking, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol. After 2 months treatment, mean reduction percentages of total cholesterol was acipimox-12.2%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-17.6%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-8.85%(P<0.05). LDL cholesterol was acipimox-16.12%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-22.89%(P<0.0001), fenofibrate-12.06% (P<0.05). Triglyceride was acipimox-17.24%(P<0.0001), lovastatin-17.39%(p<0.0001), fenofibrate-9.78%(p<0.05). HDL cholesterol was elevated in acipimox-17.24%(P<0.05), lovastatin-16.10%(P<0.05) and fenofibrate-12.06(P<0.05). In total cholesterol(P<0.05) and LDL cholesterol(P<0.05), there were significant differences among 3 groups, but not in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

Conclusion : In two months treatment of acipimox, lovastatin and fenofibrate in hyperlipidemic patients, lipoprotein(a), known for independent risk factor of coronary artery disease, was reduced significantly in the order of acipimox, lovastatin and fenofibrate.

Background
: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is becoming more prevalent in the world, but there is no definite treatment method and no proved vaccine available. Therefore, prevention is the best method to lessen it and blocking it's transmission route is the most effective method. We conducted a survey on the changing trend of knowledge, attitude and perception for AIDS between the year 1993 and 1999 among freshmen of a university.
Method: The subjects were 2,340 freshmen of a university in Seoul and the study period was one month from Jan. 16 to Feb. 15 1999. The survey had been done with pre-designed questionnaire methods which was same to the one in 1993. Total 2,305 cases were analyzed and compared with the results in 1993 excluding 35 cases with insufficient responses.

Results : Among the questions about knowledge for AIDS the increasing trend was found in 13 items "AIDS is caused by a virus", "AIDS can be contracted by light kissing with AIDS patients", "AIDS can be contracted by hugging AIDS patient", "AIDS can be contracted by using AIDS patient's belongings", and so on. The decreasing trend was found in items "All homosexuals are apt to get AIDS", "Most of AIDS patients die of the disease", "AIDS patients are easy to contract other diseases", and "AIDS can be contracted by other sexually-transmitted viruses".

Conclusion : The freshmen entered in 1999 knew the transmission route of AIDS relatively well. They thought tat AIDS was not a serious disease but they could get ADIS. The changing trend showed that public education had a considerable effect on students' knowledge and attitude for AIDS.

Background
: The effect of Video Display Terminals(VDT) Syndrome is well documented. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in systemic subjective symptoms between long term users of computers with that of the general population and to help plan to avoid the risk of developing Video Display Terminal Syndrome.

Methods : Data was collected for this study between August 1996 and February 1997. Two groups consisting of seventy(70) long term computer users(Exposed Subjects) and fifty-nine(59) non users(Non Exposed Subjects), were selected for the survey. Data were gathered from the exposed subjects through their response to the survey questionnaire posted on the internet requiring detailed responses concerning ten systemic subjective symptoms that were experienced as a result of the long term exposure to VDT. Data were gathered from the non-exposed subjects through written responses to the questionnaire.

Results : Among the more significant difference was the experience of ocular symptoms among the exposed group. The exposed group experienced in descending order eleven items of ocular symptoms: congestion, strain, decreased visual acuity, ocular pain, and dryness. Among seven items of lifestyle, the exposed group characteristically exercised less(P<0.05) and did more home activity(P<0.05), characteristically lead healthier life than the non-exposed group. Particiption in exercise differed most among the groups. The exposed group participating in moderate exercise scored 517±551.6 compared to the non-exposed group which exercised very vigorously(p<0.05). In comparison of subjective symptom and life styles per daily exposure time(over 8, 10, 16 hours daily) there was significant difference between 8 and 10 hour exposers only in the stress item(P<0.05). In the exposure group there were less cardiovascular symptoms(P<0.05) due to more art activity(P<0.05), more cardiovascular symptoms and less sleep activity(P<0.001) and more ocular symptoms(P<0.05) due to higher levels of stress.

Conclusion : By exercising, exposers can decrease the respiratory symptoms, and by seeking methods that enable efficient management of work time, the subjects can benefit from the reduced work time, and by seeking methods so that one receive less stress and can resolve them they can reduce their ocular symptoms, sleep problems, cardiovascular symptoms. And in their spare time, the subjects can be recommended to involve in art activity for each person, through PC indirectly. Designing the development of cyber gallery, museum, literature room, concert can reduce the occurrence rate of cardiovascular symptoms.

Background
: Smoking is a very dangerous behavior and people know that it will lead to fatal health problems. But many people continue to smoke. We studied psychiatric aspect of smoking.

Methods : We distributed self-questionnaire to people who visited Dong-San Medical Hospital for periodical examination and checkups between the months of April and June, 1996. It consisted of inquiries on their smoking status and symptom check list for minor psychiatric disorders(SCL-MPD). Among the total of 147 men 58 were current smokers, 63 non-smokers, 26 ex-smokers. We compared minor psychiatric differences between each groups by Student t-test.

Results : The mean age of current smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers were 44.9±8.9, 44.8±8.4 and 46.6±9.6, respectively. Among 10 dimensions of SCL-MPD, the smokers (includes current smokers and ex-smokers) had significantly higher scores on anger-hostility, interpersonal sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive dimensions than those of non-smokers(P<0.05). When comparing with current smokers and non-smokers, current smokers had significantly higher scores on anger-hostility and obsessive-compulsive dimensions(P<0.05). Between ex-smokers and non-smokers, ex-smokers had significantly higher scores on anger-hostility and obsessive-compulsive dimensions(P<0.05). But, no significant differences were observed between current smokers and ex-smokers.

Conclusion : Smokers(current smokers and ex-smokers) were highly associated with anger-hostility, interpersonal sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive disorders compared to non-smokers. But, no minor psychiatric differences were observed between current smokers and ex-smokers.

Background
: Chronic low back pain(CLBP) is one of the most common afflictions of humans. Between 70% and 80% of the population experience back pain some time during their lives. Especially, back pain is the most common cause of limited activity in individuals under age 45.

Methods : The prepared questionnaire and SCL-MPD(symptom check list-minor psychiatric disorders) were presented to subjects who visited our hospital for occupational routine check. The questionnaire was composed of duration and severity of back pain. The subjects were divided into two groups, respectively with chronic low back pain history and without history. The differences of psychogenic symptoms between both groups were analysed.

Results : In general characteristics, there was no significant difference between both groups. There were significant differences in somatization, anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, phobic anxiety, neurasthenic, hypochondriacal, interpersonal sensitivity and general dimensions between both groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in obsessive-compulsive dimension between both groups.

Conclusion : These results showed the presense of various psychogenic symptoms in chronic low back pain patients. Such psychosocial variables will need to receive additional careful attention in primary care setting.

Background
: The interest of medicine was moved from disease treatment to disease prevention and health promotion. Especially, there has been marked increased interest in health promotion recently. Perception and health behaviors held or acquired during medical training can influence the acceptance and prevention atrategies. This exploratory study surveyed medical and non-medical student to assess both preventive health behaviors and perception, to find relations of personal behaviors and corresponding perception.

Methods : This survey were conducted 140 medical students and 131 non-medical stu-dents in one big city. Data were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Weschler' survey was adapted to assess perception toward preventive behavior, and Fantastic lifestyle was adapted to assess health behavior.

Results : Among the questionnaire of perception of preventive behavior, quitting cigare-tte smoking ranked highest frequency as very important in medical student. In non-medi-cal student, use seat-belt is ranked highest frequency. Mean score of FANTASTIC lifestyle is 29.98 in medical student, 28.86 in non-medical. The result show significant relationship between student-reported behavior and corresponding perception in 6 questionnaire that is eat breakfast, moderate or no alcohol use, eliminate smoking, use seat-belt, limit coffee, get seven hours sleep.

Conclusion : In comparing medical and non-medical students, health perception and he-alth behavior were no significant difference. Overall, the result indicated that the prepon-derance of respondents that is engaging in health behaviors are high in health perception.

Background
: A child battering can lead to a serious obstacles to the development in mental, physical and social life. Also it can produce an impediment to a domesticity. A child bettering has been studied in Seoul, but there has been little study on the frequency and the related fac-tors according to the region. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the frequency and the related factors with a child battering in urban and rural areas.

Methods : A questionnare survey was conducted on 1,652 children in 3rd 4th grade of two el-ementary school(one urban area and the other in suburban area) in Taegu and one school in rural area of Kyungbook province from September 1 to September 10 1995. The children were grouped by straus' CRT scale according to the degree of battering.

Results : Among 1,652 surveyed children 1,196(72.4%) children belonged to the battered group. 227(23.2%) children in the battered group belong to light battered group and 919(76.8%) children belong to the severely battered group. the common reasons for severe battering were making troubles(47.9%), poor school performance(16.5%) and disobedience to the parents(9.2%). The primary battering persons are biologic mother(57.5%) and biologic father(25.7%), a rod is mainly used(72.2%). The frequercy of severely battering was significantly higher in the following cases ; living in suburban(78.8%), middie school graduation in father's education level(89.3%), high school graduation in mother's education level(84.9%), laborer(22.0%) or salary worker than in rural areas(P<0.05), also the cases of significantly high battering level were as followings ; in suburban areas, father only working(55.7%), both parents working(34.5%), la-borer in father's occupation(22.0%), one or two times quarreling an year between father and mother(39.4%). 7 to 11 battering times an year(P<0.05%). However, the level of battering was not signficantly different among grade, sex, house type or religion. Majority of the physical in-juries due to battering were no marks(60.7%) and bruise(31.5%). The most of the symptoms from severely bettered were tingling sensation of extremities(51.6%) and a poor appetite(11.5%). The common psycho-behavioral complaints of the severely battered children were unamus-ing(30.9%), don't like studying or going to school(34.8%), don't like going home(12.8%).
Conciusions: When diagnose and treat in family office, family physician must assess the family function that included a place of residence, the type of hose, parent's education, occu-pation and a religion, must affiliate a wound that don't exposed in physical examination. Also standardized and verified physical violence for child abuse and battering child is necessary to be studied in korea.

Background
: The prevalence of cognitive impairment in the elderly has been increasing in recent years with the growing or the aged population. Clinical assessment of cognitive function and mood is very important because cognitive impairment and depression commonly coexist in the elderly. The elderly interacts with the other family members, so cognitive im-pairment of the elderly influence family function. The objectives of this study were to delin-eate the factors correlated with cognitive function and to explore the relationship of depres-sion and family function with cognitive function.

Methods : This study was done during 20 day period from July to August, 1996. The subjects were home residents aged 60 years or more living in a subcounty of Kyungpook Province, Korea. The final analysis included 195 subjects(male 95 female 100). The questio-nnaire included sociodemographic data, MMSE-K(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Ex-amination) for evaluation of cognitive function, BDI for evaluation of depression and family APGAR score for evaluation of family function. The results were analyzed ny descriptive, comparative and correlative analysis.

Results : Mean MMSE-K score was 25.3±4.3 with female subjects(23.9±4.8) having sig-nificantly higher cognitive impairment when compaired to male subjects(26.6±3.2)(P<0.001). MMSE-K score was associated with gender, age, year of education(P<0.001). BDI and APGAR score(P<0.05). Religion, smoking and alcohol use were not associated with MMSE-K score. The prevalence of dementia by MMSE-K was 9.7% in definite dementia(MMSE-K≤19) and 23.1% with questionable dementia(20≤MMSE-K≤23). In male, the prevalence was 1.1% and 20.0% respectively. In female, the prevalence was 18.0% and 26% respectively, indicating difference between male and female subjects(P<0.001).

Conclusion : In the elderly, female gender, older age and lower educational level were associated with cognitive function impairment. There was a positive correlation between cognitive function and family function. The group with impaired cognitive function had more depression than the normal group.

Background
: It is well known that smoking is hazardous to health and could be lethal with various diseases. A family physician is in a suitable position to counsel and modify smoking be-haviors of students in the aspect of smoking prevention and health promotion. Then the authors surveyed the smoking rate and knowledge of smoking hazards for male high school students in Daegu and Kyungbuk area by location and category.

Methods : From July 1 to September 30, 1994 seven high schools in Daegu and Kyngbuk area were arbitrarily selected and one each class was recruited. 1086 students in total(657 urban students, 519 rural students) completed the questionnaires. The data were analyzed be percent-age and t-test using statiscal package SPSS/PC+.

Results : Smokers were 313 persons(29%) among total subjects. Urban smoker were 146(26%), rural smokers were 167(32%), and smokers in humane category schools were 135(22%), smokers in technical schools were 178(39%). As for the motives to smoke, 37% started smoking with curiosity, 20% started with with recommendation by friends, 15% started for resolution of stress. As for the starting age of smoking, 45% began to smoke before graduation of middle schools. As for the average smoking amount, 76% smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day. As for knowledge of smoking hazards, the subjects responded to know more about the influences on health(78%) and pulmonary diseases(79%) than the influences on cancer(46%) and cardiac diseases(32%).

Conclusion : For the high school students, the independent health education program for smoking cessation must be develped. Especially, the effects of teacher's smoking behaviors on student's behaviors should be studied more.

Background
: As if is known to us that a family is a primary social factor affected in its health and is more influenced on patients and its function in chronic diseases, this research has been done to help medical treatment comparing the degree of chronic renal failure patient's depression and the family function with healthy peoples.

Methods : This research has been done by means of questionnaire reports to translate Beck Depression inventory(BDI) on the part of depression and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III(FACESIII) in the part of family funcion, in which 138 chronic renal failure patient treated in hemodialysis and 142 people of health screen transferred into family physician have taken part at renal center in the Dong-San Medical Center from April to August in 1994.

Results : 1. The study group had average BDI's score of 25.05±12.76, which was higher than control group with BDI's score of 11.63±8.83. Thus, in patient group, depression degree were higher than control group.
2. In FACESIII cohesion of the patient group, there were 90 people(65.2%) in "Disengaged" and 26 people(18.8%) in "Separated" and 17 people(12.4%) in "Connected" and 5 people(3.6%) in "Enmeshed". In that of the contrast group. 53 people(37.3%) in "Disengaged" and 45 people(31.7%) in "Seperated" and 41 people(28.9%) in "Connected"and 3 people(2.8%) in "Enmeshed".
3. In FACESIII adaptability of the patient group. there were 36 people(26.1%) in "Rigid" and 43 people(31.2%) in "Structured" and27 people(19.6%) in "Flexible" and 32 people(23.2%) in "Chaotic". In that of the control group. 15 people(10.6%) in "Rigid" and 56 people(39.4%) in "Structured" and 49 people(34.5%) in "Flexible" and 22 people(15.5%) in "Chaotic".
4. In FACESIII family types of the patient groups, there were 47 people(34.1%) of "Extreme" and 69 people(50.0%) of "Mid-Range" and 22 people(15.9%) of "Balanced" type. In those of the contrast group, there were 73 people(51.4) of "Balanced" and 114 people(40.7%) of "Mid-Range" and 24 people(16.9%) of "Extreme" type.

Conclusion : This study suggested that depression and family dysfunction should be considered in the management of the chronic renal failure patients.

Background
: The euthanasia debate has become increasingly active in recent years. Technological advances have made it possible to prolong the life almost indefinitely. Medical decisions concerning the prolongation of life, the right to die and euthanasia are among the most extensively discussed issues within medicine and law today. This study examines the attitudes of physicians toward euthanasia.

Methods : The qustionnaire was mailed to 550 physicians. Data was analyzed from the 117 physicians who were completed and returned the form.

Results : The findings suggest that buddist tend to support euthanasia than others. Surgeon tend to agree with euthanasia than internal medicine doctors.

Conclusion : Passive euthanasia is more acceptable to the majority of the respondents and they are more disturbed by active euthanasia. Physician can no longer afford to be indifferent about the euthanasia and must actively participate in the debates about euthanasia.

Background
: Helicobater pylori are gram-negative spiral bacteria that are associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer.

Methods : For detection of Helicobacter pylori infection, we studied 109 patients with upper gastrointestinal disorders from January 1994 to August 1994. The results are as follows.

Results : 1. The reviewed patients was 78 men(71.6%) & 31 Women(28.4%) and average age of them was 51±10.6.
2. H. pylori was isolated from 55(50.5%) cased among 109 patients.
3. According to the endoscopic diagnosis, the detection rates of H.pylori was 56% in gastritis, 53.8% in gastric ulcer, 31.3% in gastric cancer & 25.0% in gastric polyp.
4. According to the anatomical position of stomach, 57.1% in antrum, 44.5% in body, 50.0% in angle, and 33.3% in pylorus.

Conclusion : In conclusion, there was a strong association between the detection of H.pylori and stomach disease, especially gastritis & gastric ulcer.