Background We evaluated the effects of socioeconomic factors and psychosocial factors, both individually and combined, on all-cause mortality risk (mortality risk).
Methods We conducted an 8-year (2006–2014) longitudinal analysis of 10,247 individuals who took part in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationwide survey of people aged 45–79 years. Socioeconomic vulnerability (SEV) was assessed with factors such as education, household income, commercial health insurance, and residential area. Mental health (MH) was assessed with factors such as depression, social engagement, and life satisfaction. The covariates were age, gender, marital status, cohabiting, number of chronic diseases, and health behaviors such as regular exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake. We used a Cox proportional hazard analysis to investigate the effects of SEV and MH on mortality risk and also to analyze the superimposed effects of SEV-MH on mortality risk.
Results After the controlling for the covariates, high SEV and negative MH were found to be strong predictors of all-cause mortality. The highest quartile of SEV (vs. lowest) had a 1.70 times greater mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–2.33) and the highest quartile of MH (vs. lowest) had a 2.13 times greater mortality risk (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.72–2.64). Being in the highest quartile for both SEV and MH (vs. lowest) increased mortality risk more than 3 times (HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 2.20–4.40).
Conclusion High SEV and negative MH were independently associated with increased mortality risk, and their superimposed effects were associated with an increased risk of mortality.
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Background Korean versions of Fat Phobia Scale (short form) (F-scale), Beliefs About Obese Persons Scale (BAOP), and Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale (ATOP) which are scales of rating weight bias were assessed to find out the reliability and validity.Methods: Korean versions of F-scale, BAOP, and ATOP were completed twice by 165 adults (85 males, 80 females; 73 hospital staffs, and 92 teachers). Validity was tested using Spearman correlation and factor analysis. Reliability was analyzed using test-retest analyses (Spearman Rho value).Results: Using factor analyses, F-scale comprised of three factors explaining 55.20% of the total variance, BAOP two factors explaining 53.3% of the total variance, and ATOP six factors explaining 61.61% of the total variance. Spearman correlation between F-scale and ATOP was -0.28 to -0.36 (P < 0.05), suggesting that people who worried about being obese tended to have negative attitudes against obesity. The correlation between F-scale and BAOP was -0.25 to -0.27 (P < 0.05), meaning that people who worried about being obese had a tendency to blame obesity on environmental factors. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.79 to 0.90 for F-scale, 0.34 to 0.38 for BAOP and 0.82 to 0.87 for ATOP. Spearman Rho values were 0.47 for F-scale, 0.50 for BAOP, and 0.47 for ATOP (P < 0.05). The scores of each scale were not related to subjects' sex, BMI, body perception, and weight control efforts, while for ATOP scores older subjects were more likely to have a negative view for obesity (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The Korean version of F-scale, ATOP and BAOP could be considered as a tool to evaluate weight-bias however, further study is needed for appropriate application.
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Background It is not clear which demographic factors would be considered for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Korean women and how women understand the HPV infection. This study was conducted to fi nd the factors related to HIV infection and the realities of follow-up tests and perception among women infected with HPV. Methods: The subjects were 2,113 women (median 41 years old) who received a Papanicolaou smear and a HPV DNA test at a health promotion center from March 2006 to October 2007. The follow-up rate and perception for HPV infection among women infected by HPV were surveyed using telephone. Results: Overall prevalence of HPV infection was 17.3% (N = 365). However, the prevalence of HPV infection among women younger than 30 years old reached 30.7% (17.6% for low-risk group of HPV, 13.1% for high-risk group of HPV). The odds for being infected with HPV was 3.2 (95% confi dence interval, 2.0 to 5.2) among unmarried women younger than 30 years old compared to those at the ages of 30 years or older. Married women younger than 30 years were also 2.1-4.3 times more likely to be infected with low-risk group of HPV compared to those aged 30 years or older. Among those infected with HPV and answered to the survey (N = 282), 51.4% took irregular gynecologic follow-up and 66.2% did not have information for the need or importance of follow-up examination. Conclusion: The risk of being infected with HPV seems to be higher for unmarried women younger than 30 years old. Additionally, a standardized guideline should be provided to improve follow-up examination and knowledge about HPV infection.
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