Citations

• Prevalence and Impact of Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Pakistan
  Shafaq Altaf, Kazem Malmir, Jaweria Syed, Anam Aftab, Hina Tariq, Gholam Reza Olyaei, Muhammad Jawad, Syeda Abeera Anwer, Noor-ul- Ain, Syed Hassan Bacha
  Ageing International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Deep learning-quantified body composition from positron emission tomography/computed tomography and cardiovascular outcomes: a multicentre study
  Robert J H Miller, Jirong Yi, Aakash Shanbhag, Anna Marcinkiewicz, Krishna K Patel, Mark Lemley, Giselle Ramirez, Jolien Geers, Panithaya Chareonthaitawee, Samuel Wopperer, Daniel S Berman, Marcelo Di Carli, Damini Dey, Piotr J Slomka
  European Heart Journal.2025; 46(24): 2336.     CrossRef
• The spectrum of anguish from osteoarthritis sparks physiological or psychological needs in the young–old and the old–old determined by gender
  Pi-Shao Ko, Meng-Chang Lee, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Shiu-Bii Lien, Cheng-Jung Chen, Chih-Chien Wang, Wen-Hui Fan, Yi-Chou Chen, Sui-Lung Su
  Medicine.2025; 104(17): e42239.     CrossRef
• Phenotype validation of the Korean working group on sarcopenia guideline
  Sunghwan Ji, Ji Yeon Baek, Eunju Lee, Il-Young Jang, Hee-Won Jung
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2024; 117: 105251.     CrossRef
• Association between normal-weight obesity and bone mineral density in older Korean adults: A population-based cross-sectional study
  Jeonghyeon Kim, Seamon Kang, Hyunsik Kang
  Maturitas.2024; 180: 107891.     CrossRef
• Validity and reliability of Sarcopenia Quality of Life® Indonesia questionnaire in sarcopenic patients
  Anna Ariane, Purwita W. Laksmi, Siti Setiati, Rudy Hidayat, Suryo Anggoro Kusumo‐Wibowo, Sumariyono, Fadhli Mahri, Caroline Tanadi, Charlotte Beaudart
  Rheumatology & Autoimmunity.2024; 4(1): 47.     CrossRef
• Design of contents for developing an intervention app for sarcopenia in older adults: A research study using the Delphi technique
  Hee Jung Kim, Ju Young Ha
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(4): 370.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Body Mass Index and Sarcopenia with Oral Function Decline in Older Japanese Patients Who Regularly Attend a General Dental Clinic
  Y. Matsushita, Yutaka Watanabe, R. Shirahase, Y. Yamazaki
  The Journal of Frailty & Aging.2024; 13(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Muscle Mass, Strength, Power and Physical Performance and Their Association with Quality of Life in Older Adults, the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
  Nora Petnehazy, H.N. Barnes, A.B. Newman, S.B. Kritchevsky, S.R. Cummings, R.T. Hepple, P.M. Cawthon
  The Journal of Frailty & Aging.2024; 13(4): 384.     CrossRef
• Resistance training of peripheral muscles benefits respiratory parameters in older women with sarcopenia: Randomized controlled trial
  Cristina Flor-Rufino, Joaquín Barrachina-Igual, Pilar Pérez-Ros, Ana Pablos-Monzó, Francisco Miguel Martínez-Arnau
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2023; 104: 104799.     CrossRef
• Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Sarcopenia and Quality of Life (SarQoL) in Brazil
  Fabiana de Souza Orlandi, Juliana Duarte Nunes, Diana Gabriela Mendes dos Santos, Aline Cristina Martins Gratão, Marisa Silvana Zazzetta
  Sao Paulo Medical Journal.2023; 141(1): 30.     CrossRef
• The Function of Body Mass Index in the Older with Osteosarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Yang Du, Shuting Tao, Chorong Oh, Jaekyung No
  Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2023; 32(1): 77.     CrossRef
• Measuring health-related quality of life in sarcopenia: summary of the SarQoL psychometric properties
  Charlotte Beaudart, Jean-Yves Reginster, Jotheeswaran Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, Ivan Bautmans, Jürgen Bauer, Nansa Burlet, Matteo Cesari, Antonio Cherubini, Cyrus Cooper, Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft, Bess Dawson-Hughes, Roger A. Fielding, Nicholas C. Harvey,
  Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2023; 35(8): 1581.     CrossRef
• The effects of community-based exercise modalities and volume on musculoskeletal health and functions in elderly people
  Chin Leong Lim, Nicholas Ling Swee Keong, Margaret Mei Chan Yap, Alvin Wai Kit Tan, Cher Heng Tan, Wee Shiong Lim
  Frontiers in Physiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Machine Learning for Sarcopenia Prediction in the Elderly Using Socioeconomic, Infrastructure, and Quality-of-Life Data
  Minje Seok, Wooseong Kim, Jiyoun Kim
  Healthcare.2023; 11(21): 2881.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Sarcopenia in an Obese Asian Population
  Min Je Sung, Jun Yong Park, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim
  Nutrition and Cancer.2022; 74(2): 505.     CrossRef
• Psoas muscle index is related to hip fracture in osteoporosis: a cross-sectional MRI study
  Bilinc Dogruoz Karatekin, Zeynep Nilufer Tekin
  Skeletal Radiology.2022; 51(6): 1297.     CrossRef
• Association between the recognition of muscle mass and exercise habits or eating behaviors in female college students
  Tomoki Mase, Kumiko Ohara, Katsumasa Momoi, Harunobu Nakamura
  Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Sarcopenia among Hemodialysis Patients
  Hye Yun Shin, Hye Sook Min
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2022; 15(1): 24.     CrossRef
• Dermal advanced glycation end-product accumulation is associated with sarcopenia-related measures in middle-aged and older men
  Sayaka Matsumoto, Masayuki Ochi, Yuji Akechi, Satoko Takei, Kensuke Senzaki, Yoko Okada, Shiroh Miura, Hirofumi Ochi, Michiya Igase, Yasumasa Ohyagi
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2022; 101: 104704.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and Its Association With Change of Bone Mineral Density and Functional Outcome in Old-Aged Hip Arthroplasty Patients
  Suc-hyun Kweon, Jin sung Park, Byung Ha Park
  Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationships between cystatin C and creatinine‐based eGFR with low tongue pressure in Japanese rural community‐dwelling older adults
  Hiroshi Kusunoki, Yoko Hasegawa, Shotaro Tsuji, Yosuke Wada, Kayoko Tamaki, Koutatsu Nagai, Takara Mori, Ryota Matsuzawa, Hiromitsu Kishimoto, Hideo Shimizu, Ken Shinmura
  Clinical and Experimental Dental Research.2022; 8(5): 1259.     CrossRef
• Association between sarcopenia and osteoarthritis: A protocol for meta-analysis
  Haochen Wang, Ning Wang, Yilun Wang, Hui Li, Osama Farouk
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(8): e0272284.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia in people living with HIV in Hong Kong: which definition correlates with health outcomes?
  Fion Wing Lam Luk, Timothy Li, Hang Yee Ho, Yin Yan Chan, Siu King Cheung, Vickie Wong, Timothy Chi Yui Kwok, Grace Lui
  Journal of the International AIDS Society.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Gender difference in appendicular muscle strength: determinant of the quality of life in the older Taiwanese
  Mei-Jung Chen, Pi-Shao Ko, Meng-Chang Lee, Sui-Lung Su, Shu Yu
  Aging.2022; 14(18): 7517.     CrossRef
• Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids, Especially Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids
  Takumi SUGIMOTO, Yasutomi KAMEI
  Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology.2022; 68(Supplement): S31.     CrossRef
• A pooled analysis of the association between sarcopenia and osteoporosis
  Xiaochao Yu, Shuo Sun, Shaoxiong Zhang, Qinggang Hao, Boheng Zhu, Yirong Teng, Qing Long, Shujun Li, Yan Lv, Qiaoning Yue, Sheng Lu, Zhaowei Teng
  Medicine.2022; 101(46): e31692.     CrossRef
• Relationships between cystatin C- and creatinine-based eGFR in Japanese rural community- dwelling older adults with sarcopenia
  Hiroshi Kusunoki, Shotaro Tsuji, Tomoyuki Kusukawa, Yosuke Wada, Kayoko Tamaki, Koutatsu Nagai, Masako Itoh, Kyoko Sano, Manabu Amano, Hatsuo Maeda, Hideyuki Sugita, Yoko Hasegawa, Hiromitsu Kishimoto, Soji Shimomura, Ken Shinmura
  Clinical and Experimental Nephrology.2021; 25(3): 231.     CrossRef
• Postmenopozal Kadınlarda Kemik Mineral Yoğunluğunun Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi
  Ilgın SADE, Eren ÇİFÇİ, Murat İNANIR, Barın SELÇUK
  Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2021; 7(1): 70.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia quality-of-life questionnaire (SarQoL)®: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation in Turkish
  Tugba Erdogan, Serdar Eris, Suna Avci, Meryem Merve Oren, Pinar Kucukdagli, Cihan Kilic, Charlotte Beaudart, Olivier Bruyere, Mehmet Akif Karan, Gulistan Bahat
  Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2021; 33(11): 2979.     CrossRef
• Association between body mass index and fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2009 (KNHANES IV)
  Jihan Kim, Sami Lee, Sung Soo Kim, Jong-Pyo Lee, Jong Sung Kim, Jin Gyu Jung, Seok Jun Yoon, Kyu Pil Kim, Chan-Keol Park, Yong-Hwan Kim
  BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Age‐related height loss and health‐related quality of life in a nationwide Korean survey
  In Cheol Hwang, Hong Yup Ahn
  Australasian Journal on Ageing.2021; 40(2): 218.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia prevalence and the quality of life in older adults: A study from Turkey’s east
  Mehmet EFE, Zeliha Fulden SARAÇ, Sumru SAVAŞ, Aslı KILAVUZ, Selahattin Fehmi AKÇİÇEK
  Ege Tıp Dergisi.2021; : 52.     CrossRef
• Associations between the Severity of Sarcopenia and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults
  Raquel Fábrega-Cuadros, Fidel Hita-Contreras, Antonio Martínez-Amat, José Jiménez-García, Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa, Leyre Lavilla-Lerma, Patricia García-Garro, Francisco Álvarez-Salvago, Agustín Aibar-Almazán
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 8026.     CrossRef
• Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Ling-Pi Huang, Giancarlo Condello, Chia-Hua Kuo
  Nutrients.2021; 13(8): 2815.     CrossRef
• Quality of life and fatigue in elderly patients with sarcopenia
  Yu. A. Safonova, E. G. Zotkin, N. V. Toroptsova
  Modern Rheumatology Journal.2021; 15(6): 41.     CrossRef
• Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids
  Yasutomi Kamei, Yukino Hatazawa, Ran Uchitomi, Ryoji Yoshimura, Shinji Miura
  Nutrients.2020; 12(1): 261.     CrossRef
• Correlations between the Quality of Life Domains and Clinical Variables in Sarcopenic Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women
  Mariana Cevei, Roxana Ramona Onofrei, Felicia Cioara, Dorina Stoicanescu
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(2): 441.     CrossRef
• Relationship of low muscle mass and obesity with physical function in community dwelling older adults: Results from the Nagahama study
  Masayo Tanaka, Tome Ikezoe, Noriaki Ichihashi, Yasuharu Tabara, Takeo Nakayama, Yoshimitsu Takahashi, Fumihiko Matsuda, Tadao Tsuboyama
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2020; 88: 103987.     CrossRef
• Osteoporosis and cognitive impairment interwoven warning signs: community-based study on older adults—Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) Program
  Mahbube Ebrahimpur, Farshad Sharifi, Zhaleh Shadman, Moloud Payab, Saghar Mehraban, Gita Shafiee, Ramin Heshmat, Noushin Fahimfar, Neda Mehrdad, Patricia Khashayar, Iraj Nabipour, Bagher Larijani, Afshin Ostovar
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prospective associations of low muscle mass and strength with health-related quality of life over 10-year in community-dwelling older adults
  Saliu Balogun, Tania Winzenberg, Karen Wills, David Scott, Graeme Jones, Michele L. Callisaya, Dawn Aitken
  Experimental Gerontology.2019; 118: 65.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia Prevalence and Risk Factors among Japanese Community Dwelling Older Adults Living in a Snow-Covered City According to EWGSOP2
  Ya Su, Kengo Hirayama, Tian-fang Han, Miku Izutsu, Michiko Yuki
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(3): 291.     CrossRef
• Prediction of risk of falls based on handgrip strength in chronic liver disease patients living independently
  Atsushi Hiraoka, Rumi Tamura, Misato Oka, Hirofumi Izumoto, Hidetaro Ueki, Miho Tsuruta, Takeaki Yoshino, Atsushi Ono, Toshihiko Aibiki, Tomonari Okudaira, Hiroka Yamago, Yoshifumi Suga, Ryuichiro Iwasaki, Kenichiro Mori, Hideki Miyata, Eiji Tsubouchi, Ma
  Hepatology Research.2019; 49(7): 823.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia among Adults with Cerebral Palsy in South Korea
  Inpyo Jeon, Moon Suk Bang, Jae Young Lim, Hyung‐Ik Shin, Ja‐Ho Leigh, KeeWon Kim, Bum Sun Kwon, Soong‐Nang Jang, Se Hee Jung
  PM&R.2019; 11(12): 1296.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia in patients with malignant pleural effusion: impact on symptoms, health status, and response to hospitalization
  Janet Rodríguez-Torres, Laura López-López, Irene Cabrera-Martos, Gerald Valenza-Demet, Lawrence P. Cahalin, Marie Carmen Valenza
  Supportive Care in Cancer.2019; 27(12): 4655.     CrossRef
• Validation of the Lithuanian version of sarcopenia-specific quality of life questionnaire (SarQoL®)
  Vidmantas Alekna, Justina Kilaite, Marija Tamulaitiene, Anton Geerinck, Asta Mastaviciute, Olivier Bruyère, Jean-Yves Reginster, Charlotte Beaudart
  European Geriatric Medicine.2019; 10(5): 761.     CrossRef
• Association between Grip Strength as Diagnostic Criteria of Sarcopenia and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Elderly
  On Lee, Yeon-Soo Kim
  The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2018; 36(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
  Lara Vlietstra, Wendy Hendrickx, Debra L Waters
  Australasian Journal on Ageing.2018; 37(3): 169.     CrossRef
• Quality of life assessment in musculo-skeletal health
  Charlotte Beaudart, Emmanuel Biver, Olivier Bruyère, Cyrus Cooper, Nasser Al-Daghri, Jean-Yves Reginster, René Rizzoli
  Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2018; 30(5): 413.     CrossRef
• Relationship between obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and bone mineral density in elderly subjects aged 80 years and over
  Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Igor Conterato Gomes, Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior, Luís Alberto Gobbo
  Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition).2018; 53(3): 300.     CrossRef
• Sodium excretion and health-related quality of life: the results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2011
  Hye Min Choi, Kyu-Beck Lee, Hyang Kim, Young Youl Hyun
  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2018; 72(11): 1490.     CrossRef
• Relação entre obesidade, sarcopenia, obesidade sarcopênica e densidade mineral óssea em idosos com 80 anos ou mais
  Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Igor Conterato Gomes, Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior, Luís Alberto Gobbo
  Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia.2018; 53(3): 300.     CrossRef
• Soluble activin receptor type IIB decoy receptor differentially impacts murine osteogenesis imperfecta muscle function
  Youngjae Jeong, Salah A. Daghlas, Alp S. Kahveci, Daniel Salamango, Bettina A. Gentry, Marybeth Brown, R. Scott Rector, R. Scott Pearsall, Charlotte L. Phillips
  Muscle & Nerve.2018; 57(2): 294.     CrossRef
• Muscle, Health and Costs: A Glance at their Relationship
  D.M. Mijnarends, Y.C. Luiking, R.J.G. Halfens, S.M.A.A. Evers, E.L.A. Lenaerts, S. Verlaan, M. Wallace, Jos M.G.A. Schols, J.M.M. Meijers
  The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2018; 22(7): 766.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Lumbar Extensor Muscle Degeneration Classification and Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture
  Ju-Yeong Heo, Ji-Hoon Park, Min-Wook Kim, Sang-Min Lee, Sung-An Lim, Hong-Suk Choi, Yong-Soo Choi
  Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery.2018; 25(3): 108.     CrossRef
• Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults
  Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Joanne Karam, Cristina Bouzas, Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza, Raquel Pedrero-Chamizo, Antoni Sureda, Marcela González-Gross, Josep A. Tur
  Nutrients.2018; 10(11): 1608.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Lumbar Extensor Muscle Degeneration Classification and Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture
  Ju-Yeong Heo, Ji-Hoon Park, Min-Wook Kim, Sang-Min Lee, Sung-An Lim, Hong-Suk Choi, Yong-Soo Choi
  Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery.2018; 25(3): 108.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia Is Associated With Physical and Mental Components of Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
  Betty Manrique-Espinoza, Aarón Salinas-Rodríguez, Oscar Rosas-Carrasco, Luis Miguel Gutiérrez-Robledo, José Alberto Avila-Funes
  Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2017; 18(7): 636.e1.     CrossRef
• Current review of the SarQoL®: a health-related quality of life questionnaire specific to sarcopenia
  Charlotte Beaudart, Jean-Yves Reginster, Anton Geerinck, Médéa Locquet, Olivier Bruyère
  Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research.2017; 17(4): 335.     CrossRef
• The Role of the Molecular Clock in Skeletal Muscle and What It Is Teaching Us About Muscle-Bone Crosstalk
  Lance A. Riley, Karyn A. Esser
  Current Osteoporosis Reports.2017; 15(3): 222.     CrossRef
• Health-related quality of life and activity limitation in an elderly Korean population with sarcopenia: The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-2, 3), 2008–2009
  T.H. Kim, S.-H. Kim, J. Kim, H.-J. Hwang
  European Geriatric Medicine.2017; 8(4): 360.     CrossRef
• Relationship between advanced glycation end‐product accumulation and low skeletal muscle mass in Japanese men and women
  Michitaka Kato, Akira Kubo, Yosuke Sugioka, Rie Mitsui, Nobuki Fukuhara, Fumi Nihei, Yoshihiko Takeda
  Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2017; 17(5): 785.     CrossRef
• Health Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Charlotte Beaudart, Myriam Zaaria, Françoise Pasleau, Jean-Yves Reginster, Olivier Bruyère, James M. Wright
  PLOS ONE.2017; 12(1): e0169548.     CrossRef
• A review of sarcopenia: Enhancing awareness of an increasingly prevalent disease
  Eric Marty, Yi Liu, Andre Samuel, Omer Or, Joseph Lane
  Bone.2017; 105: 276.     CrossRef
• The effects of sarcopenia and obesity on femur neck bone mineral density in elderly Korean men and women
  Sangmo Hong, Woong Hwan Choi
  Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2016; 2(2): 103.     CrossRef
• Abdominal Obesity and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass Jointly Predict Total Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality in an Elderly Asian Population
  Shao-Yuan Chuang, Yueh-Ying Hsu, Rosalind Chia-Yu Chen, Wen-Ling Liu, Wen-Harn Pan
  The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences.2016; 71(8): 1049.     CrossRef
• An analysis of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and its significance on osteoarthritis in a Korean population
  Hun-Tae Kim, Hyun-Je Kim, Hee-Yun Ahn, Young-Hoon Hong
  The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2016; 31(3): 585.     CrossRef
• Burden-of-illness of Dutch community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia: Health related outcomes and costs
  D.M. Mijnarends, J.M.G.A. Schols, R.J.G. Halfens, J.M.M. Meijers, Y.C. Luiking, S. Verlaan, S.M.A.A. Evers
  European Geriatric Medicine.2016; 7(3): 276.     CrossRef
• Rotator cuff tear and sarcopenia: are these related?
  Seok Won Chung, Jong Pil Yoon, Kyung-Soo Oh, Hyung Sup Kim, Young Gun Kim, Hyun-Joo Lee, Won-Ju Jeong, Dong-Hyun Kim, Jong Soo Lee, Jee Wook Yoon
  Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.2016; 25(9): e249.     CrossRef
• Age-associated declines in muscle mass, strength, power, and physical performance: impact on fear of falling and quality of life
  A. Trombetti, K. F. Reid, M. Hars, F. R. Herrmann, E. Pasha, E. M. Phillips, R. A. Fielding
  Osteoporosis International.2016; 27(2): 463.     CrossRef
• Development of a self-administrated quality of life questionnaire for sarcopenia in elderly subjects: the SarQoL
  Charlotte Beaudart, Emmanuel Biver, Jean-Yves Reginster, René Rizzoli, Yves Rolland, Ivan Bautmans, Jean Petermans, Sophie Gillain, Fanny Buckinx, Julien Van Beveren, Marc Jacquemain, Patrick Italiano, Nadia Dardenne, Olivier Bruyere
  Age and Ageing.2015; 44(6): 960.     CrossRef
• Characteristics of nutrient intakes, basal physical fitness and serum markers in elderly women with osteopenia
  Ji Yeon Kim, Hyo Jin Kim, Jee Young Hong, Dong Ho Park, Chang Sun Kim
  Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry.2015; 19(3): 217.     CrossRef
• Associations of protein intake and protein source with bone mineral density and fracture risk: A population-based cohort study
  L. Langsetmo, S.I. Barr, C. Berger, N. Kreiger, E. Rahme, J.D. Adachi, A. Papaioannou, S.M. Kaiser, J.C. Prior, D.A. Hanley, C.S. Kovacs, R.G. Josse, David Goltzman
  The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2015; 19(8): 861.     CrossRef
• Increased body fat mass and tissue lipotoxicity associated with ovariectomy or high-fat diet differentially affects bone and skeletal muscle metabolism in rats
  Camille Tagliaferri, Jérôme Salles, Jean-François Landrier, Christophe Giraudet, Véronique Patrac, Patrice Lebecque, Marie-Jeanne Davicco, Audrey Chanet, Corinne Pouyet, Amélie Dhaussy, Alain Huertas, Yves Boirie, Yohann Wittrant, Véronique Coxam, Stéphan
  European Journal of Nutrition.2015; 54(7): 1139.     CrossRef
• Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues
  Camille Tagliaferri, Yohann Wittrant, Marie-Jeanne Davicco, Stéphane Walrand, Véronique Coxam
  Ageing Research Reviews.2015; 21: 55.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and Fragility Fractures: Molecular and Clinical Evidence of the Bone-Muscle Interaction
  Umberto Tarantino, Eleonora Piccirilli, Massimo Fantini, Jacopo Baldi, Elena Gasbarra, Roberto Bei
  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.2015; 97(5): 429.     CrossRef
• New Reference Data on Bone Mineral Density and the Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Korean Adults Aged 50 Years or Older: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010
  Kyung-Shik Lee, Su-Hyun Bae, Seung Hwa Lee, Jungun Lee, Dong Ryul Lee
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(11): 1514.     CrossRef
• Use of alfacalcidol in osteoporotic patients with low muscle mass might increase muscle mass: An investigation using a patient database
  Sadayuki Ito, Atsushi Harada, Takehiro Kasai, Yoshihito Sakai, Marie Takemura, Yasumoto Matsui, Tetsuro Hida, Naoki Ishiguro
  Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2014; 14(S1): 122.     CrossRef

Background
Low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. Using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we assessed trend of the prevalence of low HDL-C and the factors which are associated with low HDL-C in Korean men. Methods: We analyzed three serial KNHANES data which were conducted in year 1998, 2001, and 2005. Among all survey participants, we included men aged 30-79 years with laboratory data. Low HDL-C was defined by serum HDL-C < 40 mg⁄dL. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the association between low HDL-C and related factors. We investigated trend of the prevalence of low HDL-C and associated factors among Korean men. Results: The prevalence of low HDL-C in Korean men was increasing from 26.3% (1998) to 38.8% (2001) and 45.9% (2005). Low HDL-C was associated with non-alcohol drinker, current smoking, sedentary physical activity, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. The prevalence of current smoking decreased linearly. The prevalence of sedentary physical activity and hypertriglyceridemia increased from year 1998 to year 2001, but decreased from year 2001 to year 2005. However, the prevalence of non-alcohol drinker and obesity increased continuously. The patterns of the increasing prevalence of low HDL-C were compatible to the increasing prevalence of obesity according to age in Korean men. Conclusion: From year 1998 to year 2005, the prevalence of low HDL-C in Korean men has increased. Obesity and non-alcohol drinking might be contributing factors of increasing prevalence of low HDL-C in Korean men. Management of obesity is needed to prevent increasing the prevalence of low HDL-C among Korean men.

Citations

• Factors influencing blood pressure classification for adults: Gender differences
  Jin Yi Choi, Eun Kyoung Yun, Eun Ja Yeun, Eun Sook Jeong
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The study on risk factors for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and odds ratio using multifactor dimensionality reduction method
  Mi-Hyun Jin, Jea-Young Lee
  Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society.2013; 24(4): 867.     CrossRef

Background
Overweight in Korean adolescents has continuously increased over the past few years and it is recognized as a public health problem. We investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status and overweight in Korean adolescents. Methods: The data was obtained from the 2007 Korean Youth's Risk Behavior Web-based Study. We included adolescents aged 12 to 18 yearswho were ≥ 5th percentile of the BMI cut-off point based on the Korean child growth curve. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between socioeconomic status and overweight. Results: The adjusted odds ratios for overweight were 1.116 (95% confidence interval [CI],1.021 to 1.220), 1.390 (95% CI, 1.242 to 1.555) in girls having middle and low grade family affluence scale (FAS), respectively, compared in girls having high grade FAS (P < 0.05). However, in boys, there was no significant relationship between FAS and overweight. In both gender, perceived household economic status and parental education level were negatively related to overweight in adolescents (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Lower socioeconomic status increased the risk of overweight in Korean adolescents. Efforts to reduce socioeconomic disparities in adolescents should be initiated for overweight prevention.

Citations

• Relationships between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and physical health among adolescents in South Korea
  Sue‐Lynn Kim, Joan P. Yoo
  Asian Social Work and Policy Review.2022; 16(2): 197.     CrossRef
• Predicting South Korean adolescents vulnerable to obesity after the COVID-19 pandemic using categorical boosting and shapley additive explanation values: A population-based cross-sectional survey
  Haewon Byeon
  Frontiers in Pediatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Distribution of Weight Status according to Familial Socioeconomic Status in Korean Adolescents: The Twelfth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, 2016
  Jinyoung Jang, Young Gyu Cho, Jae-Heon Kang, Hyun Ah Park, Kyoungwoo Kim, Yang-Im Hur, Ki Byeong Park
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2018; 18(1): 23.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing the Health-related Quality of Life by Socioeconomic Level during Early Adolescence
  Soo Young Jun, Yeong-Suk Song
  Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2017; 30(1): 81.     CrossRef
• Effects of family affluence on the health behaviors of Korean adolescents
  Min H. Park, Eun H. Hwang
  Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2017; 14(3): 173.     CrossRef
• Family Factors and Obesity in High School Students
  Sang-Mi Lee
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(8): 84.     CrossRef

Background
Current guidelines for the treatment of hyperlipidemia propose lifestyle modification as a first-line intervention. The aim of this study was to identify the factors which determine responsiveness of LDL-cholesterol lowering to lifestyle modifi cation in hypercholesterolemic patients.Methods: A total of 109 patients aged between 30 and 70 years (52 men and 109 women) who were diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia between July 2007 and February 2008 at Asan Medical Center were enrolled in this study. The patients were educated on lifestyle modifi cations by trained family physicians. We measured clinical, anthropometric, lifestyle parameters and lipid profiles initially and at eight weeks after education. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to assess covariates and variance components.Results: The serum level of LDL-cholesterol decreased in both women (8.0 ± 15.37%, P < 0 .001) and men (4.95 ± 9.81%, P < 0.001). In women, dietary adherence (Ղ = 0.267, P = 0.004), change in physical activity duration (Ղ = 0.196, P = 0.034) and menopausal state (Ղ = -0.207, P = 0.026) were signifi cant predictors in response of percent change in LDL- cholesterol. In men, dietary adherence (Ղ = 0.372, P = 0.007) was a predictor in response of percent change in LDL-cholesterol.Conclusion: Adherence to lifestyle modifi cation was a main factor which had infl uenced on response of percent change in LDL-C levels. In women, however, menopausal state was also an important factor.

Citations

• Risk Factors affecting Dyslipidemia according to Age Group in Women: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014~2017
  Bo-Kyoung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2020; 27(3): 310.     CrossRef
• Relationship between health behaviors and high level of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol applying cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults: based on the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), 2013 ~ 2015
  Bo-Kyoung Cha
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(6): 556.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Health Promotion Program on College Students Who are on the Brink of Dyslipidemia, Based on Cox's Interaction Model
  Hye-Kyung Lee, Yeon-Suk Park
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(5): 3058.     CrossRef

Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose level, is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease and associated complication. We examined the relationshipbetween the metabolic syndrome and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Korean women. Methods: We used data from 10,170 women, aged 30-89 years, who had visited the health examination center at a tertiary care hospital in 2006. The data were studied cross-sectionally. MetS was identified using the modified criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ (NCEP-ATPⅢ). CKD was defined as an estimated GFR< 60 ml/min per 1.73 m². The multivariable-adjusted(adjustment for age, a high school education, body mass index (BMI),alcohol drinking, current and former smoking, previous coronary heart disease, menopause and physical inactivity) odds ratio of CKD (95% CI) associated with each component of the metabolic syndrome, was calculated using logistic regression models. Result: 1,039 participants developed MetS. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) of CKD in participants with MetS, hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure compared with participants without those factors were 2.68 (95% CI, 1.77-4.06), 1.96 (95% CI, 1.34-2.88), 2.00(95% CI, 1.38-2.89). Compared with participants with no MetS traits, those with one, two, equal to or more than three traits of MetShad OR of CKD of 1.24 (95% CI, 0.75-2.06), 1.56 (95% CI, 0.89-2.75), 2.18 (95% CI, 1.21-3.93), respectively. Conclusion: We found that Korean women with MetS had an increased risk for developing CKD. Finally, earlier identification and management of MetS might improve patient health and prevent the progression of CKD.

Background
The relationship of lifestyle and socioeconomic factors with weight change over 4 years in Korean middle-aged group was assessed. Methods: A total of 1,167 men, aged 40∼59 years, were selected from the Health Promotion Center of Ulsan University Hospital during the period of Jan. 2000 through Mar. 2000. Including anthropometric measures, designed questionnaires were administered concern lifestyle behavior topics with cigarette smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, dairy product consumption and socioeconomic factors of monthly income and education. The subjects were divided into three groups by body mass index (BMI: kg/m²); normal (＜23 kg/m²), overweight, and obesity (≥25 kg/m²). After 4 years of follow-up, the men were classified into weight change categories; 1) stable weight group (from normal to normal, from overweight to overweight) and 2) weight gain group (from normal to overweight/obesity, from overweight to obesity). Results: The weight gain group were 18.4% (n=215) and the stable overweight group were 81.6% (n=952). Adjusted for age, the frequency of dairy product consumption, the frequency of alcohol drinking, the regularity of exercise, education and monthly income, the smokers (≥10/day) had significantly high incidence rates of increase in weight (odds ratio=1.77, 95% CI 1.07∼2.90). The increased dairy consumers (≥4/week) had significantly low incidence rates of increase in weight (odds ratio=0.43, 95% CI 0.20∼0.93). Otherwise, there were no significant relationships in weight change. Conclusion: Smoking and decreased dairy product consumption were related to the increase in weight. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:102-107)

Background
: Retention of gestational weight can be a significant contributor to obesity related complications. Few studies have assessed the impact of behavioral factors in Korea. This study was performed to identify the impact of factors on weight change at 1 year postpartum.

Methods : A questionnaire was sent twice by mail to 635 women who delivered singleton infant without complications in Seoul Asan Hospital from January 2002 to March 2002 and 97 available responses were received. Parity, pre-pregnancy weight, fullterm weight and postpartum behaviors were collected from routine medical records and questionnaire.

Results : Mean age was 30.5 years and mean pre-pregnancy BMI was 20.9 kg/m². Mean total weight gain during pregnancy was 13.6±4.3 kg and mean weight change at 1 year postpartum was 1.9±3.8 kg. Nearly 17.5% of women experienced a major weight gain of 4.5 kg at 1 year postpartum. Women who had higher pre-pregnancy BMI (≥23 kg/m²) were at high risk for major weight gained at 1 year postpartum (OR: 4.14). Women who gained 13.6 kg or more during pregnancy and with lower income were at high risk for major weight gain at 1year postpartum (OR: 5.28, 4.13 respectively).

Conclusion : Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and household monthly income are significantly associated with weight change at 1year postpartum. These findings support the need of the guidelines for preventing major weight retention associated with pregnancy.

Background
: Although expert panels and guidelines recommend that 5∼10% weight reductions of initial body weight have beneficial effects for decreasing obesity-related complications, obese persons tend to desire greater weight losses. Little is known about the patients' expectations and the disparity of goal weight between physicians and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patients' weight loss expectation, and the association between the degree of desired weight losses and treatment outcomes.

Methods : A total of 283 obese subjects (84 men, 199 women), aged ≥20 years with body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m² from 19 obesity clinics were included. Patients' desired weight as evaluated using modified GRWQ (Goals and Relative Weight Questionnaire) which included goal weight, ideal weight, satisfactory weight, acceptable weight, and disappointed weight. After 12 weeks, subsequent weight changes and treatment adherence were investigated.

Results : Mean BMI of men and women were 30.9±4.2 kg/m² and 29.1±3.8 kg/m², respectively. Men expected 13.2 kg (14.0%) mean weight reductions and women expected 10.8 kg (15.7%) mean reductions during the 3 months. The heavier the patient's weight, the greater the reduction amount was desired in both men and women. During the 3 months, the dropout rates of men and women were 40.1% and 46.2%, respectively. In women, the amount of desired weight reduction as significantly higher in the dropout group compared to the non-dropout group. Those who attained pre-determined goal weight after 3 months were 6% for men and 4% for women. After 3 months, 81% of male subjects and 80% of female subjects had not achieved even their predefined disappointed weight.

Conclusion : Obese patients seeking treatment expected average of 15% weight reduction, greater than 'medically reasonable or successful' weight reductions. The disparities between patients' expectations and physicians' recommendations could influence treatment adherence.

Background
: Childhood and adolescent obesity, not only increases the risk of obesity into adulthood but also is a significant culprit affecting health in general. The purpose of this study was to examine the trend in body mass index (BMI) and to investigate the prediction of adolescence overweight from childhood weight status by retrospectively tracking for seven years.

Methods : The subjects, 520 adolescents aged 14 and 15 years, were recruited from a junior high school that is located in Guri-city. The subjects' height and weight measurements were extracted from the school records of annual physical examination. We assessed their BMI over a period of seven years starting at age seven. Other baseline data were obtained by questionnaires which were completed by both the subjects and their parents in 2001.

Results : The prevalence of overweight, according to the Korean Pediatric Society guideline, increased at age 7 through 14. The overweight adolescents of age 14 were more likely to have an obese mother. The results showed that 84% of males and 47% of females who were overweight in childhood continued to remain overweight in adolescence. Compared to the non-overweights, the relative risk of becoming an overweight adolescent among overweight boys was 5.7 (95% CI: 4.1∼8.1) and among overweight girls was 6.3 (95% CI: 3.4∼11.4).

Conclusion : Approximately 70% of the overweight children continued to remain overweight as adolescents. Therefore, prevention and effective management of obesity during childhood and adolescence are essential.

Background
: Adolescent obesity has rapidly increased in recent years in South Korea due to westernized life style. Family is one of the most important factors to affect body weight in children through the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, whichs poorly understood in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the parent-offspring relationship and familial aggregation of obesity-related phenotypes and nutrient intake in Korean adolescent families.

Methods : A cross-sectional observation study was conducted in 134 biologic families including adolescents aged 11∼19 years, parents, and siblings. Anthropometric measurements, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist & hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and % body fat by BIA were measured. The nutrient intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Intraclass correlations for each variable between family members were calculated after adjustments to correct for the effect of age and sex.

Results : The risks for obesity in offsprings increased according to parental obesity. Mothers rather than fathers, and daughters rather than sons had higher significant intrafamilial correlations for almost all of anthropometric variables, and nutrient intake. For height, fathers had higher significant correlations with offspring. However, for total fatness and fat distribution, mothers had higher significant correlations with offspring. The significant correlations for anthropometric variables and nutrition intake existed between the spouses and all offsprings.

Conclusion : Korean adolescents exhibited significant parent-offspring relationship and familial aggregation for obesity-related phenotypes and nutrient intake. Understanding the relative contributions of shared genes and environmental factors to the familial relationship and aggregation could give insights into the origins of adolescence obesity in the high risk group of family.

Background
: In modern society, thin appearance is treated as ideal, making the majority of the normal weight group think that they are fat. Therefore, exercise and diet, numerous unhealthy methods were frequently chosen by normal weight group for weight control. The authors gave a definition of Ideal Body Weight and attempted to propose a new classification of obesity to the normal weight group who do not view themselves as they should.

Methods : The test subjects were 261 adults, who visited the IJUH Health Promotion Center between May 15, 2002 and June 30, 2002. After the subjects were measured anthropometric values such as height and weight, the self-recorded questionnaires including 12 questions were collected. The grades of somatotype drawing were 1∼9 by BMI. The subjects chose 1 somatotype drawing that was thought to be obese man and woman.

Results : The data were collected from 261 subjects. For female somatotype drawing, 81.7% of the men and 49.1% of the women thought the drawings of normal weight were obese (P＜0.001). For male somatotype drawing, 47.7% of the men and 29.3% of the women thought the drawings of normal weight were obese (P＜0.01). For women's weights, 81.7% of the men and 82.1% of the women thought the normal weight was obese. For men's weights, 20.3% of the men and 23.6% of the women thought the normal weight was obese. Women thought the normal weight was obese more than in men.

Conclusion : Women thought the normal weight was obese more than in men. Many men and women thought below the BMI 25 was obese.

Background
: C-reactive protein (hereinafter CRP) is a substance that is elevated in large quantities when there is an abnormal metabolic reaction or an inflammatory condition. Many researches have identified the substance as a prognostic and an independent risk factor responsible for cardiovascular disease. More recently, many studies have shown that obesity is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. This study was attempted to illustrate the relationship between obesity and CRP regarding Korean men who were applied by different standards of obesity.

Methods : The subjects included 15,353 men who had visited one health promotion center from May, 2001 to December, 2001, were randomly selected as the total addressable population. We excluded 389 men who were observed to have inflammatory conditions, according to the results of the general chemical and physical diagnosis. Among 15,353 Korean men 14,964 were examined. CRP was quantitatively analyzed by the method of Nephelometry as high sensitivity-CRP. CRP values in relation to age, BMI, clustering of metabolic risk factors were studied, and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify correlation between obesity and CRP value.

Results : We compared the median values of CRP of each group divided by age, BMI, and clustering of metabolic risk factors. As a matter of the fact, the more age, BMI, and clustering of metabolic risk factors increased, the more the value of CRP significantly increased (P＜0.0001). We operationally defined incremented CRP value as CRP of 0.22 mg/dl or more, and conducted multiple logistic regression analysis with the parameters of age, BMI, and obesity related diseases. Consequently, when fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol were high or HDL was low, the risk of CRP increasing was significantly high. Also, when the age was more than 60 or BMI was greater than 25 kg/m², which was categorized as obese, the risk regarding increase in CRP was significantly high.

Conclusion : Obesity is independently related to increase in CRP in Korean men. Which suggests that low-grade systemic inflammation exists in obese people. Furthermore, our study showed that old age, high level of blood glucose, high level of cholesterol, and low level of HDL have correlation with increase in CRP.

Background
: Adolescent obesity has a high risk of developing into adult obesity and may cause many physical and psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate familial environment and psychosocial factors of adolescent obesity.

Methods : A total of 1,153 students from one middle school located in suburban area were chosen as subjects. In this study, the obese group was defined to have an obesity index higher than 85 pecentile, compared to the normal weight group which ranged between 25 and 75 percentile. The questionnaires included items on familial environment and psychosocial factors, their parents' BMI, physical activity, self esteem inventory, depression self rating scale, and FACES III (family cohesion and adaptability scale III).

Results : Maternal BMI of the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group. The mean self esteem score of the obese group was significantly lower than that of the normal weight group. Depression self-rating score of the female obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group. There was no difference in family functioning between the obese group and the normal weight group.

Conclusion : In multivariate analysis, there were significant correlations among adolescent obesity and higher maternal BMI and lower self-esteem. It will be necessary to evaluate and support the psychosocial factors in the management of adolescent obesity.

Background
: Anxiety is a common disorder, but its diagnosis is often overlooked. Although there are several evaluating instruments, they are difficult to use in busy outpatient clinics because of its length. Furthermore, scales developed for screening are insufficient in the standardization. The purpose of this study is to measure reliability and validity of scale that can efficiently detect the anxiety patients in busy primary care setting.

Methods : With translation and assistance from psychiatrist, the questionnaire was developed. From March to July 2000, anxiety and control group at the department of family medicine in Seoul Joongang Hospital were tested with the questionnaire. After one week later, test was retaken. Reliability was verified by calculating Kappa value. Also validity was validity was verified by comparing the scores between the anxiety group and the control group. Then sensitivity and specificity were evaluated, and the cutoff point was determined.

Results : Kappa values were ranging from 0.65 to 0.88. For each cutoff point 3,4,5 and 6 in validity. As the purpose was screening, we determined score 5 as the best cutoff points.

Background
: Coronary artery disease are increasing in recent years among Korean due to change of dietary pattern. We conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze various factors for low HDL-cholesterol knowns as a independent fisk factor for coronary artery disease.

Methods : At the health care center of Asan Medical Center in 1999, 7259 people without cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia were selected. They were exmined wight, health blood pressure. Other data was drawn from questionnaire, blood chemistry. SPSS(version 7.5) was used for analysis of this data.

Results : 1) The means of HDL, cholesterol level was higher in women than men. 2) The means of HDL cholesterol of men was lower in subgroup of age below 45 years-old, obesity, lower total cholesterol(< 240 mg/dL), higher triglyceride (≥ 200 mg/dL) than others. By multiple logistic analysis, obesity, triglyceride, current smoking, moderate alcohol drinking were significant factors associated with low HDL, cholesterol ( < 42 mg/dL, 25 percentile of study paricipants).

Conclusion : These resluts suggest that obesity, high triglyceride. current smoking are indepen-dent risk factors and moderate alcoholic drinking is negative risk factor of low HDL-cholesterol in this study participants.

Background
: Obesity in adolescents has been shown to be significantly associated with long-term mortality and morbidity. Leptin serceted by adipose tissue regulates body weight, and obese people show high leptin levels as well as as leptinresistance. The objective of this study was to ex-amine the relationships of leptin concentration with various indices of obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and diet in adolescents.

Methods : We conducted cross sectional study with sixty-eight obese (28 male and 40 female)and 80 normal weight adolescents (40 male and 40 female), aged 12-18y, from and urban area in South Korea. Weight, height, body fat, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, and fasting serum glucose, total, LDL, and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and leptin were measured, and a 24 dietary recall obtained.

Results : Females had, on average, two-times higher leptin concentrations per fat mass than males. Circulating leptin was strongly associated with body fat (male:r=0.69, p<0.01; female:r=0.67, p<0.01), and waist circumference (male:r=0.65, p<0.01; female:r=0.64, p<0.01). The correlations between log.leptin and some cardiovascular risk factors were weakly positive. None of the association between log.leptin and nutrient intakes were significant. In a multiple regression model, body fat, gender, and waist circumference were found to be significant independent determinants of leptin concentration.

Conclusion : These results show that female adolescents have higher leptin levels compared to male adolescents, independent of the concomitant variation in total body fat mass. Although leptin concentration did not have direct association with intakes, there was significant correlations with obesity and several cardiovascualr risk factors in Korean adolescents.

Background
: In evaluation and managing obese patients, it is more important to assess obesity itself as well as the associated disease than to focusing on reduction of body weight alone. Our study was carried out to identify the characteristics of hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

Methods : We selected obese adult patients over twenty who visited the obesity clinic at Asan Medical Center. Questionnaire was given on medical history, eating behavior, food frequency, activity degree and so on. we collected the 233 data of questionnaire and medical records, and analysed the characteristics of hypertension, hyperlipidemia.

Results : The frequency of hypertension and hyperlipidemia was higher in men than women. but that of binge eating was higher in women than men. For men, waist circumference was significantly higher in hypertensive group with 108.9±12.7cm than normotensive group with 101.2±9.1cm (p<0.05). For women, there were trends for increased frequency of hypertension and hyperlipidemia with age, and decreased frequency of binge eating with age (p<0.05). The BMI was significantly higher in female hypertensive group with 30.8±5.4kg/㎡ than in normotensive group with 29.4±3.2kg/㎡ after adjusting for age.

Conclusion : The accompanying health problems with obesity depend on gender, age, distribution of adiposity and nutritional intake. In evaluating obese patients, it should be stressed to assess co-morbidity and associated factors, and to manage comprehensively.

Background
: The relation of initial depression and weight loss in a low calorie diet(LCD) alone or exercise combination in Korean women, was considered and change of emotional state after program was determined in this study.

Methods : Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD(low calorie diet) alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8weeks(group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervise aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B. Questionnaires including Korean-translated Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Korean translated Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument(BEPSI) were reported before and after 8weeks for this study.

Results : 21 out of 30 obese females in group A and 25 out 30 obese females in group B completed the study. At the eighth week, mean weight loss was 5.7±2.2kg(8.0%) in group A, and 6.8±1.7kg(9.5%) in group B. Depression were decreased after program(decreased BDI score in combined group(6.86±6.31: p=0.0001), group A(5.79±4.06:p=0.0001) and group B(7.68±7.58:p=0.0001), but no statistically significant difference between group a and B was noted(p=0.3309). Initial BDI score was negatively correlated with the percent of weight loss in group A(r=0.0099:p = 0.637). In group A and B, the percent of weight loss was not correlated with change of BDI score(group A;r=0.504:p=0.028, group B;r=0.762:p=0.0001).

Conclusion : Regardless of the exercise combination, LCD therapy seemed to decrease depression. The degree of weight loss was negatively correlated with initial degree of depression. this negative correlation can be compensated by planned thorough exercise.

Background
: Recently, the prevalence of obesity has increased due to the development of industries and westernized diet pattern. Also, chronic diseases associated with obesity have increased as well. Although management of obese patients is important in health promotion program, there is no data that support recognition and management of the obesity in primary care. Therefore, surveys concerning such issues were done among internists and family physicians in Seoul.

Methods : In 1997 May, questionnaire was sent by mail to each 887 internists and family physicians working in primary care in Seoul.

Results : A total of 186 replied to the questionnaire consisting of 21% of the total. The proportion of respondents who replied that obesity is a problem for management was 66.3%. Diet control and exercise was recognized as the most effective treatment method 82.1% of respondents recognized that failure to control weight was due to patients themselves. Personal experience in managing obesity patients using informational sources was only 14.5%. The proportion of respondents replied that those whose weight and height were measured for all first-visit patients was 50%, that obese patients received care in was 71%. Behavior modifications, diet control, and exercise were widely recommended, but drug therapy was not. 73.6% of respondents simple explained to control weight to obese patients, but only 17.1% continuously evaluated and managed them.

Conclusion : The degree of recognitions for obesity by primary care physicians in urban area was relatively low, regardless of its importance in health promotion. And, screening for obesity and continuous management for obese patients was inadequate. Efforts to manage obesity patients adequately in primary care is necessary.

Background
: Obesity and its complications are increasing as social economic standard of living is improving and life style has been changing in Korea. There is growing evidence that the visceral/subcutaneus adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) on computed tomography (CT) is closely related to the obesity complication. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the VSR reduction is produced during weight loss. The purpose of this study was to observe and compare the amount of reduction of intraabdominal fat between low calorie diet(LCD) alone and LCD with exercise.

Methods : Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8 weeks (group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B). Weight, height, BMI, and body fat distribution were measured in all subjects immediately before and after 8 weeks of this study. The body fat distribution was assessed by CT, by which the total abdominal adipose tissue area (AT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), intraabdominal adipose tissue(VAT), and visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue ara ratio (VSR) were measured at the level of the umbilicus. A venous blood sample was taken after an overnight fast to determine lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations in all subjects before and after 8 weeks of this study.

Results : Body weight, BMI, CT measurement of total(AT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous(SAT) fat were found to be decreased significantly in the two groups B decreased significantly (P<0.05) during weight loss. Fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the both groups(P<0.001). Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the group B, but not in group A.

Conclusion : This study shows that the VSR decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. Fasting plasma inulin and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. These results suggest that the LCD with exercise is more effective in reducing expected complications of obesity than LCD alone.

Background
: To assess the efficacy and safety of low-calorie-diet(LCD) using formular diet and to compare clinical usefulness of LCD combined with exercise with LCD alone, sixty obese females were prescribed LCD with exercise or LCD alone, randomly.

Methods : Thirty obese females were treated with LCD of 1,000 kcal/d for 8 weeks(group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with LCD of 1,000 kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B).

Results : 22 out of 30 obese females in group A[37.3±5.0yr ; body fat 40.3±3.9%] and 26 out of 30 obese female in group B[37.9±7.6yr ; body fat 41.5±3.7%] completed the study. At the eighth week, mean weight loss was 5.8±2.1kg(8.1%) for group A, and 6.8±1.6kg(9.7%) for group B. Differences in weight loss between two groups were statistically significant(p<0.05). In group A, blood pressure, serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, sodium, chloride, body fat were significantly reduced, and serum zinc, calcium, phosphorus were significantly increased(p<0.05). In group B, blood pressure, serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, iron, sodium, body fat were significantly reduced, and serum zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium were significantly increased(p<0.05). However, the differences of the changes in the above laboratory data between two groups were not statistically significant. Side effects were few and occurred mainly during the frist week of the trial.

Conclusion : Low calorie diet for 8 weeks decreased body fat, BP, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol levels significantly, and when combined with exercise weight loss was much more than LCD only.

Background
: Today, patients with fatty liver have increased by several factors. Some patients with fatty liver have abnormal liver function tests, by the way they have interpreted unwisely and made wrong therapeutic approach about abnormal liver function tests. So we conducted this study to evaluate the factors related to patients with fatty liver and make basic concept for management.

Methods : We selected 96 patients(71 men, 25 women) who were diagnosed as fatty liver by ultra-sound in Asan Medical Health Examination Center, also selected 91 controls(68 men, 23 women) who had similar sex and age distribution from January to December, 1993. We excluded toxic and viral hepatitis cases or patients. We surveyed by questionnaires that composed of 3 day-dietary diary and life style. Nutrient and alcohol intakes were analyzed by nutrient-analysis program that was deriva-ted from Food Composition Table, and we analyzed several biochemical variables.

Results : There were 71 men and 25 women with fatty liver, 68 men and 23 women in controls. In cases of men, the mean age was 47 years-old in patient group, 44 years-old in control group. The obesity index was 112.7% in patients, 102.6% in controls, the mean level of triglyceride was 205mg/dl in patients, 150mg/dl in controls. The mean level of serum HDL-C was 46mg/dl in patients, 50mg/dl in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of obesity was 66.2% in patients, 27.9% in controls, hypertri-glyceridemia was 42.3% in patients, 22.1% in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of patients who had increased AST was 26.8% in patients, 11.8% in controls, and the frequency of patients or cases who had increased ALT was 26.8% in patients, 7.4% in controls(p<0.05). There were no significant stati-stical differences in the nutrient intakes, alcohol drinking and exercise between the male patients and controls. In cases of women, the mean age was 53 years in patient group or among patients, 51 years in controls. The obesity index was 112.2% in patients, 102.1% in controls, and the mean level of serum triglyceride was 198.3mg/dl in patients, 136.4mg/dl in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of obesity was 76.0% in patients, 30.4% in controls, and the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was 36.0% in patie-nts, 13.0% in controls. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia between patients and controls(p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of increased AST and ALT, nutrient intakes, alcohol drinking, and exce-rcise between patients and controls.

Conclusion : The fatty liver disease was attributed either to obesity or hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, it is very important to control of weight and hypertriglyceridemia in the management of patients with fatty liver.

Background
: Adolescent girls are interested in weight reduction, but effective and adequate education for weight reduction is not done in Korean. And so much information is accepted via mass media. We investigated body image perception, weight control activities and their side effects among adolescent girls.

Methods : We used questionnaire about body image and weight control activities of middle and high school girls in Seoul in Sep. 1995.

Results : 88.6% of girls were not satisfied with their own height and 85.1% of girls with their own weight. 66.3% underweight students(BMI<20kg/m²) thought they were too fat and 98% acceptable weight students(20kg/m²≤BMI<25kg/m²) thought they were too fat. So most girls had body image disturbance. 42.4% of girls were trying to lose weight and 85.1% were trying to lose weight reason for attractiveness and 16.6% were trying to lose for health. Self reported weight reduction methods were exercise(31.6%), fasting(21.9%), diet(21.5%), monodiet(10.8%), laxatives(2.3%), very low calorie diet(1.8%) etc. Students who tried to lose weight for attractiveness selected more undesirable methods than who tried to lose weight for health(P<0.01). Most common route is via magazine, TV and newspaper, 43.4% of girls who tried to lose weight experienced side effects after weight reduction, those were dizziness(71.3%), general weakness(51%), apathy(26.5%) etc.

Conclusion : Most girls had body image distortions. Useless weight reduction activities were done or planned and most of information was accepted via mass media. It is important to educate the girls to get adequate body image and effective weight reduction program is needed for health in adolescent girls.

Background
: The regional fat distribution is known to be related with some cardiovascular risk factors independently to total body fat amount. Regional fat distribution pattern can be assessed by waist-to hip ratio(WHR). WHR distribution patterns depend on age, sex, race and show regional difference. But, our own unique data are inadequate, so we tried to investigate distribution patterns, cut off points and related factors of WHR in middle aged men and women among Korean.

Methods : The study population were middle aged men and women above 40 years old who visited our hospital for routine check up from April to July, 1996. We measured height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, hip circumference, fasting blood sugar and total cholesterol in 1, 000 persons. We gathered data about diet habits, exercise, smoking and drinking status by standard questionnaire. We analized above data by using SAS for Window 6.10.

Results : The study population numbers of men and women were494 and 499, and average ages of men and women were 49.3% and 50.5 years respectively. For men, the average WHRs as a whole were 0.895, and 0.893, 0.893 and 0.911 in their forties, fifties and above sixties respectively. For women, the average WHRs as a whole were 0.827, and 0.816, 0.837 and 0.850 in their forties, fifties and above sixties respectively. The percentage above WHR 1.0, 0.95, and 0.90 in men were 2.4%, 11.7% and 46% and the percentage above WHR 0.90, 0.85, and 0.80 in women were 8.2%, 32.9% and 68.7%. Adjusting by age, body mass index, WHR was significantly correlated with weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure in men only. For men, WHR was associated with alcohol drinking positively and with exercise negatively. For women, WHR was associated with alcohol drinking and smoking status positively.

Conclusion : The WHR had a tendency to increase according to age. The 90th percentile points in men and women were 0.957 and 0.894 respectively. WHR was related with several cardiovascular risk factors and several life styles.