Citations

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• Deep learning-quantified body composition from positron emission tomography/computed tomography and cardiovascular outcomes: a multicentre study
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• The spectrum of anguish from osteoarthritis sparks physiological or psychological needs in the young–old and the old–old determined by gender
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• Assessment of sarcopenia tools as predictors of falls in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's Disease: A cohort study
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• Determinants of Quality of Life in Older Adults: The Role of Sarcopenia, Physical Fitness, and Lifestyle Factors
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• Associations Between the Severity of Sarcopenia and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
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• Validity and reliability of Sarcopenia Quality of Life® Indonesia questionnaire in sarcopenic patients
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• Design of contents for developing an intervention app for sarcopenia in older adults: A research study using the Delphi technique
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• Relationship between Body Mass Index and Sarcopenia with Oral Function Decline in Older Japanese Patients Who Regularly Attend a General Dental Clinic
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• Muscle Mass, Strength, Power and Physical Performance and Their Association with Quality of Life in Older Adults, the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
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• Resistance training of peripheral muscles benefits respiratory parameters in older women with sarcopenia: Randomized controlled trial
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• Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Sarcopenia and Quality of Life (SarQoL) in Brazil
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• The Function of Body Mass Index in the Older with Osteosarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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• Measuring health-related quality of life in sarcopenia: summary of the SarQoL psychometric properties
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• The effects of community-based exercise modalities and volume on musculoskeletal health and functions in elderly people
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• Machine Learning for Sarcopenia Prediction in the Elderly Using Socioeconomic, Infrastructure, and Quality-of-Life Data
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• Predictors of Sarcopenia in an Obese Asian Population
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• Psoas muscle index is related to hip fracture in osteoporosis: a cross-sectional MRI study
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• Association between the recognition of muscle mass and exercise habits or eating behaviors in female college students
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• Factors Associated with Sarcopenia among Hemodialysis Patients
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• Dermal advanced glycation end-product accumulation is associated with sarcopenia-related measures in middle-aged and older men
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• Sarcopenia and Its Association With Change of Bone Mineral Density and Functional Outcome in Old-Aged Hip Arthroplasty Patients
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• Relationships between cystatin C and creatinine‐based eGFR with low tongue pressure in Japanese rural community‐dwelling older adults
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• Association between sarcopenia and osteoarthritis: A protocol for meta-analysis
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• Sarcopenia in people living with HIV in Hong Kong: which definition correlates with health outcomes?
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• Gender difference in appendicular muscle strength: determinant of the quality of life in the older Taiwanese
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• Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids, Especially Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids
  Takumi SUGIMOTO, Yasutomi KAMEI
  Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology.2022; 68(Supplement): S31.     CrossRef
• A pooled analysis of the association between sarcopenia and osteoporosis
  Xiaochao Yu, Shuo Sun, Shaoxiong Zhang, Qinggang Hao, Boheng Zhu, Yirong Teng, Qing Long, Shujun Li, Yan Lv, Qiaoning Yue, Sheng Lu, Zhaowei Teng
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• Relationships between cystatin C- and creatinine-based eGFR in Japanese rural community- dwelling older adults with sarcopenia
  Hiroshi Kusunoki, Shotaro Tsuji, Tomoyuki Kusukawa, Yosuke Wada, Kayoko Tamaki, Koutatsu Nagai, Masako Itoh, Kyoko Sano, Manabu Amano, Hatsuo Maeda, Hideyuki Sugita, Yoko Hasegawa, Hiromitsu Kishimoto, Soji Shimomura, Ken Shinmura
  Clinical and Experimental Nephrology.2021; 25(3): 231.     CrossRef
• Postmenopozal Kadınlarda Kemik Mineral Yoğunluğunun Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi
  Ilgın SADE, Eren ÇİFÇİ, Murat İNANIR, Barın SELÇUK
  Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2021; 7(1): 70.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia quality-of-life questionnaire (SarQoL)®: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation in Turkish
  Tugba Erdogan, Serdar Eris, Suna Avci, Meryem Merve Oren, Pinar Kucukdagli, Cihan Kilic, Charlotte Beaudart, Olivier Bruyere, Mehmet Akif Karan, Gulistan Bahat
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• Association between body mass index and fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2009 (KNHANES IV)
  Jihan Kim, Sami Lee, Sung Soo Kim, Jong-Pyo Lee, Jong Sung Kim, Jin Gyu Jung, Seok Jun Yoon, Kyu Pil Kim, Chan-Keol Park, Yong-Hwan Kim
  BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Age‐related height loss and health‐related quality of life in a nationwide Korean survey
  In Cheol Hwang, Hong Yup Ahn
  Australasian Journal on Ageing.2021; 40(2): 218.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia prevalence and the quality of life in older adults: A study from Turkey’s east
  Mehmet EFE, Zeliha Fulden SARAÇ, Sumru SAVAŞ, Aslı KILAVUZ, Selahattin Fehmi AKÇİÇEK
  Ege Tıp Dergisi.2021; : 52.     CrossRef
• Associations between the Severity of Sarcopenia and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults
  Raquel Fábrega-Cuadros, Fidel Hita-Contreras, Antonio Martínez-Amat, José Jiménez-García, Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa, Leyre Lavilla-Lerma, Patricia García-Garro, Francisco Álvarez-Salvago, Agustín Aibar-Almazán
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 8026.     CrossRef
• Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Ling-Pi Huang, Giancarlo Condello, Chia-Hua Kuo
  Nutrients.2021; 13(8): 2815.     CrossRef
• Quality of life and fatigue in elderly patients with sarcopenia
  Yu. A. Safonova, E. G. Zotkin, N. V. Toroptsova
  Modern Rheumatology Journal.2021; 15(6): 41.     CrossRef
• Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids
  Yasutomi Kamei, Yukino Hatazawa, Ran Uchitomi, Ryoji Yoshimura, Shinji Miura
  Nutrients.2020; 12(1): 261.     CrossRef
• Correlations between the Quality of Life Domains and Clinical Variables in Sarcopenic Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women
  Mariana Cevei, Roxana Ramona Onofrei, Felicia Cioara, Dorina Stoicanescu
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(2): 441.     CrossRef
• Relationship of low muscle mass and obesity with physical function in community dwelling older adults: Results from the Nagahama study
  Masayo Tanaka, Tome Ikezoe, Noriaki Ichihashi, Yasuharu Tabara, Takeo Nakayama, Yoshimitsu Takahashi, Fumihiko Matsuda, Tadao Tsuboyama
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2020; 88: 103987.     CrossRef
• Osteoporosis and cognitive impairment interwoven warning signs: community-based study on older adults—Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) Program
  Mahbube Ebrahimpur, Farshad Sharifi, Zhaleh Shadman, Moloud Payab, Saghar Mehraban, Gita Shafiee, Ramin Heshmat, Noushin Fahimfar, Neda Mehrdad, Patricia Khashayar, Iraj Nabipour, Bagher Larijani, Afshin Ostovar
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prospective associations of low muscle mass and strength with health-related quality of life over 10-year in community-dwelling older adults
  Saliu Balogun, Tania Winzenberg, Karen Wills, David Scott, Graeme Jones, Michele L. Callisaya, Dawn Aitken
  Experimental Gerontology.2019; 118: 65.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia Prevalence and Risk Factors among Japanese Community Dwelling Older Adults Living in a Snow-Covered City According to EWGSOP2
  Ya Su, Kengo Hirayama, Tian-fang Han, Miku Izutsu, Michiko Yuki
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(3): 291.     CrossRef
• Prediction of risk of falls based on handgrip strength in chronic liver disease patients living independently
  Atsushi Hiraoka, Rumi Tamura, Misato Oka, Hirofumi Izumoto, Hidetaro Ueki, Miho Tsuruta, Takeaki Yoshino, Atsushi Ono, Toshihiko Aibiki, Tomonari Okudaira, Hiroka Yamago, Yoshifumi Suga, Ryuichiro Iwasaki, Kenichiro Mori, Hideki Miyata, Eiji Tsubouchi, Ma
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• Sarcopenia among Adults with Cerebral Palsy in South Korea
  Inpyo Jeon, Moon Suk Bang, Jae Young Lim, Hyung‐Ik Shin, Ja‐Ho Leigh, KeeWon Kim, Bum Sun Kwon, Soong‐Nang Jang, Se Hee Jung
  PM&R.2019; 11(12): 1296.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia in patients with malignant pleural effusion: impact on symptoms, health status, and response to hospitalization
  Janet Rodríguez-Torres, Laura López-López, Irene Cabrera-Martos, Gerald Valenza-Demet, Lawrence P. Cahalin, Marie Carmen Valenza
  Supportive Care in Cancer.2019; 27(12): 4655.     CrossRef
• Validation of the Lithuanian version of sarcopenia-specific quality of life questionnaire (SarQoL®)
  Vidmantas Alekna, Justina Kilaite, Marija Tamulaitiene, Anton Geerinck, Asta Mastaviciute, Olivier Bruyère, Jean-Yves Reginster, Charlotte Beaudart
  European Geriatric Medicine.2019; 10(5): 761.     CrossRef
• Association between Grip Strength as Diagnostic Criteria of Sarcopenia and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Elderly
  On Lee, Yeon-Soo Kim
  The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2018; 36(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
  Lara Vlietstra, Wendy Hendrickx, Debra L Waters
  Australasian Journal on Ageing.2018; 37(3): 169.     CrossRef
• Quality of life assessment in musculo-skeletal health
  Charlotte Beaudart, Emmanuel Biver, Olivier Bruyère, Cyrus Cooper, Nasser Al-Daghri, Jean-Yves Reginster, René Rizzoli
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• Relationship between obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and bone mineral density in elderly subjects aged 80 years and over
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• Sodium excretion and health-related quality of life: the results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2011
  Hye Min Choi, Kyu-Beck Lee, Hyang Kim, Young Youl Hyun
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• Relação entre obesidade, sarcopenia, obesidade sarcopênica e densidade mineral óssea em idosos com 80 anos ou mais
  Vanessa Ribeiro dos Santos, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Igor Conterato Gomes, Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior, Luís Alberto Gobbo
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• Soluble activin receptor type IIB decoy receptor differentially impacts murine osteogenesis imperfecta muscle function
  Youngjae Jeong, Salah A. Daghlas, Alp S. Kahveci, Daniel Salamango, Bettina A. Gentry, Marybeth Brown, R. Scott Rector, R. Scott Pearsall, Charlotte L. Phillips
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• Muscle, Health and Costs: A Glance at their Relationship
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• Relationship between Lumbar Extensor Muscle Degeneration Classification and Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture
  Ju-Yeong Heo, Ji-Hoon Park, Min-Wook Kim, Sang-Min Lee, Sung-An Lim, Hong-Suk Choi, Yong-Soo Choi
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• Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults
  Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Joanne Karam, Cristina Bouzas, Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza, Raquel Pedrero-Chamizo, Antoni Sureda, Marcela González-Gross, Josep A. Tur
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• Relationship between Lumbar Extensor Muscle Degeneration Classification and Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture
  Ju-Yeong Heo, Ji-Hoon Park, Min-Wook Kim, Sang-Min Lee, Sung-An Lim, Hong-Suk Choi, Yong-Soo Choi
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• Sarcopenia Is Associated With Physical and Mental Components of Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
  Betty Manrique-Espinoza, Aarón Salinas-Rodríguez, Oscar Rosas-Carrasco, Luis Miguel Gutiérrez-Robledo, José Alberto Avila-Funes
  Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2017; 18(7): 636.e1.     CrossRef
• Current review of the SarQoL®: a health-related quality of life questionnaire specific to sarcopenia
  Charlotte Beaudart, Jean-Yves Reginster, Anton Geerinck, Médéa Locquet, Olivier Bruyère
  Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research.2017; 17(4): 335.     CrossRef
• The Role of the Molecular Clock in Skeletal Muscle and What It Is Teaching Us About Muscle-Bone Crosstalk
  Lance A. Riley, Karyn A. Esser
  Current Osteoporosis Reports.2017; 15(3): 222.     CrossRef
• Health-related quality of life and activity limitation in an elderly Korean population with sarcopenia: The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-2, 3), 2008–2009
  T.H. Kim, S.-H. Kim, J. Kim, H.-J. Hwang
  European Geriatric Medicine.2017; 8(4): 360.     CrossRef
• Relationship between advanced glycation end‐product accumulation and low skeletal muscle mass in Japanese men and women
  Michitaka Kato, Akira Kubo, Yosuke Sugioka, Rie Mitsui, Nobuki Fukuhara, Fumi Nihei, Yoshihiko Takeda
  Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2017; 17(5): 785.     CrossRef
• Health Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Charlotte Beaudart, Myriam Zaaria, Françoise Pasleau, Jean-Yves Reginster, Olivier Bruyère, James M. Wright
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• A review of sarcopenia: Enhancing awareness of an increasingly prevalent disease
  Eric Marty, Yi Liu, Andre Samuel, Omer Or, Joseph Lane
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• The effects of sarcopenia and obesity on femur neck bone mineral density in elderly Korean men and women
  Sangmo Hong, Woong Hwan Choi
  Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2016; 2(2): 103.     CrossRef
• Abdominal Obesity and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass Jointly Predict Total Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality in an Elderly Asian Population
  Shao-Yuan Chuang, Yueh-Ying Hsu, Rosalind Chia-Yu Chen, Wen-Ling Liu, Wen-Harn Pan
  The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences.2016; 71(8): 1049.     CrossRef
• An analysis of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and its significance on osteoarthritis in a Korean population
  Hun-Tae Kim, Hyun-Je Kim, Hee-Yun Ahn, Young-Hoon Hong
  The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2016; 31(3): 585.     CrossRef
• Burden-of-illness of Dutch community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia: Health related outcomes and costs
  D.M. Mijnarends, J.M.G.A. Schols, R.J.G. Halfens, J.M.M. Meijers, Y.C. Luiking, S. Verlaan, S.M.A.A. Evers
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• Rotator cuff tear and sarcopenia: are these related?
  Seok Won Chung, Jong Pil Yoon, Kyung-Soo Oh, Hyung Sup Kim, Young Gun Kim, Hyun-Joo Lee, Won-Ju Jeong, Dong-Hyun Kim, Jong Soo Lee, Jee Wook Yoon
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• Age-associated declines in muscle mass, strength, power, and physical performance: impact on fear of falling and quality of life
  A. Trombetti, K. F. Reid, M. Hars, F. R. Herrmann, E. Pasha, E. M. Phillips, R. A. Fielding
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• Development of a self-administrated quality of life questionnaire for sarcopenia in elderly subjects: the SarQoL
  Charlotte Beaudart, Emmanuel Biver, Jean-Yves Reginster, René Rizzoli, Yves Rolland, Ivan Bautmans, Jean Petermans, Sophie Gillain, Fanny Buckinx, Julien Van Beveren, Marc Jacquemain, Patrick Italiano, Nadia Dardenne, Olivier Bruyere
  Age and Ageing.2015; 44(6): 960.     CrossRef
• Characteristics of nutrient intakes, basal physical fitness and serum markers in elderly women with osteopenia
  Ji Yeon Kim, Hyo Jin Kim, Jee Young Hong, Dong Ho Park, Chang Sun Kim
  Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry.2015; 19(3): 217.     CrossRef
• Associations of protein intake and protein source with bone mineral density and fracture risk: A population-based cohort study
  L. Langsetmo, S.I. Barr, C. Berger, N. Kreiger, E. Rahme, J.D. Adachi, A. Papaioannou, S.M. Kaiser, J.C. Prior, D.A. Hanley, C.S. Kovacs, R.G. Josse, David Goltzman
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• Increased body fat mass and tissue lipotoxicity associated with ovariectomy or high-fat diet differentially affects bone and skeletal muscle metabolism in rats
  Camille Tagliaferri, Jérôme Salles, Jean-François Landrier, Christophe Giraudet, Véronique Patrac, Patrice Lebecque, Marie-Jeanne Davicco, Audrey Chanet, Corinne Pouyet, Amélie Dhaussy, Alain Huertas, Yves Boirie, Yohann Wittrant, Véronique Coxam, Stéphan
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• Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues
  Camille Tagliaferri, Yohann Wittrant, Marie-Jeanne Davicco, Stéphane Walrand, Véronique Coxam
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• Sarcopenia and Fragility Fractures: Molecular and Clinical Evidence of the Bone-Muscle Interaction
  Umberto Tarantino, Eleonora Piccirilli, Massimo Fantini, Jacopo Baldi, Elena Gasbarra, Roberto Bei
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• New Reference Data on Bone Mineral Density and the Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Korean Adults Aged 50 Years or Older: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010
  Kyung-Shik Lee, Su-Hyun Bae, Seung Hwa Lee, Jungun Lee, Dong Ryul Lee
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• Use of alfacalcidol in osteoporotic patients with low muscle mass might increase muscle mass: An investigation using a patient database
  Sadayuki Ito, Atsushi Harada, Takehiro Kasai, Yoshihito Sakai, Marie Takemura, Yasumoto Matsui, Tetsuro Hida, Naoki Ishiguro
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Background
Low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. Using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we assessed trend of the prevalence of low HDL-C and the factors which are associated with low HDL-C in Korean men. Methods: We analyzed three serial KNHANES data which were conducted in year 1998, 2001, and 2005. Among all survey participants, we included men aged 30-79 years with laboratory data. Low HDL-C was defined by serum HDL-C < 40 mg⁄dL. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the association between low HDL-C and related factors. We investigated trend of the prevalence of low HDL-C and associated factors among Korean men. Results: The prevalence of low HDL-C in Korean men was increasing from 26.3% (1998) to 38.8% (2001) and 45.9% (2005). Low HDL-C was associated with non-alcohol drinker, current smoking, sedentary physical activity, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. The prevalence of current smoking decreased linearly. The prevalence of sedentary physical activity and hypertriglyceridemia increased from year 1998 to year 2001, but decreased from year 2001 to year 2005. However, the prevalence of non-alcohol drinker and obesity increased continuously. The patterns of the increasing prevalence of low HDL-C were compatible to the increasing prevalence of obesity according to age in Korean men. Conclusion: From year 1998 to year 2005, the prevalence of low HDL-C in Korean men has increased. Obesity and non-alcohol drinking might be contributing factors of increasing prevalence of low HDL-C in Korean men. Management of obesity is needed to prevent increasing the prevalence of low HDL-C among Korean men.

Citations

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  Jin Yi Choi, Eun Kyoung Yun, Eun Ja Yeun, Eun Sook Jeong
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The study on risk factors for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and odds ratio using multifactor dimensionality reduction method
  Mi-Hyun Jin, Jea-Young Lee
  Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society.2013; 24(4): 867.     CrossRef

Background
Overweight in Korean adolescents has continuously increased over the past few years and it is recognized as a public health problem. We investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status and overweight in Korean adolescents. Methods: The data was obtained from the 2007 Korean Youth's Risk Behavior Web-based Study. We included adolescents aged 12 to 18 yearswho were ≥ 5th percentile of the BMI cut-off point based on the Korean child growth curve. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between socioeconomic status and overweight. Results: The adjusted odds ratios for overweight were 1.116 (95% confidence interval [CI],1.021 to 1.220), 1.390 (95% CI, 1.242 to 1.555) in girls having middle and low grade family affluence scale (FAS), respectively, compared in girls having high grade FAS (P < 0.05). However, in boys, there was no significant relationship between FAS and overweight. In both gender, perceived household economic status and parental education level were negatively related to overweight in adolescents (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Lower socioeconomic status increased the risk of overweight in Korean adolescents. Efforts to reduce socioeconomic disparities in adolescents should be initiated for overweight prevention.

Citations

• Relationships between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and physical health among adolescents in South Korea
  Sue‐Lynn Kim, Joan P. Yoo
  Asian Social Work and Policy Review.2022; 16(2): 197.     CrossRef
• Predicting South Korean adolescents vulnerable to obesity after the COVID-19 pandemic using categorical boosting and shapley additive explanation values: A population-based cross-sectional survey
  Haewon Byeon
  Frontiers in Pediatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Distribution of Weight Status according to Familial Socioeconomic Status in Korean Adolescents: The Twelfth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, 2016
  Jinyoung Jang, Young Gyu Cho, Jae-Heon Kang, Hyun Ah Park, Kyoungwoo Kim, Yang-Im Hur, Ki Byeong Park
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2018; 18(1): 23.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing the Health-related Quality of Life by Socioeconomic Level during Early Adolescence
  Soo Young Jun, Yeong-Suk Song
  Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2017; 30(1): 81.     CrossRef
• Effects of family affluence on the health behaviors of Korean adolescents
  Min H. Park, Eun H. Hwang
  Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2017; 14(3): 173.     CrossRef
• Family Factors and Obesity in High School Students
  Sang-Mi Lee
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(8): 84.     CrossRef

Background
Current guidelines for the treatment of hyperlipidemia propose lifestyle modification as a first-line intervention. The aim of this study was to identify the factors which determine responsiveness of LDL-cholesterol lowering to lifestyle modifi cation in hypercholesterolemic patients.Methods: A total of 109 patients aged between 30 and 70 years (52 men and 109 women) who were diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia between July 2007 and February 2008 at Asan Medical Center were enrolled in this study. The patients were educated on lifestyle modifi cations by trained family physicians. We measured clinical, anthropometric, lifestyle parameters and lipid profiles initially and at eight weeks after education. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to assess covariates and variance components.Results: The serum level of LDL-cholesterol decreased in both women (8.0 ± 15.37%, P < 0 .001) and men (4.95 ± 9.81%, P < 0.001). In women, dietary adherence (Ղ = 0.267, P = 0.004), change in physical activity duration (Ղ = 0.196, P = 0.034) and menopausal state (Ղ = -0.207, P = 0.026) were signifi cant predictors in response of percent change in LDL- cholesterol. In men, dietary adherence (Ղ = 0.372, P = 0.007) was a predictor in response of percent change in LDL-cholesterol.Conclusion: Adherence to lifestyle modifi cation was a main factor which had infl uenced on response of percent change in LDL-C levels. In women, however, menopausal state was also an important factor.

Citations

• Risk Factors affecting Dyslipidemia according to Age Group in Women: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014~2017
  Bo-Kyoung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2020; 27(3): 310.     CrossRef
• Relationship between health behaviors and high level of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol applying cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults: based on the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), 2013 ~ 2015
  Bo-Kyoung Cha
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(6): 556.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Health Promotion Program on College Students Who are on the Brink of Dyslipidemia, Based on Cox's Interaction Model
  Hye-Kyung Lee, Yeon-Suk Park
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(5): 3058.     CrossRef

Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose level, is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease and associated complication. We examined the relationshipbetween the metabolic syndrome and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Korean women. Methods: We used data from 10,170 women, aged 30-89 years, who had visited the health examination center at a tertiary care hospital in 2006. The data were studied cross-sectionally. MetS was identified using the modified criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ (NCEP-ATPⅢ). CKD was defined as an estimated GFR< 60 ml/min per 1.73 m². The multivariable-adjusted(adjustment for age, a high school education, body mass index (BMI),alcohol drinking, current and former smoking, previous coronary heart disease, menopause and physical inactivity) odds ratio of CKD (95% CI) associated with each component of the metabolic syndrome, was calculated using logistic regression models. Result: 1,039 participants developed MetS. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) of CKD in participants with MetS, hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure compared with participants without those factors were 2.68 (95% CI, 1.77-4.06), 1.96 (95% CI, 1.34-2.88), 2.00(95% CI, 1.38-2.89). Compared with participants with no MetS traits, those with one, two, equal to or more than three traits of MetShad OR of CKD of 1.24 (95% CI, 0.75-2.06), 1.56 (95% CI, 0.89-2.75), 2.18 (95% CI, 1.21-3.93), respectively. Conclusion: We found that Korean women with MetS had an increased risk for developing CKD. Finally, earlier identification and management of MetS might improve patient health and prevent the progression of CKD.

Background
The relationship of lifestyle and socioeconomic factors with weight change over 4 years in Korean middle-aged group was assessed. Methods: A total of 1,167 men, aged 40∼59 years, were selected from the Health Promotion Center of Ulsan University Hospital during the period of Jan. 2000 through Mar. 2000. Including anthropometric measures, designed questionnaires were administered concern lifestyle behavior topics with cigarette smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, dairy product consumption and socioeconomic factors of monthly income and education. The subjects were divided into three groups by body mass index (BMI: kg/m²); normal (＜23 kg/m²), overweight, and obesity (≥25 kg/m²). After 4 years of follow-up, the men were classified into weight change categories; 1) stable weight group (from normal to normal, from overweight to overweight) and 2) weight gain group (from normal to overweight/obesity, from overweight to obesity). Results: The weight gain group were 18.4% (n=215) and the stable overweight group were 81.6% (n=952). Adjusted for age, the frequency of dairy product consumption, the frequency of alcohol drinking, the regularity of exercise, education and monthly income, the smokers (≥10/day) had significantly high incidence rates of increase in weight (odds ratio=1.77, 95% CI 1.07∼2.90). The increased dairy consumers (≥4/week) had significantly low incidence rates of increase in weight (odds ratio=0.43, 95% CI 0.20∼0.93). Otherwise, there were no significant relationships in weight change. Conclusion: Smoking and decreased dairy product consumption were related to the increase in weight. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:102-107)

Background
: Retention of gestational weight can be a significant contributor to obesity related complications. Few studies have assessed the impact of behavioral factors in Korea. This study was performed to identify the impact of factors on weight change at 1 year postpartum.

Methods : A questionnaire was sent twice by mail to 635 women who delivered singleton infant without complications in Seoul Asan Hospital from January 2002 to March 2002 and 97 available responses were received. Parity, pre-pregnancy weight, fullterm weight and postpartum behaviors were collected from routine medical records and questionnaire.

Results : Mean age was 30.5 years and mean pre-pregnancy BMI was 20.9 kg/m². Mean total weight gain during pregnancy was 13.6±4.3 kg and mean weight change at 1 year postpartum was 1.9±3.8 kg. Nearly 17.5% of women experienced a major weight gain of 4.5 kg at 1 year postpartum. Women who had higher pre-pregnancy BMI (≥23 kg/m²) were at high risk for major weight gained at 1 year postpartum (OR: 4.14). Women who gained 13.6 kg or more during pregnancy and with lower income were at high risk for major weight gain at 1year postpartum (OR: 5.28, 4.13 respectively).

Conclusion : Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and household monthly income are significantly associated with weight change at 1year postpartum. These findings support the need of the guidelines for preventing major weight retention associated with pregnancy.

Background
: Although expert panels and guidelines recommend that 5∼10% weight reductions of initial body weight have beneficial effects for decreasing obesity-related complications, obese persons tend to desire greater weight losses. Little is known about the patients' expectations and the disparity of goal weight between physicians and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patients' weight loss expectation, and the association between the degree of desired weight losses and treatment outcomes.

Methods : A total of 283 obese subjects (84 men, 199 women), aged ≥20 years with body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m² from 19 obesity clinics were included. Patients' desired weight as evaluated using modified GRWQ (Goals and Relative Weight Questionnaire) which included goal weight, ideal weight, satisfactory weight, acceptable weight, and disappointed weight. After 12 weeks, subsequent weight changes and treatment adherence were investigated.

Results : Mean BMI of men and women were 30.9±4.2 kg/m² and 29.1±3.8 kg/m², respectively. Men expected 13.2 kg (14.0%) mean weight reductions and women expected 10.8 kg (15.7%) mean reductions during the 3 months. The heavier the patient's weight, the greater the reduction amount was desired in both men and women. During the 3 months, the dropout rates of men and women were 40.1% and 46.2%, respectively. In women, the amount of desired weight reduction as significantly higher in the dropout group compared to the non-dropout group. Those who attained pre-determined goal weight after 3 months were 6% for men and 4% for women. After 3 months, 81% of male subjects and 80% of female subjects had not achieved even their predefined disappointed weight.

Conclusion : Obese patients seeking treatment expected average of 15% weight reduction, greater than 'medically reasonable or successful' weight reductions. The disparities between patients' expectations and physicians' recommendations could influence treatment adherence.

Background
: Childhood and adolescent obesity, not only increases the risk of obesity into adulthood but also is a significant culprit affecting health in general. The purpose of this study was to examine the trend in body mass index (BMI) and to investigate the prediction of adolescence overweight from childhood weight status by retrospectively tracking for seven years.

Methods : The subjects, 520 adolescents aged 14 and 15 years, were recruited from a junior high school that is located in Guri-city. The subjects' height and weight measurements were extracted from the school records of annual physical examination. We assessed their BMI over a period of seven years starting at age seven. Other baseline data were obtained by questionnaires which were completed by both the subjects and their parents in 2001.

Results : The prevalence of overweight, according to the Korean Pediatric Society guideline, increased at age 7 through 14. The overweight adolescents of age 14 were more likely to have an obese mother. The results showed that 84% of males and 47% of females who were overweight in childhood continued to remain overweight in adolescence. Compared to the non-overweights, the relative risk of becoming an overweight adolescent among overweight boys was 5.7 (95% CI: 4.1∼8.1) and among overweight girls was 6.3 (95% CI: 3.4∼11.4).

Conclusion : Approximately 70% of the overweight children continued to remain overweight as adolescents. Therefore, prevention and effective management of obesity during childhood and adolescence are essential.

Background
: Adolescent obesity has rapidly increased in recent years in South Korea due to westernized life style. Family is one of the most important factors to affect body weight in children through the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, whichs poorly understood in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the parent-offspring relationship and familial aggregation of obesity-related phenotypes and nutrient intake in Korean adolescent families.

Methods : A cross-sectional observation study was conducted in 134 biologic families including adolescents aged 11∼19 years, parents, and siblings. Anthropometric measurements, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist & hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and % body fat by BIA were measured. The nutrient intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Intraclass correlations for each variable between family members were calculated after adjustments to correct for the effect of age and sex.

Results : The risks for obesity in offsprings increased according to parental obesity. Mothers rather than fathers, and daughters rather than sons had higher significant intrafamilial correlations for almost all of anthropometric variables, and nutrient intake. For height, fathers had higher significant correlations with offspring. However, for total fatness and fat distribution, mothers had higher significant correlations with offspring. The significant correlations for anthropometric variables and nutrition intake existed between the spouses and all offsprings.

Conclusion : Korean adolescents exhibited significant parent-offspring relationship and familial aggregation for obesity-related phenotypes and nutrient intake. Understanding the relative contributions of shared genes and environmental factors to the familial relationship and aggregation could give insights into the origins of adolescence obesity in the high risk group of family.

Background
: In modern society, thin appearance is treated as ideal, making the majority of the normal weight group think that they are fat. Therefore, exercise and diet, numerous unhealthy methods were frequently chosen by normal weight group for weight control. The authors gave a definition of Ideal Body Weight and attempted to propose a new classification of obesity to the normal weight group who do not view themselves as they should.

Methods : The test subjects were 261 adults, who visited the IJUH Health Promotion Center between May 15, 2002 and June 30, 2002. After the subjects were measured anthropometric values such as height and weight, the self-recorded questionnaires including 12 questions were collected. The grades of somatotype drawing were 1∼9 by BMI. The subjects chose 1 somatotype drawing that was thought to be obese man and woman.

Results : The data were collected from 261 subjects. For female somatotype drawing, 81.7% of the men and 49.1% of the women thought the drawings of normal weight were obese (P＜0.001). For male somatotype drawing, 47.7% of the men and 29.3% of the women thought the drawings of normal weight were obese (P＜0.01). For women's weights, 81.7% of the men and 82.1% of the women thought the normal weight was obese. For men's weights, 20.3% of the men and 23.6% of the women thought the normal weight was obese. Women thought the normal weight was obese more than in men.

Conclusion : Women thought the normal weight was obese more than in men. Many men and women thought below the BMI 25 was obese.

Background
: C-reactive protein (hereinafter CRP) is a substance that is elevated in large quantities when there is an abnormal metabolic reaction or an inflammatory condition. Many researches have identified the substance as a prognostic and an independent risk factor responsible for cardiovascular disease. More recently, many studies have shown that obesity is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. This study was attempted to illustrate the relationship between obesity and CRP regarding Korean men who were applied by different standards of obesity.

Methods : The subjects included 15,353 men who had visited one health promotion center from May, 2001 to December, 2001, were randomly selected as the total addressable population. We excluded 389 men who were observed to have inflammatory conditions, according to the results of the general chemical and physical diagnosis. Among 15,353 Korean men 14,964 were examined. CRP was quantitatively analyzed by the method of Nephelometry as high sensitivity-CRP. CRP values in relation to age, BMI, clustering of metabolic risk factors were studied, and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify correlation between obesity and CRP value.

Results : We compared the median values of CRP of each group divided by age, BMI, and clustering of metabolic risk factors. As a matter of the fact, the more age, BMI, and clustering of metabolic risk factors increased, the more the value of CRP significantly increased (P＜0.0001). We operationally defined incremented CRP value as CRP of 0.22 mg/dl or more, and conducted multiple logistic regression analysis with the parameters of age, BMI, and obesity related diseases. Consequently, when fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol were high or HDL was low, the risk of CRP increasing was significantly high. Also, when the age was more than 60 or BMI was greater than 25 kg/m², which was categorized as obese, the risk regarding increase in CRP was significantly high.

Conclusion : Obesity is independently related to increase in CRP in Korean men. Which suggests that low-grade systemic inflammation exists in obese people. Furthermore, our study showed that old age, high level of blood glucose, high level of cholesterol, and low level of HDL have correlation with increase in CRP.

Background
: Adolescent obesity has a high risk of developing into adult obesity and may cause many physical and psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate familial environment and psychosocial factors of adolescent obesity.

Methods : A total of 1,153 students from one middle school located in suburban area were chosen as subjects. In this study, the obese group was defined to have an obesity index higher than 85 pecentile, compared to the normal weight group which ranged between 25 and 75 percentile. The questionnaires included items on familial environment and psychosocial factors, their parents' BMI, physical activity, self esteem inventory, depression self rating scale, and FACES III (family cohesion and adaptability scale III).

Results : Maternal BMI of the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group. The mean self esteem score of the obese group was significantly lower than that of the normal weight group. Depression self-rating score of the female obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group. There was no difference in family functioning between the obese group and the normal weight group.

Conclusion : In multivariate analysis, there were significant correlations among adolescent obesity and higher maternal BMI and lower self-esteem. It will be necessary to evaluate and support the psychosocial factors in the management of adolescent obesity.

Background
: Anxiety is a common disorder, but its diagnosis is often overlooked. Although there are several evaluating instruments, they are difficult to use in busy outpatient clinics because of its length. Furthermore, scales developed for screening are insufficient in the standardization. The purpose of this study is to measure reliability and validity of scale that can efficiently detect the anxiety patients in busy primary care setting.

Methods : With translation and assistance from psychiatrist, the questionnaire was developed. From March to July 2000, anxiety and control group at the department of family medicine in Seoul Joongang Hospital were tested with the questionnaire. After one week later, test was retaken. Reliability was verified by calculating Kappa value. Also validity was validity was verified by comparing the scores between the anxiety group and the control group. Then sensitivity and specificity were evaluated, and the cutoff point was determined.

Results : Kappa values were ranging from 0.65 to 0.88. For each cutoff point 3,4,5 and 6 in validity. As the purpose was screening, we determined score 5 as the best cutoff points.

Background
: Coronary artery disease are increasing in recent years among Korean due to change of dietary pattern. We conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze various factors for low HDL-cholesterol knowns as a independent fisk factor for coronary artery disease.

Methods : At the health care center of Asan Medical Center in 1999, 7259 people without cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia were selected. They were exmined wight, health blood pressure. Other data was drawn from questionnaire, blood chemistry. SPSS(version 7.5) was used for analysis of this data.

Results : 1) The means of HDL, cholesterol level was higher in women than men. 2) The means of HDL cholesterol of men was lower in subgroup of age below 45 years-old, obesity, lower total cholesterol(< 240 mg/dL), higher triglyceride (≥ 200 mg/dL) than others. By multiple logistic analysis, obesity, triglyceride, current smoking, moderate alcohol drinking were significant factors associated with low HDL, cholesterol ( < 42 mg/dL, 25 percentile of study paricipants).

Conclusion : These resluts suggest that obesity, high triglyceride. current smoking are indepen-dent risk factors and moderate alcoholic drinking is negative risk factor of low HDL-cholesterol in this study participants.

Background
: Obesity in adolescents has been shown to be significantly associated with long-term mortality and morbidity. Leptin serceted by adipose tissue regulates body weight, and obese people show high leptin levels as well as as leptinresistance. The objective of this study was to ex-amine the relationships of leptin concentration with various indices of obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and diet in adolescents.

Methods : We conducted cross sectional study with sixty-eight obese (28 male and 40 female)and 80 normal weight adolescents (40 male and 40 female), aged 12-18y, from and urban area in South Korea. Weight, height, body fat, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, and fasting serum glucose, total, LDL, and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and leptin were measured, and a 24 dietary recall obtained.

Results : Females had, on average, two-times higher leptin concentrations per fat mass than males. Circulating leptin was strongly associated with body fat (male:r=0.69, p<0.01; female:r=0.67, p<0.01), and waist circumference (male:r=0.65, p<0.01; female:r=0.64, p<0.01). The correlations between log.leptin and some cardiovascular risk factors were weakly positive. None of the association between log.leptin and nutrient intakes were significant. In a multiple regression model, body fat, gender, and waist circumference were found to be significant independent determinants of leptin concentration.

Conclusion : These results show that female adolescents have higher leptin levels compared to male adolescents, independent of the concomitant variation in total body fat mass. Although leptin concentration did not have direct association with intakes, there was significant correlations with obesity and several cardiovascualr risk factors in Korean adolescents.

Background
: In evaluation and managing obese patients, it is more important to assess obesity itself as well as the associated disease than to focusing on reduction of body weight alone. Our study was carried out to identify the characteristics of hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

Methods : We selected obese adult patients over twenty who visited the obesity clinic at Asan Medical Center. Questionnaire was given on medical history, eating behavior, food frequency, activity degree and so on. we collected the 233 data of questionnaire and medical records, and analysed the characteristics of hypertension, hyperlipidemia.

Results : The frequency of hypertension and hyperlipidemia was higher in men than women. but that of binge eating was higher in women than men. For men, waist circumference was significantly higher in hypertensive group with 108.9±12.7cm than normotensive group with 101.2±9.1cm (p<0.05). For women, there were trends for increased frequency of hypertension and hyperlipidemia with age, and decreased frequency of binge eating with age (p<0.05). The BMI was significantly higher in female hypertensive group with 30.8±5.4kg/㎡ than in normotensive group with 29.4±3.2kg/㎡ after adjusting for age.

Conclusion : The accompanying health problems with obesity depend on gender, age, distribution of adiposity and nutritional intake. In evaluating obese patients, it should be stressed to assess co-morbidity and associated factors, and to manage comprehensively.

Background
: The relation of initial depression and weight loss in a low calorie diet(LCD) alone or exercise combination in Korean women, was considered and change of emotional state after program was determined in this study.

Methods : Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD(low calorie diet) alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8weeks(group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervise aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B. Questionnaires including Korean-translated Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Korean translated Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument(BEPSI) were reported before and after 8weeks for this study.

Results : 21 out of 30 obese females in group A and 25 out 30 obese females in group B completed the study. At the eighth week, mean weight loss was 5.7±2.2kg(8.0%) in group A, and 6.8±1.7kg(9.5%) in group B. Depression were decreased after program(decreased BDI score in combined group(6.86±6.31: p=0.0001), group A(5.79±4.06:p=0.0001) and group B(7.68±7.58:p=0.0001), but no statistically significant difference between group a and B was noted(p=0.3309). Initial BDI score was negatively correlated with the percent of weight loss in group A(r=0.0099:p = 0.637). In group A and B, the percent of weight loss was not correlated with change of BDI score(group A;r=0.504:p=0.028, group B;r=0.762:p=0.0001).

Conclusion : Regardless of the exercise combination, LCD therapy seemed to decrease depression. The degree of weight loss was negatively correlated with initial degree of depression. this negative correlation can be compensated by planned thorough exercise.

Background
: Recently, the prevalence of obesity has increased due to the development of industries and westernized diet pattern. Also, chronic diseases associated with obesity have increased as well. Although management of obese patients is important in health promotion program, there is no data that support recognition and management of the obesity in primary care. Therefore, surveys concerning such issues were done among internists and family physicians in Seoul.

Methods : In 1997 May, questionnaire was sent by mail to each 887 internists and family physicians working in primary care in Seoul.

Results : A total of 186 replied to the questionnaire consisting of 21% of the total. The proportion of respondents who replied that obesity is a problem for management was 66.3%. Diet control and exercise was recognized as the most effective treatment method 82.1% of respondents recognized that failure to control weight was due to patients themselves. Personal experience in managing obesity patients using informational sources was only 14.5%. The proportion of respondents replied that those whose weight and height were measured for all first-visit patients was 50%, that obese patients received care in was 71%. Behavior modifications, diet control, and exercise were widely recommended, but drug therapy was not. 73.6% of respondents simple explained to control weight to obese patients, but only 17.1% continuously evaluated and managed them.

Conclusion : The degree of recognitions for obesity by primary care physicians in urban area was relatively low, regardless of its importance in health promotion. And, screening for obesity and continuous management for obese patients was inadequate. Efforts to manage obesity patients adequately in primary care is necessary.

Background
: Obesity and its complications are increasing as social economic standard of living is improving and life style has been changing in Korea. There is growing evidence that the visceral/subcutaneus adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) on computed tomography (CT) is closely related to the obesity complication. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the VSR reduction is produced during weight loss. The purpose of this study was to observe and compare the amount of reduction of intraabdominal fat between low calorie diet(LCD) alone and LCD with exercise.

Methods : Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8 weeks (group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B). Weight, height, BMI, and body fat distribution were measured in all subjects immediately before and after 8 weeks of this study. The body fat distribution was assessed by CT, by which the total abdominal adipose tissue area (AT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), intraabdominal adipose tissue(VAT), and visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue ara ratio (VSR) were measured at the level of the umbilicus. A venous blood sample was taken after an overnight fast to determine lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations in all subjects before and after 8 weeks of this study.

Results : Body weight, BMI, CT measurement of total(AT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous(SAT) fat were found to be decreased significantly in the two groups B decreased significantly (P<0.05) during weight loss. Fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the both groups(P<0.001). Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the group B, but not in group A.

Conclusion : This study shows that the VSR decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. Fasting plasma inulin and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. These results suggest that the LCD with exercise is more effective in reducing expected complications of obesity than LCD alone.

Background
: To assess the efficacy and safety of low-calorie-diet(LCD) using formular diet and to compare clinical usefulness of LCD combined with exercise with LCD alone, sixty obese females were prescribed LCD with exercise or LCD alone, randomly.

Methods : Thirty obese females were treated with LCD of 1,000 kcal/d for 8 weeks(group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with LCD of 1,000 kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B).

Results : 22 out of 30 obese females in group A[37.3±5.0yr ; body fat 40.3±3.9%] and 26 out of 30 obese female in group B[37.9±7.6yr ; body fat 41.5±3.7%] completed the study. At the eighth week, mean weight loss was 5.8±2.1kg(8.1%) for group A, and 6.8±1.6kg(9.7%) for group B. Differences in weight loss between two groups were statistically significant(p<0.05). In group A, blood pressure, serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, sodium, chloride, body fat were significantly reduced, and serum zinc, calcium, phosphorus were significantly increased(p<0.05). In group B, blood pressure, serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, iron, sodium, body fat were significantly reduced, and serum zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium were significantly increased(p<0.05). However, the differences of the changes in the above laboratory data between two groups were not statistically significant. Side effects were few and occurred mainly during the frist week of the trial.

Conclusion : Low calorie diet for 8 weeks decreased body fat, BP, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol levels significantly, and when combined with exercise weight loss was much more than LCD only.

Background
: Today, patients with fatty liver have increased by several factors. Some patients with fatty liver have abnormal liver function tests, by the way they have interpreted unwisely and made wrong therapeutic approach about abnormal liver function tests. So we conducted this study to evaluate the factors related to patients with fatty liver and make basic concept for management.

Methods : We selected 96 patients(71 men, 25 women) who were diagnosed as fatty liver by ultra-sound in Asan Medical Health Examination Center, also selected 91 controls(68 men, 23 women) who had similar sex and age distribution from January to December, 1993. We excluded toxic and viral hepatitis cases or patients. We surveyed by questionnaires that composed of 3 day-dietary diary and life style. Nutrient and alcohol intakes were analyzed by nutrient-analysis program that was deriva-ted from Food Composition Table, and we analyzed several biochemical variables.

Results : There were 71 men and 25 women with fatty liver, 68 men and 23 women in controls. In cases of men, the mean age was 47 years-old in patient group, 44 years-old in control group. The obesity index was 112.7% in patients, 102.6% in controls, the mean level of triglyceride was 205mg/dl in patients, 150mg/dl in controls. The mean level of serum HDL-C was 46mg/dl in patients, 50mg/dl in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of obesity was 66.2% in patients, 27.9% in controls, hypertri-glyceridemia was 42.3% in patients, 22.1% in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of patients who had increased AST was 26.8% in patients, 11.8% in controls, and the frequency of patients or cases who had increased ALT was 26.8% in patients, 7.4% in controls(p<0.05). There were no significant stati-stical differences in the nutrient intakes, alcohol drinking and exercise between the male patients and controls. In cases of women, the mean age was 53 years in patient group or among patients, 51 years in controls. The obesity index was 112.2% in patients, 102.1% in controls, and the mean level of serum triglyceride was 198.3mg/dl in patients, 136.4mg/dl in controls(p<0.05). The frequency of obesity was 76.0% in patients, 30.4% in controls, and the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was 36.0% in patie-nts, 13.0% in controls. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia between patients and controls(p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of increased AST and ALT, nutrient intakes, alcohol drinking, and exce-rcise between patients and controls.

Conclusion : The fatty liver disease was attributed either to obesity or hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, it is very important to control of weight and hypertriglyceridemia in the management of patients with fatty liver.

Background
: Adolescent girls are interested in weight reduction, but effective and adequate education for weight reduction is not done in Korean. And so much information is accepted via mass media. We investigated body image perception, weight control activities and their side effects among adolescent girls.

Methods : We used questionnaire about body image and weight control activities of middle and high school girls in Seoul in Sep. 1995.

Results : 88.6% of girls were not satisfied with their own height and 85.1% of girls with their own weight. 66.3% underweight students(BMI<20kg/m²) thought they were too fat and 98% acceptable weight students(20kg/m²≤BMI<25kg/m²) thought they were too fat. So most girls had body image disturbance. 42.4% of girls were trying to lose weight and 85.1% were trying to lose weight reason for attractiveness and 16.6% were trying to lose for health. Self reported weight reduction methods were exercise(31.6%), fasting(21.9%), diet(21.5%), monodiet(10.8%), laxatives(2.3%), very low calorie diet(1.8%) etc. Students who tried to lose weight for attractiveness selected more undesirable methods than who tried to lose weight for health(P<0.01). Most common route is via magazine, TV and newspaper, 43.4% of girls who tried to lose weight experienced side effects after weight reduction, those were dizziness(71.3%), general weakness(51%), apathy(26.5%) etc.

Conclusion : Most girls had body image distortions. Useless weight reduction activities were done or planned and most of information was accepted via mass media. It is important to educate the girls to get adequate body image and effective weight reduction program is needed for health in adolescent girls.

Background
: The regional fat distribution is known to be related with some cardiovascular risk factors independently to total body fat amount. Regional fat distribution pattern can be assessed by waist-to hip ratio(WHR). WHR distribution patterns depend on age, sex, race and show regional difference. But, our own unique data are inadequate, so we tried to investigate distribution patterns, cut off points and related factors of WHR in middle aged men and women among Korean.

Methods : The study population were middle aged men and women above 40 years old who visited our hospital for routine check up from April to July, 1996. We measured height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, hip circumference, fasting blood sugar and total cholesterol in 1, 000 persons. We gathered data about diet habits, exercise, smoking and drinking status by standard questionnaire. We analized above data by using SAS for Window 6.10.

Results : The study population numbers of men and women were494 and 499, and average ages of men and women were 49.3% and 50.5 years respectively. For men, the average WHRs as a whole were 0.895, and 0.893, 0.893 and 0.911 in their forties, fifties and above sixties respectively. For women, the average WHRs as a whole were 0.827, and 0.816, 0.837 and 0.850 in their forties, fifties and above sixties respectively. The percentage above WHR 1.0, 0.95, and 0.90 in men were 2.4%, 11.7% and 46% and the percentage above WHR 0.90, 0.85, and 0.80 in women were 8.2%, 32.9% and 68.7%. Adjusting by age, body mass index, WHR was significantly correlated with weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure in men only. For men, WHR was associated with alcohol drinking positively and with exercise negatively. For women, WHR was associated with alcohol drinking and smoking status positively.

Conclusion : The WHR had a tendency to increase according to age. The 90th percentile points in men and women were 0.957 and 0.894 respectively. WHR was related with several cardiovascular risk factors and several life styles.

Background
: Family counseling is an essential part of family practice in which patients are cared in psychosocial dimension as will as in physical dimension and the family is dealt with as a whole unit. However, it is little applied in practice. The department of family medicine has made efforts to activate family counseling. This study was done to estimate the patient's response on the effect of family counseling that we have performed, and to investigate what clinical problems counseling was held and in what situations the counseling was perceived to be useful by the patients. We hope this study will be useful to establish some useful data and ideas for the development of family counseling in family practice in Korea.

Methods : The subjects of this study are 53 households who received family counseling at the department of family medicine from Oct. 1, 1994 to May 31, 1995. 64 households receive counseling during this peroid, but 11 persons who could not be reached by the phone were excluded. Patient's demographic charateristics, patients' chief complaints, physicians' assessment on the complaints and major problems presented in the counseling sessions were identified from the medical records. Patient' own estimation of the effect of counseling and the reasons for termination of counseling were inquired through the telephone interview. Finally the association between the usefulness of counseling and some factors was statistically analyzed.

Results : Subjects were predominently women(84.9%), especially middle aged. The most common chief complaint was headache complained by 10 subjects (18.9%), and the second and the third were abdominal pain complained by 8 (15.1%) and chest discomfort complained by 7(13.2%), respectively. The list of physicians' assessment included depression(34.0%), physical symptom per se without any assessment(20.8%), family problem(15.1%), somatization(13.2%), and anxiety(9.45). More than half of the subjects(60.4%) had only one session, 26.4% two sessions and 7.5% more than 4 sessions. The most common problem presented in the counseling was marital conflict(28.3%), the second was trouble with in-laws(15.1%), and the third was chronic illness in the family(9.4%). 32.1% replied that the counseling was very helpful, 28.3% somewhat helpful, 17% little helpful, 20.8% never helpful, and 1.9% not sure. The session was experienced to be more useful in the group of duration of symptom less than 6 months, than in the group of longer duration(p<0.05), and in the group with motivation for counseling than in the group without motivation(p<0.05).

Conclusion : About 60% of subjects replied the counseling was useful to them. Symptom duration and patient's motivation to participate in counseling showed significant association with the effect of family counseling.

Background
: It is required for further constrictive disposal at a primary care by sheer necessity of risk factor management of coronary artery disease with recent increase of cardiovascular disease. Main study was performend to be a basic data for quality improvement of post medicine through quality evaluation about hyperlipidemia patient management.

Methods : We reviewed patient chart in an object of total 379 patients who was above 240mg/dl of total cholesterol level which was measured more one time among the all patients from January 1994 to December 1994 at the department of Family Medicine, Asan medical center. Quality assessment of management was based upon adult Treatment Panel II of National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP).

Results : By 3 stages analysis, it was 293 patients(77.3%) that were taken a adequate management among total 379 patients. When we classified the 293 pateints above mentioned, 193 pateints received lipoprotein analysis, 50 patients were decreased normal level after re-estimation, 46 patients did not receive lipoprotein analysis, and 4 patients were treated in other departments. When LDL level above 130mg/dl, it was 86 patients(22.7%) that was taken inadequate management among 193 patients. 78 patients (22.8%) did not receive lipoprotein analysis and 8 patients were transfered to other depart-ments by other disease. It was 85 patients(44.1%) that was taken inadequate management by LDL level and risk factor of coronary artery disease.
When risk factor of patient chart was considered, past medical history medical history of 68 patients(35.2%), family history of 99 patients(51.3%), and smoking history of 111 patients(57.5%) were not recorded.

Conclusion : Management of hypercholesterolemia patients were treated inadequately and patients chart recording state were inadequate. Further effort for improvement of positive medical quality should be required.

Background
: Not only the drug therapy. But also diet & exercise therapy have to be done in the control for NIDDM patients. But the control of DM is dependent on how much the patients practice it. Therefore authors surveyed knowledge & practice about DM diet & exercise of NIDDM patients.

Methods : We serveyed 104 NIDDM patients who visited family medicine outpatient offices of two tertiary hopital & internal medicine outpatient office of one secondary hospital located in Seoul from June, 1994 through september, 1994. The questionnaire consisted of the patient's general charac-teristics, family environment, attitude toward DM management, exercise, diet education knowledge and degree of practice.
Result : The patients consisted of 58(55.7%) men and 46(44.2%) women. The mean age of men patients was 53 years, and that of women patientswas 56 years. The average duration of the disease was 4.4 year. The number of patients who had participated in DM education was 56(53%). The number of patients who thought the diet therapy was important was 86(85%) The patients who thought it was not important was 4(3.9%). Those who didn't think about it was 11(10%). The number of patients who thought the exercise was important was 92(90%). The patients who thought it was 7(6.8%) The number of patients who practiced diet therapy well was 13(12%). The patients who didn't practice it well was 89(88%). The most common reason why they didn't practice was that it was too hard to practice actually. The number of patients who exercised well was 36(34%), and who didn't exercise well was 67(64%). the most common reason why they didn't practice it was that it was too bothersome to exercise. In the cases of family members concerned to the patients management, the patients practiced diet well. But it was not related with DM education, knowledge about DM and academic background of patients. In the cases of family members' concern with the patients management and in the cases of men, the patients patients practiced exercise.

Conclusion : Nearly half of NIDDM patients never participated in DM education. The patients knew well about how immportant DM diet & exercise was, but they didn't practice it. therfore reinfor-cement in education programs for behavior modification is needed. support from family menbers is needed because their role in managment of DM patient is important.

Background
: NSAIDs is one of the most commonly used drugs in primary care. Although they are generally well tolerated, they have been implicated in some side effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and features of adverse reactions associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Methods : We tried post marketting surveillance for NSAIDs in the department of Family Medicine among five medical centers from Feb. 1994 to Oct. 1994. 268 patients who have NSAIDs at least one week to manage degenerative joint disease, headache and other diseases were included. We monitored adverse reactions regularly at interval 1,2,3 and 4th week after use of NSAIDs. We analized the incidence patterns using Chi-square test.

Results : The adverse reactions of NSAIDs were edema(13.6%), abdominal pain(12.8%), dyspepsia(10.1%), flatulence(2.7%), constipation(2.2%) and diarrhea(1.6%) in order. The incidence rate of edema is significantly higher in female as 16.6% than in male as 3.6%(p<0.05), and higher in old ages(≥ 50 years) as 19.4% than in younger ages(<50 years) as 8.2% (p<0.05). The incidence rate of abdominal pain is significantly higher in group who had gastritis as 23.4% than group who had not gastritis as 11.9%(p<0.05).

Conclusion : The adverse reactions of NSAIDs were edema, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, flatulence, constipation and diarrhea in order. The incidence rate of adverse reactions varied according to sex, age, drugs, and histories of gastritis.

Background
: The hypercholesterolemic patients have increased recently in Korea due to the westernized pattern of diet. The saturated fatty acid and cholesterol in the food are important factors that elevate cholesterol in serum. But the assessment of amount of intake is insufficent. We investigated the amount and source of cholesterol intake.

Methods : We gathered case groups among persons who had taken medical examination from June 1992 to September 1992 at the Asan medical Center. In our study, we used the Food Frequency Questionare to get quantitative estimates of dietary cholesterol intake. The amount of cholesterol intakes were calculated by the nutrient analysis program used to the standard nutrient composition for each food.

Results : The estimated mean intakes of cholesterol is 295±241mg/day in all sujects, 332±255mg/day in male, and 242±212mg/day in female, This survey show that the main sources of cholesterol intake in male are Chicken's egg(16.8%), Common squid(14.4%), Meat for Gug(13.3%), Bulgogi, Loin, Ribs, Stakes(10.4%), Korigome-Tang, Seolnong-Tang(8.0%), and Seonji-Gug(13.3%), Bosin-Tang(7.4%) in order, and those in female are Chicken's egg(21%), Common squid(17.3%), Meat for Gug(15.5%), Bulgogi, Loin, Ribs, Stakes(7.5%), Korigome-Tang, Seolnong-Tang(5.8%), ordinary liquid milk(6.7%), and Hair tail, Mackerel, pacific cod, Alaska pollack, Spanish mackerel(3.9%) in order

Conclusion : Recently, the isease associated with atherosclerosis in Korea in increased with the change of diet pattern. We hope that this survey will be used for the effective diet intervention program in gyperlipidemic patients.

Background
: As the average lifespan in human increases, women's concerns about osteoporosis and health promotion in post menopausal are increased. Osteoporosis causes the serious health problem in postmenopausal women. In order to investigate the women'sgnition about postmenopausal osteoporosis, we carried out this study.

Methods : We selected the patients who visited to Department of Family Medicine in Asan Medical Center from April to Septemer 1994. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, sociocultural factors and questionnaire that are constructed to know the women's recognition of osteoporosis. At this study, the respondents were 300 women in this period, we excluded ambigeous data, we analyzed 232 questionnaires.

Results : The mean age of investigated 232 subjects is 40 years old. They were composed of 78(33.6%) postmenopausal womens and 154(66.4%) premenopausal women. Both groups answered subjectively recognition of osteoporosis. Among them, twelve women answered "wellknown" the osteoporosis(6%), and seventy three cases answered "unknown" the osteoporosis(37%), "moderately known" (59%).There were significant association between recognition of osteoporosis and their educational level. There were association between recognition of osteoporosis and economical level also. The respondents were asked whether thdy would be taking hormone replcement therapy to prevent and treat osteoporosis if they were recommended to do so. Twenty seven cases answered they would not take the hormone replacement therapy. The most common cause of refusal the hormone replacement theraapy is cancer or side effect of hormone replacement therapy(29.6%). The studied subjects were significantly less likely to be interested in taking hormone replacement therapy than non-hormonal therapy.(such as exercise, calcium, diet, vitamine agent)

Conclusion : We found that recognition level of postmenopausal osteoporosis is low and studied subjects prefer to non-hormonal agent than hormonal agent to prevent and treat of osteoporosis. The most common cause of refusal the hormone replacement therapy is that they worried about cancer or side effect of hormonal replacement therapy. We concluded that correct patient education for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is needed.

Background
: Obesity has been considered as a significant health problem because it is associated with several metabolic diseases, low self esteem and variable psychological problems which include anxiety, Depression and conversion reaction. The authors tried to observe the degree of depression in obese patients for better management of them.

Methods : Obese group was selected among the first visitor at Family Medicine department of Asan Medical Center and Sports Medicine Center. The criteria of obese group was over 120 percent to ideal body weight(n=93). The control group was the body weight under 110 percent to ideal body weight(n=177). The subjects who had psychologic disease and took the medication related to the depression and anxiety were excluded. Using Korean standard BDI, we evaluated to depression scale. The cut-off points of the depression were determined as 10,13, 17, and 21 points.

Results : The number of the subject of obese group was 93(male : 49 ; female : 44) and that of the control group was 177(male : 100 ; female : 77). In the male subjects, there was no significant difference in depression scale between both groups. In female subjects, the mean BDI score, 18.2±7.4 in the obese group was significantly higher than the mean score, 7.5±6.5 in the control group(P<0.05). The frequencies of depression at each cut-off points(10, 13, 17 and 21) were significantly different between the obese group and the control group in cases of all and female subjects(P<0.05). The frequencies of derpession in the each cut-off points showed no difference between both groups in case of male subjects(P>0.05).

Conclusion : Since the female obese group had the high depression scale, the multi-disciplenary approaches which include the psychological supports are required to manage and treat them.

Background
: In recent years, the disease related with atherosclerosis, such as coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, are increasing with the change of diet and socioeconomic status among Koreans. Thus, we investigated the risk factors of atherosclerosis in persons who took medical examinations.

Methods : We studied on the prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors, such as smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-cholesterolemia, low HDL-cholesterolemia. The subjects were 4,396 persons(men 2458, women 1957) who took medical examinations in the period from June 1990 to June 1991 at Asan Medical Center. We used questionnaires designed for getting information on their exercise and smoking. We checked their height, weight and blood pressure. Blood sugar and serum lipids were measured after the subjects fasted for more than 12 hours. The indices of risk factors were defined as followings : obesity ; ≥120% of ideal body weight, hyperglycemia : fasting blood sugar ≥ 140mg/dl, hypertension : diastolic BP ≥ 90mmHg or systolic BP ≥ 140mmHg, hypercholesterolemia : serum cholesterol ≥ 240mg/dl, high LDL-C ≥ 160mg/dl, low HDL-C : <35mg/dl in men, <45mg/dl in women.

Results : Followings are the summary of the results. The prevalence of smoking is 41.2% (men 55.7%, women 20.8%) among subjects, lack of exercise 23.9%(men 25.5%, women 23.9%), obesity 17.5%(men 17.2%, women 22.7%), hyperention 5.9%(men 7.4%, women 5.7%), hyperglycemia 3.7%(men 5.4%, women 2.5%), hypercholesterolemia 10.4%(men 10.9%, women 9.8%), high LDL-cholesterolemia(men 8.6%, women 9.1%), low HDL-cholesterolemia 21.4%(men 13.4%, women 31.7%). The prevalence of lack of exercise, obesity, low HDL-cholesterolemia higher in women than men. Hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and high LDL-cholesterolemia increased with age.

Conclusion : Most of the risk factors of atherosclerosis except male gender, age, and genetic factors were potentially reversible. The prevalence of smoking, lack of exercise, obesity was very high in this study. Thus for prevention and management of atherosclerosis, we should educate people to modify life style. We hope that this study will provide the basic information for the future studies on the risk factors factors of atherosclerosis.

Background
: Obesity is closely related to several diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. And it is generally accepted that genetic factros, energy intake and energy expenditure play etiological roles in the development of obesity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diet and the eating behavior in obese patients.

Methods : From March 1992 to June 1993, we collected the obese patients, who visited to the department of family medicine or obesity clinic in sports medicine center and control group who were matched by age and sex. We investigated the diet and eating behavior by the 3-day diet records and eating behavior questionnaire.

Results : There were 67 male and 88 female patients in obese and control group, respectively. There was no difference in the distribution of age, marital status, jobs, education level, and economic status. The family histories of obesity in obese group were significantly more than those in control group. There was no difference in daily activities between obese and control group. In male daily calorie intake was significantly more in obese group(2550.3±686.3 kcal) than control group(2112.6±489.3 kcal), but in female there was no differcence between obese(1859.0±458.5 kcal) and control group(1816.6±447.2 kcal). In male, protein and carbohydrate intake in obese group were significantly more than those in control group. In female, the amount of simple sugar intake was significantly more than that in control group. The ratios of daily intake of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were 17 : 22 : 61 in male, and 16 : 21 : 63 in female. The eating behaviors those related to obesity were significantly much more cases in obese group than those in control group.

Conclusion : For the prevention and the care of obese patients, the correction of the eating behavior is very important. Reducing the intake of total energy is recommended for obese male and reducing the intake of simple sugar is recommended for obese female.

Background
: Hyperuricemia is commonly encountered clinical problem in laboratory results. In the Past, hyperuricemia was emphasized by cause of gout only, but it is argued that hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis recently in 1980's. Therefore to survey the frequency of hyperuricemia in normal person and to analyze relationship between hyperuricemia and several risk factors of atherosclerosis, we investigated this study.

Methods : From June 1990 to March 1991, in 4,395 persons who visited AMC Health Examination Center and examed health condition, we investigated the frequency of hyperuricemia and compared age, sex, scholarship, occupation, smoking, alcohol, past medical history, obesity indices, blood pressure, serum lipid profiles and serum glucose between hyperuricemic group and normouricemic group.

Results : In total surveyed persons, mean serum uric acid level is 5.99±1.33mg/dl in men, 4.25±0.96mg/dl in women. Hyperuricemia is noted in 12.7% of total surveyed persons, 19.2% in men, 4.4% in women. In hyperuricemic group there are significant higher mean values of Broca's indes, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol than normouricemic group. Mean value of HLD-cholesterol in hyperuricemic group is lower than that in normouricemic group and mean value of glucose is no significantly different between normouricemics and hyperuricemics. There are significant differences in scholorship, ocupation but no difference in drinking, smoking, past medical history between hyperuricemic group and normouricemic group. In hyperuricemic group, the frequences of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and elevated LDL-cholesterol are significantly higher than that in normouricemic group. In normouricemic male group, the frequency of hyperglycemia is significantly higher than that in hyperuricemic group.

Conclusion : The frequency of hyperuricemia in normal population is 19.2% in men, 4.4% in women. Hyperuricemia has strongly correlated to several risk factors of atherosclerosis.

Background
: Obesity constitues a greater risk for developing hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia. The body fat pattern may be an important predictor of risk for this disorder.

Methods : The relationship between body fatness, body fat pattern & weight to height indices was examined in a sample of 384 individuals. Study parameters included 6 anthropometric indices.
Result: Our results had correlations between body fat pattern or weight to height indices & blood pressure: In wemen, systolic blood pressure correlates with age(r=0.324), weight(r=0.17), body mass index(r=0.214), waist hip ratio and percent ideal body weight(r=0.211). Diastolic blood pressure correlates with weight(r=0.252), body mass index(r=0.212), waist hip ratio(r=0.18) and percent ideal body weight(r=0.17). In men, systolic blood pressure correlate with age(r=0.18), waist hip ratio(r=0.13). Diastolic blood pressure correlates with weight(r=0.17), body mass index(r=0.14), waist hip ratio(r=0.16) and Triceps skinfold thickness(r=0.19).

Conclusion : Blood pressure levels are significantly correlated with body fat pattern than body fatness.

Background
: Obesity is a very important and serious health problem because it itself is no only the independent risk factor of coronary heart disease. But it is also related to many other disorders and increased mortality rate. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of multidisciplinary educations, including behavior modification, diet therapy, and exercise, on body weight reduction in obese patients.

Methods : The study subjects were eighty-four in number who visited to Obesity Clinic of AMC from Oct. 1991. to May. 1992. Observations for body weight changes were carried on after five months period to whom previously received individualized multidisciplinary educations for each behavior modification, diet therapy, and exercise. Those who did not revisit for follow-up were evaluated by telephone questionaires.

Results : Among 71 subjects in whom follow-up evaluations were possible, the number of male and female patients were 15 and 56, respectively.
Changes in body weight after five months of treatment showed the statistically significant reduction in both sexes, from 84.0±10.1kg to 80.9±9.2 kg in males and 71.4±8.8 to 69.0±9.2 in female. (P<0.05) Eleven(76.3%) among the males and forth-three(76.8%) among the female showed weight reduction. There were no significant differences of sex, age, marital status, occupations, educations, socienomic status, familial history, and disease history between weight reduction group and non-reduction group. The results of weight reduction according to grading scale are as follows: One male(9.1%) and two female patients(4.7%) for over 10kg loss, two male(18.2%) and four female patients(9.3%) for between 5 to 10kg loss, eight male(72.7%) and thirth-seven patients(86.0%) for less than 5kg of loss. There were differences in weight reduction between group that did behavior modification and that did not(P<0.05). also differences between group that did diet therapy and that did not(P<0.05) by univariate analysis, but no statistical significance by multivariate analysis. There is no difference in weight reduction between group that did exercise and that did not(P<0.05)

Conclusion : We observed the effects of behavior modification, diet therapy, and exercise on weight reduction in obese patients and results are significant weight reductions favorable for both sexes(3.0±3.5kg in male and 2.3±3.4kg in female). Eleven male(73.4%) and forth-three(76.8%) female showed weight reduction.

Background
: The obese patients has increased recently in Korea due to excessive energy intake and decreased physical activity. To assess the health implications of obesity, we investigated the complications associated with obesity.

Methods : We gathered case and control groups among persons who has taken medical examination from June 1991 to October 1991 at Asan Medical Center. In our study, 320 incident cases of obesity and the equal numbers of control matched by age and sex were investigated.

Results : In both sexes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, TC/HDL-C, uric acid and hemoglobin level in obese group revealed significantly higher than those in control group. HDL-cholesterol level in obese group revealed significantly lower than that in control group. The differences of blood sugar and LDL-cholesterol level in two groups were not significant. In male subjects, the prevalence’s of hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, polycythemia, elevated AST, elevated ALT, elevated γ-GT and fatty liver among obese group are significantly higher than those in control groups. In female subjects, the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, elevated AST, elevated ALT, fatty liver, and gall stone among obese group are significantly higher than those in control group.

Conclusion : The major diseases associated with obesity are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and gall stone. physicians should take more active role in prevention of obesity.

Background
: Fatigue is an undifferentiated symptom and originated from physical and/or psychological causes, which include day-to-day problems and undue stress. Although fatigue is one of the most common complaints in primary care, few studies about fatigue are available in the family medicine literature. Therefore we carried out this study to determine the effect of stress in life events on fatigue.

Methods : Data were gathered on epidemiologic status, organic disease, alcohol, smoking, drug history, exercise, sleep and stress scale of 102 fatigue group(cases) and 51 no fatigue group(controls) during the period from June 1991 to September 1991. By using these data, the effect of stress on fatigue was analyzed and evaluated.

Results : The average stress amount of fatigue group(275±252) was significantly higher than that of no fatigue group(196±175) (p<0.05).

Conclusion : Fatigue is most commonly originated from psychological factor. Life event stress was highly associated with fatigue. Clinicians must evaluate multiple causes of fatigue and communicate the understanding of those causes to patient to gain support.

Acne is one of the most common skin disease especially in the teens, however, it is not clear whether general public has right information about acne.
A survey was done to study the informations and opinions of high school students about acne. The 1005 cases of respondents among 1500 high-school students were evaluated about grade of perception for acne at june 1990.
1. A questionnair composed of 8 items of preliminary identification and 17 items of the grade of perception about acne. The questionnaire was completed by 1005 students of three high schools in Seoul Korea, ranged in age from 15 to 19.(489 boys and 516 girls)
2. More than two thirds(686,70.3%) of the respondents had acne on the day of survey, or had experienced acne at least once before. Among them, only 45 (6.2%)student have received diagnosis by doctors.
3. The mean age of onset of Acne was 14.92 years old for boys and 14.98 years old for girls.
4. More than half of the respondents had incorrect information in items among 17 questions about the perceptions of acne. As to the information about acne, no difference was found between those who were diagnosed by the doctors and those who were not.
5. From these results, we consider that many people have incorrect informations about acne, and more active education is needed to their patients and general public by the medical doctors.

This clinical study was performed on 15 cases of breast cancer and 49 cases of benign breast disease which were confirmed by pathology and preoperative mammography was taken during the period from July 1989 to June 1990.
The results were as follows :
1. Among the breast CA(carcinoma), the most prevalent age group was fourth & fifth decades and mean age was 46 years. benign breast disease, the popular age group was third decades and mean age was 35 years.
2. Among the breast CA chief complaints were palpable mass(80%), and pain(20%). In benign breast disease, chief complaints were palpable mass(82%) and mass(18%).
3. Many of the breast CA revealed cases with 2-5cm sized mass were 23cases(80%).
4. In benign disease, cases with less than 5cm sited mass were 42cases(86%).
5. In breast CA, locations of tumor were OUQ(53%), IUQ(20%), OLQ(13%), central(13%) area, In benign disease, they were OUQ(39%), IUQ(31%), central(8%), ILQ(8%), others(8%).
6. The efficacy of mammography to detect breast CA. was as followed : sensitivity was 73%, specificity was 87% and positive predictive value was 64%.