Korean Journal of Family Medicine

"Jong Lull Yoon"

Original Articles

The Correlation between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Prediabetes Patients: Dayoung Lee, Mi-Jeong Park, Mee Young Kim, Jung Jin Cho, Jong Lull Yoon; Korean J Fam Med 2021;42(6):464-470. Published online November 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.21.0070

Abstract
PDF

Background
Prediabetes is a metabolic state between normoglycemia and diabetes and is known to carry a higher risk of developing overt diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relative and absolute risks of all-cause mortality, CVD, coronary heart disease, and stroke in prediabetes patients, as well as in diabetic patients, is higher than that in patients with normoglycemia. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a method used to stratify CVD risk. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) correlates with cIMT in prediabetes patients.
Methods
From January 1, 2016, to February 20, 2021, 581 adults their 30s–70s who underwent carotid ultrasonography as part of a comprehensive medical examination at the Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital were enrolled. Statistical analysis using SPSS presented t-test and chi-square test significance levels into a group with normal cIMT (nIMT; cIMT <1 mm) and a group with thick cIMT (tIMT; cIMT ≥1 mm). Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the correlation between NLR and cIMT.
Results
In prediabetic adults, age, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure, and NLR were significantly higher in the tIMT group than in the nIMT group. In the regression analysis, NLR, age, and HbA1c were significantly correlated with cIMT.
Conclusion
NLR was significantly higher in the tIMT group than in the nIMT group; therefore, NLR may be used to assess CVD risk in prediabetes patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The relationship between oxLDL, sLOX-1, PCSK9 and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Zeki Dogan, Abdulhalim Senyigit, Sinem Durmus, Canan Duvarcı, Remise Gelişgen, Hafize Uzun, Omur Tabak
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the Correlation between Systemic Inflammatory Markers and Carotid Atherosclerosis Indices in Middle-Aged Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ji-Eun Song, Ji-In Hwang, Hae-Jin Ko, Ji-Yeon Park, Hee-Eun Hong, A-Sol Kim
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease.2024; 11(3): 73. CrossRef
Could Systemic Inflammation in Healthy Individuals With Obesity Indicate Subclinical Atherosclerosis?
Nail B. Ozbeyaz, Gokhan Gokalp, Engin Algul, Pinar Kilic, Orkun Saricam, Faruk Aydinyilmaz, Ilkin Guliyev
Angiology.2023; 74(1): 62. CrossRef
A Relação entre a Relação Ácido Úrico/Albumina e a Espessura Média-Intimal da Carótida em Pacientes com Hipertensão
Faysal Şaylık, Tufan Çınar, Murat Selçuk, İbrahim Halil Tanboğa
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A Study to Assess and Correlate Metabolic Parameters with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness after Combined Approach of Yoga Therapy Among Prediabetics
Neha Saboo, Sudhanshu Kacker
Advanced Biomedical Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

3,719 View
85 Download
5 Web of Science
5 Crossref

The Impact of Depression on Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korean Elderly: Dong Han Park, Jung Jin Cho, Jong Lull Yoon, Mee Young Kim, Young Soo Ju; Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(5):299-305. Published online May 8, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.18.0134

Abstract
PDF

Background
Depression is suggested to be associated with cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. This study investigated the impact of depression on cardiovascular disease in the elderly population in Korea.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study was performed using the Senior Cohort database released by the Korean National Health Insurance Services from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012, or January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. The study group constituted participants newly diagnosed with depression, but not cardiovascular disease. The control group constituted participants with no past history of depression or cardiovascular disease, and were not diagnosed with depression during the follow-up period. During the 5-year follow-up period, development of ischemic heart disease or cerebrovascular disease was assessed. Depression and cardiovascular disease were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification codes. The data was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
The hazard ratio (HR) between depression and ischemic heart disease was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 1.55) and the HR between depression and cerebrovascular disease was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.32 to 1.62), after adjusting all confounding variables.
Conclusion
Independent of other cardiovascular risk factors, depression increased the risk of ischemic heart disease by 38% and cerebrovascular disease by 46% among older adults in Korea. Since depression may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, future research should focus on the diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with depression.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The effect of scutellaria baicalensis and its active ingredients on major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature in pre-clinical research
Ying Ma, Xun Zhou, Feng Zhang, Cuiyun Huang, Hong Yang, Wansheng Chen, Xia Tao
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Potential Role for MAGI-1 in the Bi-Directional Relationship Between Major Depressive Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease
Priyanka Banerjee, Khanh Chau, Sivareddy Kotla, Eleanor L. Davis, Estefani Berrios Turcios, Shengyu Li, Zhang Pengzhi, Guangyu Wang, Gopi Krishna Kolluru, Abhishek Jain, John P. Cooke, Junichi Abe, Nhat-Tu Le
Current Atherosclerosis Reports.2024; 26(9): 463. CrossRef
The Connection Between Depression and Ischemic Heart Disease: Analyzing Demographic Characteristics, Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Treatment Approaches to Identify Their Relationship
Laura Ioana Bondar, Brigitte Osser, Gyongyi Osser, Mariana Adelina Mariș, Ligia Elisaveta Piroș, Robert Almășan, Csongor Toth, Caius Calin Miuta, Gabriel Roberto Marconi, Ana-Liana Bouroș-Tataru, Victor Măduța, Dana Tăședan, Mircea Ioachim Popescu
Clinics and Practice.2024; 14(5): 2166. CrossRef
Psycho-Cardiological Disease: A Bibliometric Review From 2001 to 2021
Yaping You, Xintian Shou, Xuesong Zhang, Shaowei Fan, Ruoning Chai, Wenjing Xue, Yuanhui Hu, Qingyong He
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A comprehensive review on bioavailability, safety and antidepressant potential of natural bioactive components from tea
Jie Shao, Yang Wei, Xinlin Wei
Food Research International.2022; 158: 111540. CrossRef

4,693 View
119 Download
6 Web of Science
5 Crossref

Survival Analysis of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Study Based on Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services’ Senior Cohort Database: Tae Ho Huh, Jong Lull Yoon, Jung Jin Cho, Mee Young Kim, Young Soo Ju; Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(4):214-221. Published online April 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.18.0114

Abstract
PDF

Background
Korea’s rapidly aging population has experienced a sharp rise in the prevalence of dementia. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is estimated to be about three-quarters of all patients with dementia, tend to have higher mortality rates compared with patients without Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, a survival analysis of patients with AD was conducted in order to provide knowledge to those who provide medical care to these patients.
Methods
Data on individuals over 65 years old in 2004 were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Services’ Senior Cohort database (2002–2013). The subjects were 209,254 patients, including 2,695 who were first diagnosed with AD (the AD group) and 206,559 that had not been diagnosed with the disease (non-AD group). To investigate the independent effect of AD on survival, the Cox proportional-hazards model, hazard ratios (confidence interval of 95%), and the Kaplan-Meier method were used.
Results
Mean survival time in the AD group was 5.3±3.3 years, which was about 2.5 years shorter than that in the non-AD group (7.8±2.4 years). The mortality rate in the AD group (66.3%) was higher than that in the non-AD group (26.3%). The adjusted hazard ratio in the AD group was 2.5 and, therefore, it was found that the AD group had a 2.5-fold higher risk of death than the non-AD group.
Conclusion
Overall, AD has a large, independent impact on survival. Survival time was shorter, and the mortality rate and risk were generally higher in the AD group, compared with the non-AD group.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Clinical profile and survival analysis of Alzheimer’s disease patients in a Brazilian cohort
Elisa de Melo Queiroz, Christian Marques Couto, Cláudio Antônio da Cruz Mecone, Waneska Souza Lima Macedo, Paulo Caramelli
Neurological Sciences.2024; 45(1): 129. CrossRef
Survival After the Diagnosis of Mild‐to‐Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: A 15‐Year National Cohort Study in Taiwan
Yu Sun, Chih‐Ching Liu, Chung‐Yi Li, Ming‐Jang Chiu
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Collaborative Survival Analysis on Predicting Alzheimer’s Disease Progression
Wanwan Xu, Selena Wang, Li Shen, Yize Zhao
Statistics in Biosciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of choline alfoscerate in older adult patients with dementia: an observational study from the claims data of national health insurance
Khanh Linh Duong, Heeyoon Jung, Hyun-kyoung Lee, Young Jin Moon, Sang Ki Lee, Bo Ram Yang, Hwi-yeol Yun, Jung-woo Chae
BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Mortality Risks and Causes of Death by Dementia Types in a Japanese Cohort with Dementia: NCGG-STORIES
Rei Ono, Takashi Sakurai, Taiki Sugimoto, Kazuaki Uchida, Takeshi Nakagawa, Taiji Noguchi, Ayane Komatsu, Hidenori Arai, Tami Saito
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.2023; 92(2): 487. CrossRef
Infections among individuals with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
Yihan Hu, Kejia Hu, Huan Song, Yudi Pawitan, Fredrik Piehl, Fang Fang
Brain Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Independent effects of amyloid and vascular markers on long‐term functional outcomes: An 8‐year longitudinal study of subcortical vascular cognitive impairment
Sung Hoon Kang, Sook‐young Woo, Seonwoo Kim, Jun Pyo Kim, Hyemin Jang, Seong‐Beom Koh, Duk L. Na, Hee Jin Kim, Sang Won Seo
European Journal of Neurology.2022; 29(2): 413. CrossRef
Deep learning algorithm reveals probabilities of stage‐specific time to conversion in individuals with neurodegenerative disease LATE
Xinxing Wu, Chong Peng, Peter T. Nelson, Qiang Cheng
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Time‐to‐event prediction using survival analysis methods for Alzheimer's disease progression
Rahul Sharma, Harsh Anand, Youakim Badr, Robin G. Qiu
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

5,018 View
138 Download
9 Web of Science
9 Crossref

Pro Re Nata Prescription and Perception Difference between Doctors and Nurses: Se Hwa Oh, Ji Eun Woo, Dong Woo Lee, Won Cheol Choi, Jong Lull Yoon, Mee Young Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2014;35(4):199-206. Published online July 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2014.35.4.199

Abstract
PDF

Background

Pro re nata (PRN) prescription is a frequently used prescription method in hospitals. This study was conducted to investigate actual condition of PRN prescription and whether administration error occurred because of perception difference between doctors and nurses.

Methods

From May to July 2012, a survey was conducted among 746 doctors and nurses (88 doctors and 658 nurses) working at 5 hospitals located in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, and Gangwon Province. Doctors generating PRN prescription responded to actual conditions of PRN prescription and both doctors and nurses reported whether administration error occurred due to perception difference.

Results

Average number of PRN prescription of surgical residents was 4.6 ± 5.4, which was larger than that of medical residents (1.7 ± 1.0). Surgical residents more frequently recorded maximum number of daily intake (P = 0.034) and, although not statistically significant, more often wrote exact single dosage (P = 0.053) and maximum dosage per day (P = 0.333) than medical residents. Doctors expected nurses to notify them before the administration of medication; however, nurses were more likely to conduct PRN administration by their own decision without informing doctors. In addition, some doctors and nurses experienced administration errors because of it.

Conclusion

Standard prescription methods need to be established since there is a perception difference in PRN prescription between doctors and nurses and this could be related to administration errors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Longitudinal cohort study of discrepancies between prescribed and administered polypharmacy rates: implications for National Aged Care Quality Indicator Programs
Nasir Wabe, Rachel Urwin, Karla Seaman, Johanna I Westbrook
BMJ Quality & Safety.2024; 33(12): 780. CrossRef
Practical Considerations of PRN Medicines Management: An Integrative Systematic Review
Abbas Mardani, Piret Paal, Christiane Weck, Shazia Jamshed, Mojtaba Vaismoradi
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Improving documentation of prescriptions for as-required medications in hospital inpatients
Samantha Leigh Ross, Yeshi Bhushan, Peter Davey, Suzanne Grant
BMJ Open Quality.2021; 10(3): e001277. CrossRef
Design and Implementation of an Analgesia, Sedation, and Paralysis Order Set to Enhance Compliance of pro re nata Medication Orders with Joint Commission Medication Management Standards in a Pediatric ICU
David Procaccini, Rebecca Rapaport, Brent Petty, Dana Moore, Dorothy Lee, Sapna R. Kudchadkar
The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety.2020; 46(12): 706. CrossRef
PRN Medicines Management for Psychotropic Medicines in Long-Term Care Settings: A Systematic Review
Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Flores Vizcaya Moreno, Hege Sletvold, Sue Jordan
Pharmacy.2019; 7(4): 157. CrossRef
Patient Safety and Pro Re Nata Prescription and Administration: A Systematic Review
Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Sara Amaniyan, Sue Jordan
Pharmacy.2018; 6(3): 95. CrossRef

4,567 View
42 Download
7 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Correlation between Frailty Level and Adverse Health-related Outcomes of Community-Dwelling Elderly, One Year Retrospective Study: Eun Young Shim, Seung Hyun Ma, Sun Hyoung Hong, Yun Sang Lee, Woo Youl Paik, Deok Seoung Seo, Eun Young Yoo, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon; Korean J Fam Med 2011;32(4):249-256. Published online May 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2011.32.4.249

Abstract
PDF

Background

Frailty is considered to be a clinical syndrome characterized by decreased physiological reserves associated with a greater risk of health-related problems, hospitalization, and death. The current study examined hospitalization, falls, cognitive decline and disability between robust, prefrail and frail elderly in one year.

Methods

110 participants aged 65 or more who visited two senior welfare centers in Seoul from February 2008 to June 2008 were surveyed again from March 2009 to June 2009 with demographic characteristics, number of chronic diseases and medication, study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) frailty index, instrumental activity of daily living (IADL), depression, mini-mental state examination-Korean version (MMSE-K), falling history and admission history within one year. These results were compared with participants' previous survey done one year ago.

Results

Among total 110 subjects, 48 (44%) robust, 30 (27%) prefrail, and 32 (29%) frail subjects changed to 26 (24%), 54 (49%), and 30 (27%) respectively over the year. There were statistical significances in age, number of chronic disease, depressive mood, MMSE, falls, hospitalization, IADL disability contributing to frailty (P < 0.05). Frailty defined by SOF frailty index was associated with greater risk of adverse outcomes. Frail subjects had a higher age-adjusted risk of cognitive function decline (odds ratio [OR], 3.57), disability (OR, 9.64), fall (OR, 5.42), and hospitalization (OR, 4.45; P < 0.005).

Conclusion

The frailty index like SOF frailty index might predict risk of falls, disability, hospitalization, and cognitive decline in the elderly, emphasizing special attention to the individuals showing frailty in outpatient examination.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sex differences in the association between sleep duration and frailty in older adults: evidence from the KNHANES study
Beomman Ha, Mijin Han, Wi-Young So, Seonho Kim
BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between frailty and mortality after gastrectomy in older patients with gastric cancer
Ju-Ri Jeong, Ji-Won Choi, Seong-Yeob Ryu, Yu-Ri Choe
Journal of Geriatric Oncology.2022; 13(1): 67. CrossRef
Prevalence of frailty and mobility disability in older people living in retirement villages
Janet Cobden, Marcos de Noronha, Michael Kingsley
Australasian Journal on Ageing.2022; 41(2): 222. CrossRef
Cross-sectional associations of physical frailty with fall, multiple falls and fall-injury among older Indian adults: Findings from LASI, 2018
Shriya Thakkar, Muhammad T., Shobhit Srivastava, David G. Greenhalgh
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(8): e0272669. CrossRef
Physical Frailty and Fall Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jiraporn Chittrakul, Penprapa Siviroj, Somporn Sungkarat, Ratana Sapbamrer
Journal of Aging Research.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Fear of Falling and Mortality among Older Adults in Korea: Analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
Ari Lee, Jungun Lee, Gyumin Lee, Dong Ryul Lee
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(4): 243. CrossRef
Diagnosis and Management of Frailty in Primary Health Care
Chang Won Won
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(4): 207. CrossRef
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Frailty and Cognitive Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Elderly with Knee Osteoarthritis
Kulthanit Wanaratna, Weerasak Muangpaisan, Vilai Kuptniratsaikul, Chalobol Chalermsri, Apiwan Nuttamonwarakul
Journal of Community Health.2019; 44(3): 587. CrossRef
Increasing use of cognitive measures in the operational definition of frailty—A systematic review
R. Vella Azzopardi, I. Beyer, S. Vermeiren, M. Petrovic, N. Van Den Noortgate, I. Bautmans, E. Gorus
Ageing Research Reviews.2018; 43: 10. CrossRef
Frailty as a Risk Factor for Falls Among Community Dwelling People: Evidence From a Meta‐Analysis
Mei‐Hsun Cheng, Shu‐Fang Chang
Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2017; 49(5): 529. CrossRef
Evaluation of frailty, functional capacity and quality of life of the elderly in geriatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital
Crislainy Vieira Freitas, Edilene do Socorro Nascimento Falcão Sarges, Karlo Edson Carneiro Santana Moreira, Saul Rassy Carneiro
Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia.2016; 19(1): 119. CrossRef
The Association between Frailty and Cognition in Elderly Women
Ji-Young Kang, Cheol-Hwan Kim, Eun-Ju Sung, Ho-Cheol Shin, Woon-Jung Shin, Keun-Hyeong Jung
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(3): 164. CrossRef
Relationship between health-related quality of life, comorbidities and acute health care utilisation, in adults with chronic conditions
Anastasia F. Hutchinson, Marnie Graco, Tshepo Mokuedi Rasekaba, Sumit Parikh, David John Berlowitz, Wen Kwang Lim
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Circumstances of falls and fall-related injuries among frail elderly under home care in China
Hong-Ying Pi, Meng-Meng Hu, Jie Zhang, Pei-Pei Peng, Dan Nie
International Journal of Nursing Sciences.2015; 2(3): 237. CrossRef
Elderly patients attended in emergency health services in Brazil: a study for victims of falls and traffic accidents
Mariana Gonçalves de Freitas, Palmira de Fátima Bonolo, Edgar Nunes de Moraes, Carla Jorge Machado
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.2015; 20(3): 701. CrossRef
Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Idris Guessous, Jean-Christophe Luthi, Christopher Barrett Bowling, Jean-Marc Theler, Fred Paccaud, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, William McClellan
Journal of Aging Research.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Quedas: conceitos, frequências e aplicações à assistência ao idoso. Revisão da literatura
Gláucia Regina Falsarella, Lívia Pimenta Renó Gasparotto, Arlete Maria Valente Coimbra
Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia.2014; 17(4): 897. CrossRef
Relationship between health-related quality of life, and acute care re-admissions and survival in older adults with chronic illness
Anastasia Hutchinson, Tshepo Rasekaba, Marnie Graco, David Berlowitz, Graeme Hawthorne, Wen Lim
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2013; 11(1): 136. CrossRef
Cognitive frailty: Rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) International Consensus Group
Eirini Kelaiditi, M. Cesari, M. Canevelli, G. Abellan van Kan, P.-J. Ousset, S. Gillette-Guyonnet, P. Ritz, F. Duveau, M.E. Soto, V. Provencher, F. Nourhashemi, A. Salva, P. Robert, S. Andrieu, Y. Rolland, J. Touchon, J.L. Fitten, B. Vellas
The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2013; 17(9): 726. CrossRef
Physical Predictors of Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Christiaan G. Blankevoort, Erik J. A. Scherder, Martijn B. Wieling, Tibor Hortobágyi, Wiebo H. Brouwer, Reint H. Geuze, Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen, Jerson Laks
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(7): e70799. CrossRef
Frailty and falls among adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study
Mara A McAdams-DeMarco, Sunitha Suresh, Andrew Law, Megan L Salter, Luis F Gimenez, Bernard G Jaar, Jeremy D Walston, Dorry L Segev
BMC Nephrology.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Factors Related to Frailty Estimated by the Korean Frailty Index
Hwee Soo Jeong, Dong Wook Lee, Ki Heum Park, Yong Kook Lee, Sang Ho Bae, Mi Jin Kang, Min Sung Shim, Chen Hsuen Teong
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2013; 17(2): 71. CrossRef
Frailty, Falls, and Fractures
John E. Morley
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2013; 14(3): 149. CrossRef

4,383 View
38 Download
23 Crossref

Correlation between Frailty Level and Disability of the Elderly and Frailty Related Factors.: Seung Hyun Ma, Ki Yun Jeung, Sun Hyoung Hong, Eun Young Shim, Sang Ho Yoo, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(8):588-597. Published online August 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.8.588

Abstract
PDF

Background
Frailty is a wasting syndrome that presents loss of physiological function by aging, lowering of reserve capacity, and disability of body system. It is currently being considered an important issue in geriatrics. This study examined frailty level of Korean elderly in community and whether frailty can be meaningful a predictive factor for functional disability. Methods: Demographic characteristics, the number of chronic diseases and medications, cardiovascular health study (CHS) frailty index, study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) frailty index, activities of daily living, Instrumental activities of daily living, depression, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and fall history were examined for 302 men and women over 65 years old who visited the three community seniors welfare centers from February 2008 to June 2008. Results: There were defi nite differences of frailty status by age, educational level, marital status, monthly income, body mass index, the number of chronic diseases, the number of medications, depression, MMSE and fall history (P < 0.05), except in gender (P < 0.432). In logistic regression analysis for functional disability with frailty status defi ned by SOF frailty index, odds ratio to dependency of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) from the healthy to the prefrail stage increased 6.84 times while from the healthy to the frail stage increased 130.87 times. These effects still increased after covariate adjustment. Also, the CHS frailty index showed the same result although there was some difference in odds ratio.Conclusion: There were meaningful correlations of frailty with functional disability when dividing Korean elderly's frailty levels into the healthy, the prefrail and the frail stages.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Relationship between frailty and mortality after gastrectomy in older patients with gastric cancer
Ju-Ri Jeong, Ji-Won Choi, Seong-Yeob Ryu, Yu-Ri Choe
Journal of Geriatric Oncology.2022; 13(1): 67. CrossRef
The Factors Affecting Frailty among the Elderly in Korea: A Study Using the Frailty Cohort
DaSol Park, Hee-Sun Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 20(1): 670. CrossRef
The Effect of Physical Health Variables on the Depression of the Korean Rural Elderly : with a Focus on a Comparison of Young-old and Old-old
Junggook Go, Jeonghwa Lee, Young eun Oh
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2019; 30(1): 83. CrossRef
Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
Ki-taek Lim, Ji-eun Lee, Ha-eun Park, Su-young Park, Woochol Joseph Choi
Physical Therapy Korea.2019; 26(2): 34. CrossRef
The Association between Frailty and Disability among the Elderly in Rural Areas of Korea
Yeun-Soon Choi, Mi-Ji Kim, Gyeong-Ye Lee, Young-Mi Seo, Ae-Rim Seo, Bokyoung Kim, Jun-Il Yoo, Ki Soo Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(14): 2481. CrossRef
Does long‐term care insurance reduce the burden of medical costs? A retrospective elderly cohort study
Jae Woo Choi, Eun‐Cheol Park, Sang Gyu Lee, Sohee Park, Hwang‐Gun Ryu, Tae Hyun Kim
Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2018; 18(12): 1641. CrossRef
The Association between Frailty and Cognition in Elderly Women
Ji-Young Kang, Cheol-Hwan Kim, Eun-Ju Sung, Ho-Cheol Shin, Woon-Jung Shin, Keun-Hyeong Jung
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(3): 164. CrossRef
Influence of Frailty, Nutritional Status, Positive Thinking and Family Function on Health Conservation of the Elderly at Home
Hae Kyung Chang
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(1): 52. CrossRef
Evidence-based Prevention of Frailty in Older Adults
Yunhwan Lee
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2015; 19(3): 121. CrossRef
Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Idris Guessous, Jean-Christophe Luthi, Christopher Barrett Bowling, Jean-Marc Theler, Fred Paccaud, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, William McClellan
Journal of Aging Research.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Prevalence and Social Correlates of Frailty Among Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Gyeong-Suk Jeon, Sook Hee Cho
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2014; 18(3): 143. CrossRef
Clinical Factors Related to Frailty Estimated by the Korean Frailty Index
Hwee Soo Jeong, Dong Wook Lee, Ki Heum Park, Yong Kook Lee, Sang Ho Bae, Mi Jin Kang, Min Sung Shim, Chen Hsuen Teong
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2013; 17(2): 71. CrossRef
Korean Terminology for Frailty
Chang Won Won M.D.
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2012; 16(2): 51. CrossRef
Frailty Level and Health-related Characteristics among Participants of a Tailored Home Visiting Service
Insook Lee Ph.D., Ihn Sook Jeong Ph.D.
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2012; 16(2): 74. CrossRef
Correlation between Frailty Level and Adverse Health-related Outcomes of Community-Dwelling Elderly, One Year Retrospective Study
Eun Young Shim, Seung Hyun Ma, Sun Hyoung Hong, Yun Sang Lee, Woo Youl Paik, Deok Seoung Seo, Eun Young Yoo, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2011; 32(4): 249. CrossRef
The Validity and Reliability of Korean Frailty Index
Hwan Sik Hwang, In Sun Kwon, Byung Joo Park, Belong Cho, Jong Lull Yoon, Chang Won Won
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(4): 191. CrossRef
Frailty: A Core Geriatric Concept
Kwang-Il Kim
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(1): 1. CrossRef

3,175 View
112 Download
17 Crossref

Inpatient Smoking Cessation Program and Its Success Rate for Abstinence among Korean Smokers.: Ki Yun Jung, Sang Ho Yoo, Seung Hyun Ma, Sun Hyoung Hong, Yun Sang Lee, Un Young Shim, Jong Lull Yoon, Mee Young Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(7):503-510. Published online July 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.7.503

Abstract
PDF

Background
Inpatient smoking cessation programs have been known to be quite effective for smoking cessation, but it was rarely conducted among Koreans. This study was to investigate the effect of inpatient smoking cessation program among Korean smokers. Methods: From March 1 to April 30, 2008, we carried out a randomized controlled trial for inpatient smoking cessation program among 70 smokers who were 18 years of age or over and admitted to a university hospital in Seoul, Korea. For the intervention group, a trained doctor conducted the systematic educational program for smoking cessation of 30 minutes to an hour. For the control group, they were advised with a 3-minute explanation for smoking cessation. We assessed the abstinence rates of study participants at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after discharge. Results: In 3 months after the discharge, the abstinence rate for the intervention group was 37.1% while that of the control group was 14.3%. In simple logistic regression analysis, the smokers among the intervention group were 3.5 times more likely to abstain than those in the control group. After controlling for confounding factors, the smokers among the intervention group was 11.4 times more likely to abstain than those in the control group. Conclusion: For Korean smokers, the inpatient smoking cessation program showed a higher success rate of abstinence compared to simple advice and limited counselling.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Factors Related to Smoking Relapse Within Six-Months of Smoking Cessation Among Inpatients
Ji Eun Bae, Chul-Woung Kim, Seung Eun Lee, Myungwha Jang
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 307. CrossRef
Factors Related to Smoking Recurrence within Six-months Smoking Cessation among Employees in Enterprises with Smaller than 300 Workers
Byung Jun Jin, Chul-Woung Kim, Seung Eun Lee, Hyo-Bin Im, Tae-Yong Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2021; 32(1): 107. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Indoor Smoking at Home: A Focus on Socioeconomic Status in South Korea
Bomgyeol Kim, Yejin Lee, Young Dae Kwon, Tae Hyun Kim, Jin Won Noh
Epidemiology and Health.2020; : e2020067. CrossRef
Decrease in Smoking and Related Factor after the Price Raise of Tobacco in Hypertension Patients: Using 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi Hyun Joo, Mi Ah Han, Jong Park, Seong Woo Choi, So Yeon Ryu, Jun Ho Shin
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2019; 44(1): 83. CrossRef
Factors associated with the satisfaction of smoking cessation programs in clinics among Korean military personnel: An application of Transtheoretical model
Eunjoo Kwon, Eun-Hee Nah
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(5): 1. CrossRef
The Abstinence Rate of the Inpatient Smoking Cessation Program
Jae-Hang Cho, Seock-Hwan Lee, Jung-Woo Sohn, Hye-Young Yang
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2017; 8(2): 88. CrossRef
Continuous Abstinence Rates from Smoking Over 12 Months according to the Frequency of Participation in a Hospital-based Smoking Cessation Program among Patients Discharged after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Young-Hoon Lee, Mi-Hee Han, Mi Rim Lee, Jin-Won Jeong, Nam-Ho Kim, Seok Kyu Oh, Kyeong Ho Yun, Sang Jae Rhee, Jum Suk Ko, Gyung-Jae Oh
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2016; 16(1): 48. CrossRef
Predictors of Successful Smoking Cessation after Inpatient Intervention for Stroke Patients
Eugene Ha, Jun-Yong Jo, Ah-Leum Ahn, Eun-Jung Oh, Jae-Kyung Choi, Dong-Yung Cho, Hyuk-Jung Kweon
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(2): 85. CrossRef
Compliance and Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Program Started on Hospitalized Patients
Gun Hee Shin, Sung Won Yi, Yoo Seock Cheong, Eal Whan Park, Eun Young Choi
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(3): 149. CrossRef
Effects of Brief Smoking Cessation Education with Expiratory Carbon Monoxide Measurement on Level of Motivation to Quit Smoking
Won-Young Choi, Cheol-Hwan Kim, Ok-Gyu Lee
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2013; 34(3): 190. CrossRef
Effects of a Smoking Cessation Education on Smoking Cessation, Endothelial Function, and Serum Carboxyhemoglobin in Male Patients with Variant Angina
Sook-Hee Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(2): 190. CrossRef
The Effects of the Brief Inpatient Smoking Cessation Counseling on Quit Success and Stage of Change
Kyeong-Su Kim, Eon-Sook Lee, Jun-Hyung Lee, Yeong-Sook Yoon, Yun-Jun Yang, Seon-Hyeon Park, Hyungjun Kwak
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2012; 3(1): 10. CrossRef
User Satisfaction as a Tool for Assessment and Improvement of Quitline in the Republic of Korea
B. Y. Jeong, M. K. Lim, E. H. Yun, J.-K. Oh, E. Y. Park, S. H. Shin, E.-C. Park
Nicotine & Tobacco Research.2012; 14(7): 816. CrossRef

2,475 View
39 Download
13 Crossref

Polypharmacy and Inappropriate Drug Prescription in Community-dwelling Elderly .: Jun Seok Lee, Jai Eun Lee, Ki Yun Jung, Seung Hyun Ma, Mee Young Kim, Sang Ho Yoo, Jong Lull Yoon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29(12):925-931. Published online December 10, 2008

Abstract
PDF

Background: Due to rapidly growing elderly population, there are increasing numbers of older persons with multiple chronic disorders and geriatric problems arising from polypharmacy. In this study we tried to find out the state of polypharmacy and inappropriate drug prescription and their related factors in community-dwelling elderly by review of drugs taken by older persons visiting a day health center. Methods: From April 2007 to July 2007, 80 subjects of 65 year-old or over with chronic illness who visited a elderly-wellness and health care center were randomly sampled. All of them were surveyed by structured questionnaires, medical records review, pill counts about all medications they are taking and experience of adverse drug reactions. And all the prescribed medications were reviewed or their drug prescription's appropriateness for each elderly according to Beers criteria. Data results were evaluated by frequency and correlation analyses. Results: The average counts of drugs taken by elderly with chronic disorders were 7.23, minimum 1 to maximum 27 drugs a day. Patients experienced more adverse effects significantly when more prescribed medications were taken (P=0.005), and patients with lack of information about their drugs had taken increased number of medications (P<0.001). Referred to Beers criteria, inappropriate cases of prescription were observed in 26 persons. Those drugs were NSAIDs including aspirin in 17 subjects (21%), amitrityline in 3 (4%), short-acting benzodiazepines in 3 (4%), long acting benzodiazepines in 2 (3%), and anticholinergic antihistamine in 1 (1%). Conclusion: Polypharmacy is very common in community-dwelling elderly with chronic disorders. More medications were related to more adverse drug reactions and lack of information about their drugs related to increased number of drug taking. High proportion of inappropriate drug prescriptions was observed in the elderly, which may have resulted from poor education concerning geriatric care of the medical personnels. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:925-931)

2,270 View
52 Download

Motivation and Time to Apply for Family Medicine Resident.: Se Jun Bak, Eun Jung Jo, Jae Eun Lee, Jun Seok Lee, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(12):931-936. Published online December 10, 2007

Abstract
PDF

Background
As of 2006, the residents of family medicine occupies about 9 percent among the total. However, expansion of more general practice doctors is in demand to conduct desirable general practice. Accordingly, this study was conducted to survey the motivation to apply for family medicine residency and the actual situation. Methods: A questionnaire survey of 862 residents of nationwide family medicine from June 2006 to July 2006 was performed via e-mails. Hospital, size, years, gender, age, university, career, time and motivation to apply, and existence and nonexistence of lecture in medical school or clinical practice of family medicine for students were reviewed. Results: Among the total, 415 (48.14%) residents from 72 training hospitals answered. For the motivation, 'the necessity to diagnose and treat various patients' was 53.49%, 'advantageous to start practice' was 21.93%, and 'relatively short training period' was 11.33%. For the time, during 'intern' was 49.40%, 'on getting a job' 16.63%, and as a 'student' 15.42%. When they had lectures of family medicine in medical school, decision made as a student was 19.93%, and during clinical practice was 21.61%. Conclusion: Among the reasons that motivated to apply for family medicine, 'the necessity to diagnose and treat various patients' was the biggest, which conforms to the training goal of Academy of Family Physicians. Since there is a tendency to select family medicine residency earlier when they are exposed to lectures of family medicine or clinical practices in medical school, the effort to expand substantial lectures and clinical practices is needed. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:931-936)

1,241 View
9 Download

The Difference of Smoking Rates before and after Hospital Admission.: Ho Lee, Byoung Kwan Lee, Se Jun Bak, Eun Jung Cho, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(7):556-560. Published online July 10, 2006

Abstract
PDF

Background
: The harmfulness of smoking is well known, but the smoking rate of adult males in Korea is still high. Therefore, we wanted to find out the factors related to smoking cessation among patients who had been admitted to hospital and to make an effective smoking cessation program.

Methods : We reviewed the medical records of patients who had been admitted to the department of internal medicine or orthopedic surgery of an hospital from January 25, 2005 to June 15, 2005. We enrolled 104 male patients who were smokers and gave them telephone interviews. Among them, 74 patients answered (71.2%).

Results : Among the subjects, 10 patients quit smoking and 64 smoked continuously. Age, duration and amount of smoking, past experiences of smoking cessation were not significantly different between the two groups. The patients who were admitted to the department of internal medicine (P=0.047) and advised from doctors to quit smoking (P=0.010) showed a high smoking cessation rate. The patients who were advised by doctors showed a higher rate of planning for smoking cessation, even though they were still smoking (P=0.001).

Conclusion : For smoking cessation in admission patient's, doctor's advice to quit smoking was important.

1,548 View
20 Download

The Prevalence of Hematuria and Proteinuria in School Children in Seoul.: Min Chang Cho, Jung Wan Kim, Yun Hee Kim, Ho Lee, Yun Ju Kang, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(3):170-174. Published online March 10, 2006

Abstract
PDF

Background
: Since 1998, mass urinary screening tests have been conducted in Korean school children. We analyzed the urinary screening test data gathered from the metropolitan city, Seoul, to identify the prevalence of persistent urine abnormalities.

Methods : The students were tested for hematuria and/or proteinuria using dipstick urinalysis. If the results were positive, the students were asked to visit a medical clinic to recheck urinalysis and in report their results.

Results : Among 1,337,210 students, who were screened with initial urinalysis, 10,871 students (proteinuria, 3,626 (0.27%); hematuria, 7,634 (0.57%); both, 389) were recommended to undergo second urinalysis in which 8,819 students (81.1%) did. Among them, 851 had persistent proteinuria and 2,618 had persistent hematuria. The results of the first urinalysis were scored based on the severity of hematuria and proteinuria from +1 to +4. Among all students 24.7% of the students who scored +1 and 40.4% who scored +3 proteinuria on the first test had persistent proteinuria, and 56.4% with both proteinuria and hematuria had persistent proteinuria on the second test. For hematuria, the more positive in the first test showed more prevalence of persistent hematuria. And 61.6% of students with both proteinuria and hematuria had persistent hematuria on the second test.

Conclusion : The presence of both hematuria and proteinuria seemed to be a powerful predictor for persistent abnormal urine finding. And the more positive response in the first test was related to persistent abnormal finding. Therefore we should follow up closely for those students with positive findings.

1,417 View
15 Download

Erectile Dysfunction and Risk Factors.: Se Hoon Lee, Hong Ji Song, Jung Jin Cho, Jong Lull Yoon, Se Ra Hong, Kyung Hee Park, Young Su Ju; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(8):603-609. Published online August 10, 2004

Abstract
PDF

Background
: Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been presented as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases. Earlier studies had revealed risk factors for erectile dysfunction, but the results are variable. We conducted this study to evaluate the association between various factors and ED.

Methods : The subjects were 403 men, over 20 years old, who visited a university hospital health promotion center from February to May 2003. They responded to 'the Korean version of 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5)'. The subjects were divided into ED group and normal group according to 'IIEF-5' score. We studied the association between ED and sociodemographic factors, smoking, exercise, depression, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and analysed stress and job stress in a subgroup who responded to the questionnaires.

Results : The mean age of subjects was 45.6±8.9 and 34.2% of the subjects had ED. The risk of ED increased 1.09 times per year (P＜0.01). Statistically significant association between ED and education level, income, occupation, smoking (P＜0.01), DM, and exercise (P＜0.05) was shown by univariate analysis, but not by multivariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, the risk of ED increased significantly in older age, lower educational group and severe depression (P＜0.01). Among 251 subjects who completed the Psychiatric Wellbeing Inventory- Short form, high risk of stress group wsa associated with high risk of ED by univariate analysis (P＜0.01) but this association did not exist in multivariate analysis. We could not find the association between ED and job stress.

Conclusion : The prevalence of ED was 34.2% among the subjects over 20 year-old and the risk of ED increased significantly in older age, lower educational group, and in subjects who had moderate to severe depression.

1,276 View
18 Download

A Selection and Translation of Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Primary Care Physician in Respiratory Disease Field.: Soo Young Kim, Inhong Hwang, Jong Lull Yoon, Jung Jin Cho, Young Ho Choi, Yong Gyun Rho, Yoo Sun Moon, Mee Young Kim, Yu Jin Paek, Hong Ji Song, Kyung Hee Park; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(3):205-215. Published online March 10, 2004

Abstract
PDF

Background
: One method for achieving medical practice to be more evident, especially in the field of primary care, is to encourage the use of clinical guidelines. If development of guidelines is difficult because of time and cost, an evidence based foreign guidelines can be selected and translated into Korean for application.

Methods : A team was formed, consisting of 11 family physician experts on evidence based medicine and clinical practice guidelines. We selected six respiratory diseases requiring clinical guidelines because of variability in practice. We searched several clinical practice guideline databases and selected one guideline according to currency, scope of guideline, whether it was evidence based, and its feasibility in the field of primay care. We translated selected guideline's full-texts or summaries which were done by authorized organization into Korean.

Results : The selected respiratory diseases were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumonia, sinusitis, rhinitis, and influenza. According to criterion, we selected GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) for chronic obstructive lung disease, GINA (Global initiative for asthma) for asthma, CDC (Center for disease control) guideline for influenza, IDSA (Infectious Diseases Society of America) guideline for pneumonia, AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) guideline for sinusitis, and JCAAI (Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology) for rhinitis.

Conclusion : We selected six common respiratory diseases and the most appropriate evidence based guidelines for those particular diseases.

1,390 View
15 Download

Verification of Job Description for Korean Family Physicians.: Hoon Ki Park, Jong Lull Yoon, Jae Ho Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(6):740-752. Published online June 30, 2002

1,222 View
13 Download

Causes and characteristics of the chest pain(in the chest-pain clinic).: Yong Sun Choi, Hye Sook Suh, Young Hoon Yoo, Hyung Soo Kim, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(10):1476-1483. Published online October 1, 2001

Abstract
PDF

Background
: Ischemic heart disease is the most important cause of the chest pain, and its frequency is increasing enormously. The purpose of this study is to find out the way of early detection and/or ruling out the cardiogenic chest pain by history taking.

Methods : From July 1996 to December 1999, 248 patients visited the chest-pain clinic and took the questionnaire about characteristics of the chest pain. And we found out the diagnosis that caused the chest pain. 46 patients of them were excluded because of the unreliable responses or uncertain diagnosis. So, we compared the characteristics of the chest pain with causes for 202 patients.

Results : The sex ratio of patients was 1.43:1(male:female). The average age was 41.8±14.0 for male and 47.3±14.8 for female. The causes of the chest pain were cardiogenic(23.2%), musculoskeletal(19.3%), psychogenic(14.8%), gastrointestinal(12.4%), and pulmonary disease(6.9%), patients with the past history of diabetes, hypertension, alcohol intake, or angina were more likely to have cardiac disease. Choking (O.R=2.19, C.I=1.08-4.44), splitting(O.R=3.38, C.I=1.24-9.21), or exploding pain (O.R=2.65, C.I=1.02-6.88) was more likely to be originated from cardiac disease. And patients with cardiogenic chest pain aggravated their symptoms by climbing the stairs (O.R=3.47, C.I=1.52-7.90). But, pricking pain(O.R=0.18, C.I=0.04-0.82) or chest pain associated with dyspepsia(O.R=0.16, C.I=0.04-069) was less likely to be originated from cardiac disease.

Conclusion : For detection and/or ruling out the cardiogenic chest pain, we have to check out characteristics of the pain, but also factors that associated with the pain or aggravating the pain.

1,298 View
15 Download

Job analysis of family physicians in Korea.: Hoon Ki Park, Jong Lull Yoon, Jae Ho Lee, Jee Hyuck Yim, Byung Wook Doh; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2001;22(6):811-827. Published online June 1, 2001

Abstract
PDF

Background
: The role and future of family physician are not yet clearly determined even when 20 years lapsed since its introduction to korea. This study was conducted to establish identity of family physician, to develop pragmatic. curriculum of training, and to sort out frame of certification exam by analysing the job of family physicians who were practicing in community.

Methods : We analysed the job of practicing family physician by using DACUM(Development of Curriculum) method from March 11, 2000 through March 12. Job analysis team was composed of five practitioners, four professors, one facilitator, and one scriber. Six sessions of 2 hours were mainly devoted to brain storming of the idea related to family physician.

Results : Job analysis results are as follows. Family physician was defined as "primary care physician who provides primary medical service continuously and comprehensively by offering individual patient and/or family health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment of common illness". Family physician had seven duties and 129 tasks. The duty of physical exam had 18 tasks, duty of test, 21 tasks, duty of treatment, 40 tasks, duty of health promotion and disease prevention, 15 tasks, duty of patient/client, management, 12 tasks, duty of clinic management, 15 tasks, and self-development, 8 tasks respectively. Number of tasks whose impotance was classified as 'A'(very important) were 43 as total, 3 in physical exam, 7 in test, 9 in treatment, 11 in health promotion and disease prevention, 2 in patient/client management, 9 in clinic management, and 2 in self-development respectively. Number of tasks whose difficulty was classified as 'A'(very dif-ficult) were 19 as total. 2 in physical exam, 7 in test, 7 in treatment, 1 in clinic management, and 2 in self-development respectively. Number of tasks whose frequency was classified as 'A'(very frequent) were 22 as total, 6 in physical exam, 1 in test 8 in treatment, 3 in health promotion and disease prevention, 3 in patient/client management, and 1 in clinic management respectively. Number of tasks which were required for entry level were 74 as total, 18 in physical exam, 14 in test, 29 in treatment, 9 in health promotion and disease prevention, 3 in patient/client management, and 1 in clinic management respectively.

Conclusion : Family physicians in Korea perform 7 duties and 129 tasks. Seventy four tasks are required to enter into the job.