Citations

• Developing a predictive equation of muscular age to evaluate muscle health in Chinese community-dwelling older women
  Xiaoguang Zhao, Jiabin Yu, Nan Liu
  Health Care for Women International.2023; 44(12): 1587.     CrossRef
• Effect of smoking status on spirometric lung age in adult Chinese Men
  Xiaoguang Zhao, Chenya Du
  Health & Social Care in the Community.2022; 30(4): 1384.     CrossRef
• Comparison of periodontal status and salivary IL-15 and -18 levels in cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems
  Dena Ali, Isaac Kuyunov, Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss, Toshinari Mikami
  BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A pilot randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of a ‘lung age’ intervention on smoking cessation: study protocol
  Imran Muhammad, Wenqi Mok, Hai Moy Toh, Daniel Sii, Wenru Wang
  Journal of Advanced Nursing.2015; 71(10): 2426.     CrossRef

Background
: The prevalence of smoking has declined continuously in the developed countries since 1960 due to various antismoking policies, but that remains high in Korea. The surveys of smoking habits of physicians are rare as compared with those of general populations in Korea. In this situation, we surveyed to obtain the basic data for the antismoking activities by the survey of family physicians' smoking patterns who are primarily contact with patients.

Methods : To investigate the smoking habits of family physicians, a qustionnaire was mailed two times in July 1993 to 2,528 family physicians who are legistrated in the Korean Academy of family Medicine. After we excepted 37 incomplete questionnaires among 1,122 respondents, we analysed 1,085 complete questionnaires by the classification of cigarette smoking status and speciality status.

Results : Among the total respondents of 1,085, family residents were 13.9% and family specialists were 86.1%. The sex ratio of residents was 1.7:1 and specialists 4.6:1. The proportion of nonsmoker, ex-smoker and smoker were 38.3%, 35.1% and 26.6% respectivly. And the proportion of male smokers among the residents and specialists were 53.6% and 30.5% respectively. The smokers had 84.0% of smokers in their family. The most common reason for the initiation of smoking was curiosity(45.0%) and the differences of reason between ex-smokers and smokers were statistically significant. 46.9% of all smokers daily consumed less than 15 cigarettes and the amount of daily smoking by ex-smokers was significantly much more than that by smokers. 42.3% of smokers took first morning smoking within 30 minutes after getting up and it was sigificantly higher than that of ex-smokers. Of the why test for smoking patterns, stress solution(30.3%) was the most common reason for smoking among all smokers, and by the smoking behavior, nicotine dependence was the highest in smokers but stress solution was the highest in ex-smokers and by the duty, stress solution was the highest in residents but nicotine dependence was the highest in specialists. Smokers who had ever tried to quit smoking were 78.5% of smokers and health problem was the most common reason to quit smoking. Most of nicotine withdrawal symptom peaked in 2 to 4 days after quitting and this prevalence was 49.8% of all smokers. The drinking habit of smokers was poor compared to the others and the habit of health promotion of ex-smokers was good compared to the others.

Conclusion : The smoking habits of family physicians was better than those of the general population but those of male physicians, especially male residents were worse than females. Recognizing the core of primary care, the family physician shoud make efforts to quit smoking for themselves so that their exemplary role contributes to patient's smoking behaviour and assists patients to quit smoking.

Background
: Obesity level and fat distribution are thought to be the risk factors of hypertension, Diabetus Mellitus, and hyperlipideman. But diagnositc methods and criteria of obesity are various. In this study, the impact of obesity level and fat distribution to blood pressure,blood glucose, and serum lipids alipoproteins were evaluated, using new diagnostic method and criteria of obesity mixed with standard weight and body mass index(BMI), and waist-to-hip circumference ratio(WHR).

Methods : This study was carried out with 902 individuals who had no specific past history and no abnormal laboratory data in 1330 individuals who visited 'Soon Chun Hyng Human Dock Center' from May to June 1993. Subjects were checked sex, age, height, weight, waist circumferece, hip circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, oral glucose tolerance test after 1 hour, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low density liporotein cholesterol. Relationship of obesity level and fat distribution to blood pressure, blood glucose, and serum lipids and lipoproteins were evaluated after adjustment for age and BMI.

Results : Four groups by new diagnostic method and criteria of obesity were compared after adjustment for age. Blood pressure, blood sugar, and serum lipids and lipoproteins were significantly different in men, but only diastolic blood pressure and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly different in women. Two groups by WHR were compared after adjustment for age and BMI. Fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly different in men, but only blood pressure was significantly different in women.

Conclusion : New diagnostic method of obesity is valuable for that mixed BMI and Doqquei's obesity index(standard weight÷22X(height(m))²) that is relatively normal distribution, and similar with BMI in distribution. Although somewhat different results were shown in men and women group, obesity level and fat distribution are thought to be the risk factors of hypertension, Diabetus Mellitus, and hyperlipidemia.

Background
: Korea is an endemic area of viral hepatitis B, and the hepatitis B vaccine has been made and broadly prescibed since last decade. There have been a lof of studies and arguments to select proper indications, injection times, and interval for boaster injections. Among those, there have been arguments that it is better to test not only HBs antigen and anti-HBs, but also anti-HBc is more susceptible to viral hepatitis B and should be vaccinated. Previous studies have shown high rate of anti-HBs formation among only anti-HBc positive persons after three injections of hepatitis B vaccine. In this sutdy, authours selected persons with only anti-HBc positive, vaccinated once to the case group and compared the anti-HBs formation rate and titer ar more than 6 months after vaccination among the case and control groups.

Methods : Among the patients visited Department of Family Medicine in Kyung Hee Medical Center, we selected persons with no history of jaundice, hepatitis, blood transfusion, or heptitis B vaccination with normal AST, ALT and ALP level, and with only anti-HBc positive viral marker. The selected persons were divided by their opinion into case and control group. After then hepatitis B vaccine was injected to the case group and no vaccine was injected to the control group. More than six months later, the rate of anti-HBs formation, the titer of anti-HBs and the liver function test were checked and compared among the two groups.

Results : The anti-HBs formation rate in the case group was 68%(17 of 25 persons), and the rate in the control group was 9.5%(2 of 21 persons). So the former was significantly higher than the latter(P<0.01). Among the case group, the rate of nonresponder was 32%, low responder was 24%, intermediate responder was 28%, and high responder(anamnestic response) was 16%. There were no cases showing the positive conversion of HBsAg, the negative conversion of anti-HBc, or abnormal liver function test.

Conclusion : The persons with only anti-HBc positive viral marker with normal liver function were higher rate of anti-HBs formation in case gorup comparing to the control group after one hepatitis B vaccination, and so, they should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccination schedule for this group is to vaccination once and evaluate the titer of anti-HBs. If the anti-HBs titer shows anamnestic response, no more vaccination is needed and if the anti-HBs titer dosen't show anamnestic response, vaccination should be continued as usual schedule. But considering the cost-effectiveness, it would be better to vaccinate three times without the evaluation of anti-HBs titer.