Citations

• Factors impacting a patient’s selection of an otolaryngologist
  Katelin R. Keenehan, Amanda G. Baanante, Arunima Vijay, Gaayathri Varavenkataraman, Michele M. Carr, Gauri Mankekar
  PLOS One.2025; 20(12): e0338793.     CrossRef
• Video feedback combined with peer role-playing: a method to improve the teaching effect of medical undergraduates
  Jiwu Wang, Birong Wang, Dan Liu, Yiqun Zhou, Xin Xing, Xianggui Wang, Wei Gao
  BMC Medical Education.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Communication skills utilized by physicians in the pediatric outpatient setting
  T. Lee, E. C. Lin, H. C. Lin
  BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Assessing effective physician-patient communication skills: “Are you listening to me, doc?”
  Anthony C. Berman, Darryl S. Chutka
  Korean Journal of Medical Education.2016; 28(2): 243.     CrossRef
• Assessors for communication skills: SPs or healthcare professionals?
  Siaw-Cheok Liew, Susmita Dutta, Jagmohni Kaur Sidhu, Ranjit De-Alwis, Nicole Chen, Chew-Fei Sow, Ankur Barua
  Medical Teacher.2014; 36(7): 626.     CrossRef
• Educational Interventions Need to Be Defined Precisely
  Kieran Walsh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2013; 34(3): 226.     CrossRef

Citations

• The Importance of the South Korean Primary Care Group and the Korean Primary Care Assessment Tool: Is It Possible to Sample the Whole Country?
  Erno Harzheim, Luiz Felipe Pinto, Otávio Pereira D’Avila, Lisiane Hauser
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(2): 183.     CrossRef
• Comparison of patient perceptions of primary care quality across healthcare facilities in Korea: A cross-sectional study
  Yongjung Cho, Heeyoung Chung, Hyundeok Joo, Hyung Jun Park, Hee-Kyung Joh, Ji Won Kim, Jong-Koo Lee, Wen-Jun Tu
  PLOS ONE.2020; 15(3): e0230034.     CrossRef
• Primary Care Comprehensiveness Can Reduce Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalization in People with Hypertension in South Korea
  Nak-Jin Sung, Yong-Jun Choi, Jae-Ho Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(2): 272.     CrossRef
• Patients' Perceived Quality of Family Physicians' Primary Care with or without 'Family Medicine' in the Clinic Name
  Ka Young Kim, Kangjin Lim, Eal Whan Park, Eun Young Choi, Yoo Seock Cheong
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(5): 303.     CrossRef
• Finding the Primary Care Providers in the Specialist-Dominant Primary Care Setting of Korea: A Cluster Analysis
  Jin Yong Lee, Sang Jun Eun, Hyun Joo Kim, Min-Woo Jo, David W. Dowdy
  PLOS ONE.2016; 11(8): e0161937.     CrossRef
• General practitioners versus other physicians in the quality of primary care: a cross-sectional study in Guangdong Province, China
  Yaming Zou, Xiao Zhang, Yuantao Hao, Leiyu Shi, Ruwei Hu
  BMC Family Practice.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Primary care research in South Korea: its importance and enhancing strategies for enhancement
  Yu-Il Kim, Jee Young Hong, Kyoungwoo Kim, Eurah Goh, Nak-Jin Sung
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2013; 56(10): 899.     CrossRef
• Patient assessment of primary care under the Designated Practice Scheme for Medical Aid beneficiaries, using the Korean Primary Care Assessment Tool (K-PCAT): a district of Seoul, South Korea
  Jae-Ho Lee, Yong-Jun Choi, Ji-Sook Choi, Sera Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2012; 55(2): 187.     CrossRef

Background
Gastroscopy is the useful method to detect the upper gastrointestinal condition, but examinee have recognized it as the procedure causing the discomfort and anxiety. This study was conducted to identify the factors related to pre-procedural anxiety for gastroscopy .Methods: From 9th March to 12th June 2009, Data were collected from 463 examinee undergone gastroscopy at a health promotion center of a university hospital by self-administered questionnaires about general characteristics (age, sex, education state, economic state, family history of gastric cancer), gastrointestinal symptom, histroy of gastrointestinal disease, sedated gastroscopy and previous experience of gastroscopy. Before gastroscopy procedure, pre-procedural anxiety was assessed using 20-items by Korean version of Spielberger State Triat Anxiety Inventory Form-Y (STAI-Y).Results: The mean score of pre-procedural state anxiety was 38.1 ± 10.2 in all participants. The mean score was the most highest in participants who had no previous experience of gastroscopy and would perform non-sedated gastroscopy as 42.1 ± 10.3. Factors related to pre-procedural anxiety were female (odds ratio [OR], 3.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94 to 4.64), low education state (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.71) and the previous experience of gastroscopy (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.88). Among participants who had the previous experienced gastroscopy, female (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.97 to 5.22), low education state (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.06 to 3.02) and the good tolerance at previous gastroscopy (OR, 0.35; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.59) were related to pre-procedural anxiety. Conclusion: In health check examinee, female, low education state and the no previous experience of gastroscopy were related to pre-procedural anxiety. Endoscopists should be provide efforts to lower pre-procedural anxiety in those subjects as to increase effectiveness of interventions.

Citations

• Anxiety, Nursing Satisfaction Level, and Experience of Users of The General Health Checkup Center: A Mixed Methods Study
  Eun Kook Kim, Hyejin Hyun, Yeon Jeong Heo
  Journal of Korean Association for Qualitative Research.2024; 9(3): 242.     CrossRef
• Translation and validation of modified dental anxiety scale based on adult Taiwan population
  Chia-Shu Lin, Chen-Yi Lee, Shih-Yun Wu, Li-Ling Chen, Kun-Tsung Lee, Min-Ching Wang, Tze-Fang Wang
  BMC Oral Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effect of Behavioral Relaxation Training on Distress and Cancer Screening Intention of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
  Hyo Yeon Nam, Hyung Wha Shim
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2019; 25(4): 414.     CrossRef

Background
Understanding lung sound is important physical examination of chest. We studied to identify the state of the understanding, the education and the self-learning experience for lung sound's interpretation during the residentship training period. Methods: Data were collected from 45 family medicine residents who had trained in Daegu and Gyeongbuk from April 1st to May 31th 2008. Residents completed self-administered questionnaire about the education and the self-learning experience for lung sound's interpretation and had been estimated the understanding of lung sound by using the audio file of five lung sounds. Results: The median score (inter-quartile range, IQR) of lung sound's interpretation was 2 (1, 3) between 0 and 5 range. The number of residents who were educated for the interpretation of lung sounds during the training period were 10 (22.2%). Twenty-four (53.3%) had the self-learning experience for lung sounds. Conclusion: The understanding for lung sounds of family medicine residents in Daegu, Gyeungbuk was not high and the majority of residents were not educated the interpretation of lung sounds during the training period. Directors of family medicine should consider to make the regular education program for interpretation of lung sound during the training period.

Background
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is a very important method to detect gastroduodenal lesions. But the investigation might be delayed due to its own discomfort and anxiety. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of relaxation music on relief of anxiety and physical discomfort during unsedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Methods: From March 3 to May 14 2009, 104 clients who have undergone unsedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy more than once in the past were enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive either relaxation music (music, N = 52) or no music (control, N = 52) before esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The subjects recorded their anxiety and physical discomfort about latest and today endoscopy by visual analogue scale (VAS). At pre and post music listening, systolic, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Results: There was a significant difference of anxiety VAS between music and control group (music, decrease 1.1 ± 2.1; control, increase 0.0 ± 1.9; P = 0.008). Throat discomfort VAS was not significant (music, decrease 0.9 ± 1.8; control, decrease 0.5 ± 2.7; P = 0.33). Dyspnea VAS decreased in both groups (music, 0.6 ± 2.2; control, 0.4 ± 2.5; P = 0.68). Nausea & vomitting VAS also decreased in both group (music, 0.9 ± 2.2; control, 1.1 ± 2.1, P = 0.71). There were no significant vital sign changes premusic and postmusic, In both group vital signs increased. Mean differences of systolic pressure(1.0 ± 11.4 vs. 1.6 ± 11.1) and diastolic pressure (0.7 ± 7.3 vs. 1.3 ± 5.7) were lower in music group, and mean difference of heart rate (1.8 ± 9.5 vs. 1.5 ± 8.0) was lower in control group. But There were no significant vital sign changes premusic and postmusic (each P = 0.8, P = 0.62, P = 0.89). Conclusion: Listening relaxation music before unsedated esophagogastroduodenoscopy may reduced anxiety.

Citations

• Effectiveness of Non-pharmacological Interventions for Reducing Anxiety in Endoscopy and Colonoscopy Procedures: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
  Ernesto Calderon Martinez, Patricia Ghattas Hasbun, Joceline Isabel Almeida Hidalgo, Vanessa Pamela Salolin Vargas, Lautaro Manuel Floridia Rietmann, Mariela Denise Fermin Madera, Camila Sanchez Cruz, Ajay Kumar, Barbara Abreu Lopez, Raj patel, Manesh Kum
  Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2026; 71(4): 1358.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Behavioral Relaxation Training on Distress and Cancer Screening Intention of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
  Hyo Yeon Nam, Hyung Wha Shim
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2019; 25(4): 414.     CrossRef

Background
A previous Korean study recommended minimal 50 cases of Esophgogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to achieve technical competency, based on director's opinion. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the achievement of EGD's technical skills during the first 50 EGD cases. Methods: The data were collected from the first 50 EGDs consecutively performed by six family medicine residents trained the EGD procedure in one residency program from 2004 to 2006. Technical competency of the EGD procedure was evaluated in 4 steps divided with anatomical landmarks (the gastroesophageal junction, the antrum, the fundus of the stomach, and the second portion of the duodenum). Authors measured the procedure time of EGDs performed by residents in 4 steps and calculated the rate of success cases satisfied with author's own criteria made by procedure time. Results: The success rate of EGD procedure in all steps was 26.7% at 10 EGDs, but sharply increased to 80.0% at 30 EGDs, reached 88.0% at 50 EGDs. Fail to perform esophageal intubation and retroversion to the fundus of the stomach was none after 30 EGDs. However, in steps from gastroesphageal junction to the antrum of the stomach and from the antrum of the stomach to the second portion of the duodenum, the failure rate kept up less than 10% during the first 50 EGDs. A statistically significant reduction of the procedure time in success cases was observed between 20 and 30 EGDs in all steps. Conclusion: The technical competency of EGD was achieved approximately 90% during the first consecutive 50 EGDs.

Citations

• Technical skills and training of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for new beginners
  Seung-Hwa Lee, Young-Kyu Park, Sung-Min Cho, Joon-Koo Kang, Duck-Joo Lee
  World Journal of Gastroenterology.2015; 21(3): 759.     CrossRef

Abdominal pain is one of the most common symptoms we encounter in primary care clinics, and the patients being hospitalized for abdominal pain account for 5-6% of all the inpatients. Careful history taking and physical exams are always necessary for the diagnosis of patients having abdominal pain, because their problems may be transient and insignificant but also can be severe. For the elderly patients, common causes of abdominal pain are unspecific abdominal pain, functional disease, constipation, kidney stone, urinary tract infection, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary tract disease, acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peptic ulcer, intestinal obstruction, mesenteric ischemia, malignant tumor, gastroenteritis, etc. and myofacscial pain can also be the cause. We treated an elderly female patient who had suffered severe abdominal pain due to myofascial pain syndrome of the iliopsoas muscle undiagnosed for over 3 years. Therefore we report this case with review of several literatures.

Background
Freshmen maladaptation to university life has brought a lot of attention recently. Therefore, we intended to investigate about the relationship between anxiety, depression, stress and freshmen adaptation to university life. Methods: We recruited 861 freshmen of a university located in Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk, and measured their degree of anxiety, depression, and stress by questionnaire from March 10 to 14, 2008. After 8 weeks, we examined their adaptation to university life by questionnaire and fi nally, analyzed the data of 600 freshmen. Results: Among the freshmen, 285 (47.5%) had anxiety, 95 (15.8%) depression, and 70 (11.7%) stress. Adaptation to university life significantly associated with college-entrance exam experience, the number of close friends in class, willingness to join the club, major satisfaction and distance from the university to hometown, in addition to anxiety, depression, and stress. Risk factors of maladaptation to university life were stress (odds ratio: 2.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.60 to 4.45), depression (2.45; 1.56 to 3.84), one experience of college entrance exam (1.83; 1.24 to 2.69), anxiety (1.73; 1.27 to 2.37) and fewer than 5 close friends (1.60; 1.17 to 2.20). Short distance from the university to hometown (0.72; 0.53 to 0.98), willingness to join the club (0.60; 0.41 to 0.87) and major satisfaction (0.42; 0.29 to 0.61) were identifi ed as lowering the risk of maladaptation to university life. Conclusion: Anxiety, depression, and stress closely related to freshmen adaptation to university life. During freshmen's health examination, we need to identify the degree of anxiety, depression and stress in order to predict maladaptation to university life.

Citations

• Mapping the relationship between perceived involution and subjective well-being in Chinese university students: a network analysis across gender and grade levels
  Chen Li
  Frontiers in Psychology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Study of the Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health of Shandong University Students Studying Music Education
  Keyun Xu , Jareeporn Chotipiboonsub, Naranan x Naranan Suriyamanee
  International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews.2024; 4(3): 397.     CrossRef
• Coming Back to Campus: Factors Contributing Post-COVID-19 Adjustment of University Students
  Cemre Yavuz Şala, Sema Nur Toker, Kübra Berber, Esra Ece Taşkın, Ecem Çiçek Habeş, Müge Artar
  Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.2024; 44(3): 2059.     CrossRef
• Development of a College Life Adaptation Program for Freshman Student-Athletes
  Sang-hyun Kwon
  Korean Journal of Sport Science.2021; : 271.     CrossRef
• A Study on Relationship Between Psychological Symptoms and College Adjustment of College Students: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Strength Knowledge and Strength Use
  Jung-Hee LEE, Mi-Na KO
  JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2019; 31(2): 489.     CrossRef
• A predictive model of suicidal ideation in Korean college students
  Geunmyun Kim, Sunkyung Cha
  Public Health Nursing.2018; 35(6): 490.     CrossRef
• Effects of Self-Criticism on Social Anxiety among College Students:Focus on Moderating Effects of Self-Foriveness
  Sae-Young Han, Ah-reum Han, No-eul Yun
  Family and Environment Research.2017; 55(6): 637.     CrossRef
• Development and application of a team building program focused on adaptation to college life and new team of freshmen student-athletes
  Jaesub Choi, Sanghyun Kwon, Jaewook Hwang
  Korean Journal of Sport Science.2017; : 1046.     CrossRef
• How different are premedical freshmen who enter after introducing a multiple mini-interview in a medical school?
  Do-Hwan Kim, Jinyoung Hwang, Eun Jeong Kim, Hyun Bae Yoon, Jwa-Seop Shin, Seunghee Lee
  Korean Journal of Medical Education.2014; 26(2): 87.     CrossRef
• Validation and Psychometric Properties of Academic Major Satisfaction Scale Among Korean College Students
  Laurent Sovet, Miriam Sang-Ah Park, Sungcheol Jung
  Social Indicators Research.2014; 119(2): 1121.     CrossRef

Residents in family medicine often have difficulty of gathering to have a conference when they are sent to different hospitals according to training programs. From 2001, for resident conference of family medicine in pohang hospital and gyeongju hospital, dongguk university medical center, an Internet-based video conference system was used for video conferences. The Internet-based video conferences for the members who work at difference hospitals had the same effects as they gather at one place. In addition, the participants could lower the burden of preparing the presentation, listen to the presentation lively, and have a discussion with questions and answers immediately, enhancing the efficiency of conferences. They also could have a sense of affinity as they talk face to face. We reported this case as the application cases and effects of Internet-based video conferences. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:375-378)

Background
There are incoherent studies about the effect of night shift work on circadian diurnal rhythms of cardiovascular parameters. Our study aimed to assess the alteration of circadian diurnal rhythms of cardiovascular parameters by night shift work. Methods: We studied 26 healthy nurse volunteers engaged in 3 shift work. From March 16 to April 30, 2006, ABPM (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) was performed to each nurse two times during the day and night shift. Three nurses were excluded due to pain omdiced by ABPM. Blood pressure and heart rate was monitored every 30 minutes. Paired T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean arterial pressure, the mean systolic pressure, the mean heart rate and the mean pulse pressure during the overall period were significantly higher in the night shift than the day shift (P-value: ＜0.05, ＜0.001, ＜0.05, and ＜0.001, respectively). The mean arterial pressure, the mean diastolic pressure and the mean heart rate during in-hospital working period were significantly higher in the day shift (P-value: ＜0.05, ＜0.001, and ＜0.05, respectively). All parameters during the daytime sleep period after the night shift were significantly higher than during the nighttime sleep period after the day shift (P-values: ＜0.001). Proportional percentile falls of 3 parameters (systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and heart rate) during the daytime sleep period after the night shift were significantly less than during the nighttime sleep period after the day shift (P-values: ＜0.001). Conclusion: The night shift work caused significant alteration in homeostasis of autonomic nervous system associated with circadian diurnal rhythms of cardiovascular parameters. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28: 187-194)

Background
: Family practice academic dissertations are the product of family practice research in the school of medicine. This paper was intended to evaluate the status of family practice academic dissertations, analyze the basic data and suggest directions for family practice research in the school of medicine.

Methods : The total number of masters' and doctoral dissertations from 1992 to February, 2005 was 124. of those, 120 were collected. They were analyzed in terms of research area, subjects, collected data, methodology, and statistical methods.

Results : In terms of research area, health promotion/ disease prevention was the most common (42.5%). For study subjects, out-patients and in-hospital patients were the most prevalent (38.0%), followed by health promotion center visitors and community residents (28.7%). When it came to research methodology, analytic study was the most common by a wide margin (70.8%). Among analytic studies, cross-sectional studies were the most frequent, followed by case-control studies and cohort studies. The most commonly-used data were medical records and questionnaires.

Conclusion : Many advances have been made in research methodology and academic dissertation numbers since 1992. Many research topics, however, were not relevant to primary care. Much research was done in general hospital instead of primary-care facilities. These results must improve in the future.

Background
: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker is usually recommended for hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus. No reports have been made on antihypertensive agents prescribed for these patients in private practice.

Methods : During a one month period of December 2004, 169 hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus on their prescribed antihypertensive agents by ten family physicians were analyzed. The influencing factors for such prescriptions were analyzed by directly visiting each physicians who prescribed them.

Results : A total of 21 antihypertensive agents were prescribed by these family physicians. Single calcium channel blocker therapy was the most common with 55 cases (32.5%), followed by 20 cases (11.8%) of single angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy and 16 cases of single therapy of Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. The low frequency of prescribing the Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker was due to insufficient effect (7), lack of information (5), resistance from the patients from changing the medications (4) and expensive costs (4).

Conclusion : In prescribing antihypertensive agents for patients with diabetes mellitus, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker were chosen less. In order to decrease the incidence of complications in these patients, such agents should be prescribed more.

Background
: Real performance in practice is one of the criteria by which residency training program can be evaluated. We surveyed the difficult problems in which family physicians underwent in their practices after a university hospital training program to evaluate our family physician training program.

Methods : The study subjects were all physicians who fulfilled our family physician residency training program in a university hospital from February 1993 to February 1999. Data on facing difficult problems were collected via questionnaire which was distributed in advance and answered by practicing physicians. The study period was the first week of each month from March 1999 to December 1999.

Results : The participating physicians were 13 among 20. Total collected cases were 179. The reasons why family physicians faced difficulty in their practices were persistent symptoms of patients, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and facilities, vague symptoms, multiple symptoms of patients, low compliance, negative feelings, and patients' economic problems. Common difficult problems were abdominal pain (15), low back pain (14), cough (14), arthralgia and myalgia (12), skin rash (11), dyspnea (8), multiple somatic complaints (8), otitis media (7), nasal stuffiness (6), and dizziness (6) among 179 cases. Rare diseases comprised 22.2% of difficult problems.

Conclusion : The problems of difficulty that family physicians faced in their practices were persistent symptoms of chronic diseases despite active treatment, lack of knowledge and skills in differential diagnosis of acute illness, and rare diseases in the communities.

Background
: We assessed the suitability of patients' education materials made by KAFM (Korean Academy of Family Medicine) to suggest guidelines for making more efficient education materials.

Methods : The Korean version of SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials) was used to evaluate patients' education materials of KAFM. The Korean version was modified within the centext of Korean language and culture by 3 family medicine specialists. We evaluated all materials which had been made up to October, 2003. Each item of evaluation criteria was assessed and agreed by 3 family medicine specialists.

Results : The total number of evaluated materials as 51. The average SAM score was 40.2% and its range was 22∼78%. The materials on 'Early detection and self examination of breast cancer', 'Back muscle exercise for back pain patients', and 'Treatment and management of hypertension' received high scores. The materials on 'TIA', 'Alcohol and liver', and 'Children's constipation' received low scores. Two materials (3.9%) were judged excellent, 18 (35.3%) adequate, and 31 (60.8%) not adequate. The criteria for each item such as learning aids via road signs, layout factors, and typography received high scores. The criteria for each item such as summary or review included, 'context is given first', 'cover graphic shows purpose', relevance of illustrations, and 'caption used for graphics' received low scores.

Conclusion : The items such as 'learning aids via road signs', 'layout factors', and 'typography' received high scores in the evaluation of patients' education materials by SAM criteria. There were also weak points noted about unclear purpose, less description about behavior change, irrelevance of illustrations, and lack of learning stimulation and motivation.

Background
: Many factors are related to smoking cessation. Smoking types may play an important role. Our study is to find out whether smoking types are truly related to smoking cessation rate and smoking cessation trial rate.

Methods : We evaluated via questionnaire 433 male workers at a company who visited health promotion center at a university hospital. 'Why test' was used to analyze smoking types.

Results : Out of 433 workers, we excluded 89 workers who had never smoked before, and 29 workers who answered incompletely to the questionnaire. Among 315 workers evaluated, stimulation type was 43 cases, handling type 10 cases, pleasure/relaxation type 26 cases, crutch/tension type 114 cases, craving/addiction type 45 cases, and habit type 6 cases. Smoking cessation success rates were 15.7%, 25.0%, 30.0%, 13.3%, 23.5% and 0.0%, respectively, for each type among smoking cessation trial group. Smoking cessation success rate was 65.6% in a group who did not belong to any specific type.

Conclusion : Smoking cessation rates were higher in handling type, pleasure/relaxation types and craving/ addiction type among 6 smoking types. People who did not belong to any specific type showed the highest smoking cessation rate.

Candida was found in the oral cavity, jejunum, and ileum of the healthy population.
In case of alimentary tract, the factors of favorable to candida colonization include old age,
malnutrition, diabetes, burns, trauma, surgical operations, parenteral nutrition, intravascular or
bladder catheterization, H2-blocker therapy, steroid therapy, immunosuppresive treatment and
the use of wide spectrum antibiotics: however, gastrointestinal candida colonization is rarely
found in the healthy adult. No case of duodenal ulcer with candidiasis has been reported in
healthy people. Recently we experienced a case of asymptomatic duodenal ulcer with
candidiasis in a healthy male, who had taken H2-blocker and proton pump inhibitor for 3
months after primary closure of duodenal ulcer perforation. Therefore we report this case with
review of several literatures.

Background
: Upper gastrointestinal symptoms is the one of the most frequent symptom in primary medicine, those manifestations are various and can not find the cause in many cases. In Korea the management patterns for upper gastrointestinal symptoms are using drug store. oriental medicine, folk methods, diet therapy in addition to medical service. We have investigated the behavioral patterns for the control of upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

Methods : The authors surveyed the patients who had visited Dong-guk university Kyung-ju hospital with upper gastrointestinal symptoms from April 1 to Jun 30 in 2000.

Results : 269 questionnaires were collected and among them 247 completed ones were analysed. 112 subjects were used medical service only(45.3%(, 135 subjects were used alternative methods also(54.7%). Among the 135 subjects who used alternative methods, 60 visited to drug store(44.4%), 36 took oriental medicine(26.7%), 18 used folk herbal remedy(26.7) 5 used diet therapy(3.7%) 16 used folk manual therapy(11.9%), most commonly. Women more commonly used alternative methods(P<0.01). By occupation, housewives more commonly used alternative methods and specialists less commonly used alternative methods. There were no significant difference between two groups in other general characteristics, most severe symptom, cost, satisfaction.

Conclusion : We find the behavioral patterns for relieving upper gastrointestinal symptoms are using alternative methods(drum store, oriental medicine, folk herbal remedy, folk manual therapy, diet therapy) in addition to using medical service. Women and housewives more commonly used alternative methods, and specialist less commonly used alternative methods.

Background
: Hepatitis B is an important disease in South Korea because the prevalence is high. There are two officially-granted hepatitis B vaccination schedules; 0, 1, 2-month schedule (not, 0, 1, 2, 12-month schedule) and 0, 1, 6-month schedule. This study was performed to compare vaccination completion rate between the two schedules.

Methods : The study subjects were all subjects who came to the City Medical Center to receive their first hepatitis vaccination dose from March to September, 1998. On odd-numbered day, 0, 1, 2-month schedule was delivered and on even-numbered day 0, 1, 6-month schedule was deliv-ered. On the first visit, the data about general characteristics were collected via self-administered questionnaire. Whether three vaccination doses were all received or not was ascertained by vaccination registration book. The subjects whose vaccination completion could not be ascertained by the book were called by telephone. The data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS-PC.

Results : Total collected cases were 822. Among them, 99 cases were excluded from analysis due to reasonable incompletion (11), incorrect inclusion (9) and impossible confirmation (79), which left 723 cases. General characteristics between two groups were not different except the existence of intrafamilial hepatitis carrier. The hepatitis B vaccination completion rate was higher in 0, 1, 2 -month schedule (85.4%) than in 0, 1, 6-month schedule (76.1%) only in the cases without intrafamilial hepatitis B carrier member.

Conclusion : The completion rate of heatitis B vaccination was higher in 0, 1, 2-month schedule than 0, 1, 6-month schedule in the cases without intrafamilial hepatitis B carrier member.

Background
: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD) is a useful diagnostic procedure and an important basic skill in family practice residency program. But currently we have no guidelines for EGD training in family practice residency program.

Methods : In March 1999, we mailed a self-administered questionnaire to the residency directors of all KAFM-accredited family practice residency program. 63 out of 109 programs responded to the questionnaire(57.8%)/

Results : Among the total of 63 hospitals that responded to the questionnaire, secondary hospitals were 55.6% and tertiary or university hospitals were 44.4%. 98.4% reported that their residents receive training to perform EGD. 57.1% of the total received training to perform EGD during internal medicine training. EGD was performed by family physicians in 38.1% of total family practice residency programs. In the mjority of these programs(34.9%, cumulative percent 74.6%), the minimal requirements for technical skills in EGD training were 50 cases and for both technical skills and cognitive skills at least 100 cases of EGD(41.3%, cumulative percent 79.3% was necessary). The most difficult component during EGD procedure seemed to be esophageal intubation followed by retroflexed maneuver and entering the pylorus in series.

Conclusion : To perform EGD in primary care, it is required for trainee to perform at least 50 cases of EGD under supervision in a family practice residency program.

Background
: Current research indicates that smoking among young adults tends to persist into later life. Furthermore, numerous studies have proven the harmful effects of female smoking on their offspring. These trends have produced a wide variety of(social, medical and economic) problems. This study is aimed at obtaining basic information to help prevent potential smokers from trying their first cigarette as well as to instruct to stop smoking. This study involves the following:1) investigating general factors affecting the smoking status of college students in addition to the deterents to smoking b) seeking to understand the familial influence on smoking status c) researching how smokers, exsmokers and nonsmokers perceive their familial influence on their smoking status.

Methods : In June 1998, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 800 students of two junior colleges by random sampling in Po'hang. 720 were returned and 642 displayed adequate responses. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and EXCEL software.

Results : Among the total of 642 subjects studied, 220 were males(34.3%) and 422 females(65.7%). Of the male subjects 149(67%) were smokers, 64(21%) were ex-smokers and 25(11.3%) were non-smokers. Of the female subjects 22(5.2%) were smokers, 399(92.9%) were ex-smokers and 11(2.6%) were non-smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was as follows:79 subjects(46.2%) smoked 10-20 cigarettes, 55(33.2%) smoked less than 10 and 37(21.6%) smoked more than a pack of cigarette. When considering the related factors which affect student smoking, it is evident that there is a growing tendency toward smoking among male students when they have close friends who are smokers and who consume alcohol on a weekly basis. About the motives of smoking, there was a significant difference between the following two cases. Those(36.2%) who successfully quit smoking had started to smoke through solicitation by friends, but only 2.7% were successful if they had started to smoke to relieve stress. When it comes to the influence of familial factors on successful versus unsuccessful attempts to quit smoking, the status of family smokers, whether or not smokers made their habit obvious to family members an whether or not the family allowed smoking did not have any noticeable statistical difference between continuation of smoking and smoking cessation. However there was an obvious difference among ex-smokers, non-smokers and smokers when they responded as to whether or not their family had an effect on smoking status and smoking cessation: ex-smokers(38.4%), non-smokers(30.6%) and smokers(17.0%).

Conclusion : In the light of the related factors attributed to the continuation of smoking in this study, it was revealed that there was a higher possibility of current smoking when the subjects were a male and have close friends who smoked and had a higher of average alcohol consumption. This study also indicated that the continued smoking rate was higher among individuals who started smoking because of stress than those who began smoking as a result of peer pressure. There was no significant relationship between smoking status and familial influence on smoking cessation between smokers an ex-smokers, but ex-smokers and non-smokers had more awarness of familial influence than smokers.

Background
: It is an important task to give adequate nutritions to infants and to wean properly for rapid growth during infancy. Adequate behavior requires precise knowledge. This study was conducted to assess the level of child-caretakes' knowledge about weaning food which is essential to infants' healthy growth.

Methods : From April to June, 1997, we acquired 156 child-caretakers who visited a family medicine clinic in Kyungju and a pediatric clinic in Taegu(from 2 months old to 6 years old) medical care. They were asked to respond to the pre-made questionnaire. The data were coded and analyzed using Excel and SPSS/PC(version 7.0). Student's t-test was used to test the score difference between two groups by general characteristics.

Results : The proportion of correct answers to the question concerning the definition of weaning, was 66.7% ; on proper feeding method when infants do not accept weaning food. 18.5% ; on the starting time of weaning food, 64.1% ; on the interval to add new ingredients, 23.1% ; on the sequence of feeding weaning food compaed to milk or breast milk, 56.4% ; on how to prepare commercial weaning food, 54.5% ; and to the question on the completing time of weaning food, the proportion of correct answers was 19.2%. The main information sources on weaning food were books and magazines related to child care and rearing(50.6%). The total average score was 4.6/10.

Conclusion : There are many child-caretakers who misunderstand the knowledge of weaning food. Therefore, primary care physician plays an important role in the education of child-caretakers on weaning food.

Background
: Acute abdominal pain in children is one of the most common problems encountered in our daily practice. The children often are not able to tell us their exact complain symptoms and differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain is difficult in its first encounter. When family physicians encounter patients with acute abdominal pain in the ambulatory care setting, they must make an appropriate decision for proper management such as admission, referral, discharge and followup without firm diagnosis. If it is possible to predict the course or prognosis of acute abdominal pain by clinical data concerning patient, it will be helpful to make a decision for the management of acute abdominal pain. So we tested for hypothesis that patients with acute intermittent abdominal pain and normal simple abdomen X-ray finding is not serious and shows favorable outcome.

Methods : 82 patients with acute abdominal pain were assessed from Oct. 1996 to Sep. 1997 at the emergency department of Kyungju Hospital, Dongkuk University. 69 patients among 82 showed normal simple abdomen X-ray findings. 67 patients were discharged and 2 patients were admitted. 64 patients were contacted by phone call after 1 week and reported their outcome of the previous abdominal pain.

Results : Among 64 subjects 36 patients were male and 28 patients female. 57 patients complained of intermittent abdominal pain and 7 patients complained continous abdominal pain. Positive predictive value of intermittent abdominal pain and normal simple abdominal x-ray was 98%. Outcome of patients with intermittent abdominal pain was more favorable than that of continous pain.

Conclusion : Acute intermittent abdominal pain and normal simple abdomen x-ray findings in children shows favorable outcome and can be managed in ambulatory care settings.

Background
: Hepatitis B vaccination schedule commonly used in Korea is divided largely into 0, 1, 2 month schedule vaccination group(0, 1, 2 group) and 0, 1, 6 month scheduled vaccination gorup(0, 1, 6 group). The only difference between two groups is the interval from 2nd dose to 3rd dose. This study had been carried out to find whether the difference of vaccination interval influence the vaccination completion rate or not.

Methods : Study objects are 135 persons over 20 years old who had hepatitis B vaccina-tion more than once in injection room of Dongkuk University Kyong-ju Hospital from Jan. 1st in 1996 to Dec. 31th in 1996. Data about vaccination completion were gathered form record book of injection room and telephone interview.

Results : Hepatitis B vaccination completion rate is 73.8% in 0, 1, 2 group and 72.5% in 0, 1, 6 group. The reasons for incomplete vaccination are forgetting vaccination date(36.4% in 0, 1, 2 group and 50% in 0, 1, 6 group), having no time to spare for vaccination(54.5% in 0, 1, 2 group and 43% in 0, 1, 6 group) and knowing positive HBsAb before completion of scheduled vaccination(9.1% in 0, 1, 2 group and 7% in 0, 1, 6 group).

Conclusion : There is no difference in Hepatitis B vaccination completion rate between 0, 1, 2 group and 0, 1, 6 group.

Background
: There is much harmful influence for health promotion when general publics and medical group misunderstand common health knowledge. Therefore we investigated the proportion of misunderstanding about health knowledge of general publics and medical group.

Methods : The data were collected via questionnaire which consisted of 30 questions (11 health behavior, 5 symptom, 14 treatment knowledge) quoted or revised on the basis of the book('Misunderstood common health knowledge 100' published by humanism practice medical doctor association, 1994, hanwol company, South korea). The subjects were nonmedical group (third grade elementary school teachers and parents of students in Kyong ju city) and medical group (doctors-specialist, resident, intern, oriental doctor, medical student, nurse, assistant nurse in Kyong-Ju, Pohang city). The score was given 0 for false answer or no answer and 1 for true answer.

Results : The dominant subclasses of study subjects were as follows : Sex; female(352:64.5%)/age ;30-40 years old(318 persons : 58.5%) education ; high school graduate group(232:42.8%)/job ; nonmedical group(housewives, 168:36.2%), medical group(nurse, 67:36.2%). Medical group acquired higher total average score than non-medical group. There were no differences in the total scores about treatment, symptom, and health behavior in nonmedical group by job. In the medical group, doctors earned significantly higher score than other jobs. The average score per question was 0.53 in nonmedical group and 0.69 in medical group. Non-medical group received average score below 0.5 in 14 questions among 30 questions, while medical group received only in 5 items.

Conclusion : Medical group acquired higher total average score than nonmedical group. Average score per question was 0.53 in non-medical group and 0.69 in medical group.

Background
: In women, the prevalence of depression is known to be more than twice as high as in men. Because many depressive women complain of their somatic symptoms instead of neurovegetative ones, many cases of depression have been misdiagnosed. Women also tend to use medicine more frequently than men do to manage depression. So we investigated the relationship between somatic symptoms and drug use in housewives for better management.

Methods : From 1st. March to 31st. March in 1996, the prepared questionnaires were presented to housewives living in the area of Kyung-ju city, who responded the questionnaires under direct interview. The questionnaire was composed of two parts. One part included demographic data, somatic complaints, drug use, places of drug purchase, current diseases that had been diagnosed by doctors. The other included Korean standard Beck Depression Inventory-questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups by BDI score(21 point), which was the cut-off point for depression in Korea. The relationships of somatic symptoms and drug use between the two groups were analyzed.

Results : There were 110 housewives who had depressive trends among 569 respondents. In general characteristics, there was significant difference between the two groups except the item of religion. In the items of somatic symptoms, there were more somatic symptoms in the group of high BDI score(≥21) except fatigue(P<0.01). More drug users were found in the group of high BDI score(≥21) (P<0.05). In the group of high BDI score((≥21), there was definite correlation between the items of somatic symptoms and drug use. There was no difference between the two groups in the item of drug purchase site. The most common site of drug purchase was the drug store in both groups.

Conclusion : Depressive housewives complained of more somatic symptoms and more often used drugs as well.

Background
: Even though there have been much improvement in general understanding of the climacteric period and increased knowledge of biological aspects of menopause such as Hormone Replacement Therapy, the psychosocial aspects of climacterium was relatively out of consideration. The purpose of this paper is to help make it easy understanding the psychosocial determinants of climacterium through the investigation of correlation between the life stress and the climacteric symptoms in the middle aged women.

Methods : This study was performed on climacteric women at the age ranging from 40 to 55 who reside in Kyong-Ju city. Self reported questionnaires composed of inquiry about demographic characteristics, climacteric symptom scale, and life stress scale were distributed and 123 cases were analyzed in June. and July 1996. The Climacteric Symptom Scale was developed by JG Greene in 1976. In this scale, climacteric symptoms were classified to 3 categories of paychological, somatic, vasomotor symptoms by factor analysis. For quantitative measurement of stress, we used Office Stress Measurement Scale developed by BaeJM et al in 1992. We studied the correlation between stress scores and each class of climacteric symptoms, and the difference of climacteric symptom scores according to the menopausal status and demographic characteristics.

Results : The correlation coefficient between the climacteric symptom scores and the stress scores was 0.329(P=0.000) but this correlation was significant in only premenopausal group(correlation coefficient=0.479). Among climacteric symptom classes, the correlation with stress scores is most prominent in psychological symptom class, then somatic symptoms, vasomotor symptoms. There was no difference in climacteric symptom scores to the menopausal status and demographic characteristics.

Conclusion : Women who had more stress complained more climacteric symptoms, especially psychological symptoms. This correlation was significant in the premenopausal group only. And the severity of climacteric symptoms didn't change by demographic characteristics.

Background
: Since warren and marshall discovered helicobacter pylori from the gastric mucosa of the chronic active gastritis patient in 1982, many studies were done. And now, in incidence of helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis is though to be predominant in the gastric antrum than gastric body or fundus. Therefore this study was done to certify that the incidence of chronic gastritis was higher in the gastric antrum than in the body or fundus.

Methods : The study subjects were 63 patients, who visited a primary medical clinic due to chronic uppr gastrointestinal symptoms from 1984. 8. 31. Gastric endoscopy with 4 biopsy were performed (from gastric antrum x2, from gastric body or fundus x2). CLO test and histopathological study were done to the gastric antrum and to the gasric body or fundus biopsy specimens, respectively.

Results : Among the 63 patients, in gastric antrum, H. pylori was positive in 40(63.4%) by CLO test, and chronic gastritis was noted in 42(66.7%) by histopathological study. In gastric body or fundus H. pylori was positive in 37(58.7%) by CLO test, and chronic gastritis was noted in 13(20.6%) by histopathological study.
In 35 patients who were H. pylori positive both in antrum and in body or fundus, the incidence of chronic gastritis was 25(71.4%) in gastric antrum, and 6(17.1%) in gastric body or fundus.

Conclusion : From the above results it was certified that there was no significant difference in H. pylori infection rate between gastric antrum and body or fundus. But the of chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection was more frequent in gastric antrum than in gastric body or fundus.

Background
: Head injury has been increasing because of high social mechanization and industrialization. The outcomes of mild head injured patients who had GCS score more than 13 were good. But sometimes there were fatal or disabled cases. Therefore we had investigated clinical features of head injuries that related to outcomes.

Methods : The retrospective analysis of 830 mild head injury patients who were visited to Dongguk University, Po Hang Hospital from march 1990 to february 1991 was performed which correlate outcomes to clinical features and abnormal CR findings to clinical features. We investigated age, sex, causes of injury, arrival period after injury, arrival period after injury, loss of consciousness, nausea or vomiting, anisocoria, simple skull radiography, brain CT and outcome of mild head injury patients. We investigated clinical features that are able to predict outcomes and abnormal CT findings.

Results : The people at the age of younger than 10, the third decade and the fourth decade were frequently affected. The males were more frequently affected(71.7%) than females. The most common cause was traffic accident(41.9%). The patients who visited within 3 hours after mild head injury were 89.1%. The people with loss of conciousness were 29.6%. The nausea and vomiting were shown in 17.6%. The people with anisocoria were 0.8%. The people with akull fracture were 11.4% of whom were examined by simple skull radiography. The people with abnormal CT Findings were 19.6% of patients who were examined by brain CR. The patients who were admitted in the department of neurosurgery were 212 patients(25.5%), and 17 patients(2.0%) were taken cranial operation. 823 patients(99.2%) had good recovered 6 patients(0.7%) moderately disabled, 1 patient(0.1%) was dead. There was correlation between outcomes and loss of consciousness, nausea or vomiting, skull fracture or facial bone fracture, and abnormal CR finding. There was correlation between abnormal CT findings and skull fractures or facial bone fractures.

Conclusion : The outcomes of people who had mild head injury were almost good. But physicians must be coerfal in dealing mild head injury patients because there were sometimes the cases of death or disability.

Background
: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent, chronic diseases in Korea. Hypertension is needed to be control for life-long period for prevention of complications. It is thought that there are many management forms of hypertension in Korea, such as self care, folk medicine use, drug store use, herb medicine use, and doctor visit. This study was done for practical understanding of management behavior of hypertensive patients and its effect, in Korea.

Methods : The study subjects were hypertensive patients who were screened for health promotion of residents in Kyeongju County, in 1991, Korea. Data were collected in 1993, through questionnaire via interview by health personnel and community health practitioner of the Kyeongju Medical Center.

Results : The number of collected data was 1,236. Self care use was 14.5%, folk medicine use 6.1%, drug store use 15.3%, herb medicine use 8.4%, doctor visit 55.8%, and no intervention 34.8%. The contents of folk medicine were highly variable. The patterns of hypertension managemet behaviors were as follows ; In one management behavior, doctor visit was the most common(78.7%), followed by drug store use, self care, herb medicine use, and folk medicine use. In two management behaviors, doctor visit-self care was the most common(37.2%), followed by doctor visit-drug store use, doctor visit-self care-drug store use was the most common (29.4%), followed by doctor visit-drug store use-herb medicine use. The percentage of controlled blood pressure was higher in one or two management behavior-group than in no effort or in three or more management behavior-group.

Conclusion : It was revealed that there were many management behaviors for controlling high blood pressure, such as self care, folk medicine use, drug store use, herb medicine use, and physician encounter. Physician encounter was the principal management behavior and other behaviors were selected concomittantly with physician encounter. There was slightly higher control rate in blood pressure in one or two management behavior-group than in no effort or three or more management behavior group.

Background
: An elevated blood pressure is important public health problem, being common, asymptomatic, readily detectable, usually easily treatable, and often leading to lethal complication if left untreated. To attempt to improve the health status of population through periodic health examination, we should try not only to find cases but also to detect hypertension management behaviors. The purpose of this research is to aid to manage hypertension efficiently.

Methods : We obtained detailed data from periodic health examination and questionnaire at an interval of two years.

Results : 1. Our study population comprised 86 patients : male 85, female 1. 2. Number of case seeking hypertension management behaviors was 71(82.6%). 3. Reasons of no hypertension management behaviors was usually normal blood pressure at follow-up and no symptoms. 4. Distributions of hypertension management behaviors was self-care 56(65.1%), physician encounter 26(30.2%), utilzation of drug store or herb medicine 25(29.1%), folk medicine 5(5.8%). 5. The numbers of hypertension management behaviors ; only one 41(57.7%), two 23(32.4%). three or more 7(9.9%). 6. No. of hypertension under control was 11(12.8%) ; In no hypertension management behavior group ; 4(26.7%), in one management behavior group ; 3(7.3%), in two management behaviors group ; 3(13.0%), in three or more management behaviors group ; 1(14.3%).

Conclusion : According to this study, hypertensive patients usually showed various hypertension management behaviors but these behaviors were not effective for hypertension control. We feel necessity of aggressive, concrete and continuous education for efficient hypertension management.

Background
: The prevalence of DM has increased as a result of improved medical diagnostic technology, improvement of the quality of life, lengthened the life span. The basis in the treatment of DM is dietary management, exercise and medical treatment. And diabetics should control blood sugar continuously for their life. There are various DM management behaviors such as consulting a physician, self management, folk medicine, herb medicine, visiting drugstore in Korea. So, we investigated the management behaviors for DM in a rural area.

Methods : The study subjects were 899 diabetics in Kyungju county, who had proved in screening test for DM in the Kyungju Country Health Center from May, 1991 to Nov, 1991. The survey was carried out by direct interview by the health workers required and community nurse practitioners. Analysis of the data was done with 447 questionares which were available of the 485 questionares answered.

Results : 378(84.6%) diabetics tried for DM management and 69(15.4%) diabetics did not try. Management was used in 198 (52.4%) diabetics, combinations of 2 were 120(31.8%) patients, combinations of 3 were 50(13.2%) patients and combinations of 4 or more were 10(2.6%) patients. Just consulting a physician was most common(45.8%). In self management, dietary management was used in all and exercise was 13.3%, control of drinking was 6.1% and control of body weight was 10%, Contents of folk medicine were various. 259(83.1%) diabetics continued management and 51(16.9%) diabetics discontinued management.

Conclusion : Management behaviors for DM were various in a single or combinations of consulting a physician, self management, folk medicine, herb medicine and visiting a drugstore. And consulting a physician was most commonly used in a rural area.

Background
: Allergic disorders are increasing universially, so there are many trials to find out the allergens. Regional distribution of inhaled and food allergen is various, so we performed skin prick test, serum total IgE, peripheral eosinophil count in the allergic patients who reside in Kyungpook area.

Methods : Skin prick tests were performed and serum total IgE and peripheral eosinophil count were evaluated in the allergic patients who visited at the Dongkuk university hospital from March 1990 to July 1992.

Results : The positive rates of skin prick test with a battery of 55 common allergens are D. farinae 41.5%, house dust 41.0%, D. Pteronyssinus 37.9%, cat fur 33.5% in order. There was no correlation between the positive reactivity in skin prick test, increased serum IgE level and peripheral eosinophil count.

Conclusion : There is no significant difference in skin prick test, serum total IgE and peripheral eosinophil count between allergic patients who reside in kyungpook area and other areas in korea.

Background
: This study was performed to examine the weak point in EKG reading of family practice residents.

Methods : The data was abstained from comparative analysis between EKG readings of six residents of family medicine and that of one cardiologist.

Results : The EKG readings of rhythm, rate, axis, PR interval, QT interval, amplitude of P wave, and tall T were relatively correct and accordance rates were more than 90 percent. The accordance rates of the EKG reading of diphasity and notching of P wave, fibrillatory P, S₁+R5>35mm of QRS complex, inversion of T wave, elevation of ST segment were about ranged from 70 to 80 percent. The accordance rates of the EKG reading of inversion of P wave, QRS interval, R in V₃<3mm, Q wave, T₁>R6 of T wave, flat T, depression of ST segment were below 70 percent.

Conclusion : Family practice resident's weak points on EKG reading were mainly on the interpretation of inversion of P wave, QRS interval, R in V₃<3mm, Q wave, T₁>R6 of T wave, flat T, depression of ST segment. Hence, More emphasis should be put on the interpretation of these components of EKG.