Citations

• Associations of heavy metals and urinary sodium excretion with obesity in adults: A cross-sectional study from Korean Health Examination and Nutritional Survey
  Juyeon Lee, Sue K. Park, Iman Al-Saleh
  PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0317190.     CrossRef
• The relationship between excess sodium intake and metabolic syndrome: Worth consideration?
  Baris Afsar, Rengin Elsurer Afsar, Said Mowaffaq, Geetha Maddukuri, Krista L. Lentine
  European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of urinary sodium excretion on the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome: a population-based study
  Lu Yin, Sidong Li, Yongmei He, Lin Yang, Li Wang, Chao Li, Yaqin Wang, Jing Wang, Pingting Yang, Jiangang Wang, Zhiheng Chen, Ying Li
  BMJ Open.2023; 13(4): e065402.     CrossRef
• Association between childhood obesity and familial salt intake: analysis of data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014–2017
  Byung Min Yoo, Mijin Kim, Min Jae Kang
  Endocrine Journal.2021; 68(9): 1127.     CrossRef
• Association of rheumatoid arthritis and high sodium intake with major adverse cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional study from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Jeong-Hyeon Bae, Min-Young Shin, Eun Ha Kang, Yun Jong Lee, You-Jung Ha
  BMJ Open.2021; 11(12): e056255.     CrossRef
• Paucity of high‐quality studies reporting on salt and health outcomes from the science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April 2017 to March 2018)
  Kristina S. Petersen, Sarah Rae, Erik Venos, Daniela Malta, Kathy Trieu, Joseph Alvin Santos, Sudhir Raj Thout, Jacqui Webster, Norm R. C. Campbell, JoAnne Arcand
  The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2019; 21(2): 307.     CrossRef
• Evaluation and implications of salt intake and excretion
  Decio Armanini, Luciana Bordin, Gabriella Donà, Alessandra Andrisani, Guido Ambrosini, Marco Boscaro, Chiara Sabbadin
  The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2019; 21(7): 950.     CrossRef
• Associations of urinary sodium levels with overweight and central obesity in a population with a sodium intake
  Juyeon Lee, Yunji Hwang, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Choonghyun Ahn, Ho Kyung Sung, Kwang-Pil Ko, Kook-Hwan Oh, Curie Ahn, Young Joo Park, Suhnggwon Kim, Young-Khi Lim, Sue K. Park
  BMC Nutrition.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sodium Intake Estimated from Spot Urine Samples and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Young Gyu Cho
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(4): 171.     CrossRef

Citations

• Analysis of Cancers in A University Hospital Employees between 2006 and 2022
  Serkan ÇELİKGÜN, Tülay KOÇ, Reyhan UÇKU
  Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences.2023; 7(3): 174.     CrossRef
• Health and Mortality in Korean Healthcare Workers
  Yoonhee Shin, Ui Jeong Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Eun Jeong Choi, Hyun Jin Park, Hyeong Sik Ahn, Hyesook Park
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Importance of lifestyle, stress, and chronic diseases in self-rated health of Korean doctors
  Su Hyun Oh, Jin Suk Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2020; 63(9): 566.     CrossRef
• Cancer Incidence among Healthcare Workers in Cancer Centers: A 14-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in Thailand
  Chatchai Ekpanyaskul, Suleeporn Sangrajrang
  Annals of Global Health.2018; 84(3): 429.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Cancer Prevalence in Physicians with That of the General Population, and Important Considerations
  Yousef Veisani, Ali Delpisheh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(5): 308.     CrossRef

Citations

• Developing a predictive equation of muscular age to evaluate muscle health in Chinese community-dwelling older women
  Xiaoguang Zhao, Jiabin Yu, Nan Liu
  Health Care for Women International.2023; 44(12): 1587.     CrossRef
• Effect of smoking status on spirometric lung age in adult Chinese Men
  Xiaoguang Zhao, Chenya Du
  Health & Social Care in the Community.2022; 30(4): 1384.     CrossRef
• Comparison of periodontal status and salivary IL-15 and -18 levels in cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems
  Dena Ali, Isaac Kuyunov, Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss, Toshinari Mikami
  BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A pilot randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of a ‘lung age’ intervention on smoking cessation: study protocol
  Imran Muhammad, Wenqi Mok, Hai Moy Toh, Daniel Sii, Wenru Wang
  Journal of Advanced Nursing.2015; 71(10): 2426.     CrossRef

Background
Children are exposed to dangers of loneliness. This problem is associated with violent aggression, depression and anxiety. Therefore, the effect of peer relationship and family function on children's loneliness was investigated in this study. Methods: This study was based on the survey administered to 198, 5th and 6th grade students of fi ve elementary schools in Seoul, Korea, in May, 2007. We investigated family function, peer relationship and children's loneliness by self-rating using the Smilkstein's Family APGAR, Peer Environment Scale and Children's Loneliness Scale. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS ver. 12.0. Results: Comparison group of children with different gender showed significant difference in the peer relationship, especially emotional support. On the other hand, data showed children's loneliness and family function were not affected in male or female children. Group of children with more intimate relationship and healthier family function reduced children's loneliness. Peer relationship and family function had the greatest infl uence on children's loneliness. Conclusion: Group of children with more intimate relationship and healthier family function reduced children's loneliness. Accordingly, family physicians should heed to their family function and know that it has an effect on children's emotions.

Citations

• Relationship between the Object Relation Level and Loneliness of College Students: Mediating Effect of Envy and Suppression, and Avoidance Defense Mechanism
  Shin-hye Park, Jee-Yon Lee
  Journal of Social Science.2018; 29(2): 173.     CrossRef

Background
Recently, an elevated serum homocysteine level has been reported to be associated with increased fracture risk and reduced bone mineral density (BMD). So far, little research has been done to evaluate such association in Korean population. Therefore, we investigated the association between serum homocysteine levels and BMD in Korean adults. Methods: The subjects consisted of 2,750 adults who visited a health promotion center at a university hospital from January 2005 to March 2006. Self-administered questionnaires provided information about lifestyle and medical history. Fasting plasma samples were collected and BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. To adjust for menopausal state, the female subjects were divided into three groups according to age (≤45 yrs, 46∼55 yrs, 55 yrs ＜). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between serum homocysteine levels and BMD in each gender and age group. Results: The results adjusted for alcohol and smoking history showed significant association between serum homocysteine levels and BMD in women (Lumbar spine: Ղ=-0.006, P=0.015, Femoral neck: Ղ=-0.065, P=0.012) but not in men (Lumbar spine: Ղ=0.001, P=0.240, Femoral neck: Ղ=0.001, P=0.242). With analyses by three age groups, plasma homocysteine level was associated with both lumbar and femoral BMD in age 46∼55 women (Lumbar spine: Ղ=-0.014, P=0.024, Femoral neck: Ղ= -0.007, P=0.019). Conclusion: Our study suggests that increased serum homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for low BMD among women, especially perimenopausal women. Further studies about the sexual differences and the mechanisms linking serum homocysteine level to BMD are needed. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:175-181)

Background
Recently, the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been made more frequently, as the use of ultrasonography on health screening has been on the rise. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria. Methods: A total of 1,675 subjects, who attended for routine physical check‐ups, were screened. Among those, 401 subjects were selected after excluding the subjects with either significant alcohol consumption, evidence of viral or toxic hepatitis, significant liver or renal dysfunction, or overt thyroid disease. NAFLD was diagnosed if the subjects had a "bright liver" on ultrasonographic examination. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made according to the criteria of NCEP-ATP III established in 2001. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 27.2%. Blood pressure, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose and liver enzymes were higher among the subjects with NAFLD than the control. The prevalence of obesity, IFG/DM, dyslipidemia and hypertension was higher in the NAFLD group. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 19.2%, which was higher in the NAFLD group than the control group. The odds ratio of NAFLD for the metabolic syndrome was 6.458 (95% C.I. 3.178∼13.124). Conclusion: NAFLD was closely associated with the metabolic syndrome regardless of the presence of obesity. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:667-674)

Background
: Previous studies reported an increased risk of pancreatic cancer among diabetes patients, and fasting blood glucose level is widely used to determine the presence of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of fasting blood glucose level on pancreatic cancer death by a large, prospective cohort study in Korean population.

Methods : A total of 1,306,476 participants in the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS) were enrolled. A health examination including fasting blood glucose level and life style questionnaire was done as a baseline examination from 1993 to 1995, and they were followed up to 2002. Pancreatic cancer death outcome for 10 years according to the fasting blood glucose level was explored.

Results : At the beginning 63,510 (4.9%) participants had diabetes mellitus. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, controlling for age and current smoking, the presence of diabetes increased the risk of mortality for pancreatic cancer excluding those who died of pancreatic cancer within 1 year (Men: HR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4∼2.1, P＜0.0001, Women: HR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3∼2.6, P=0.0003). As fasting blood glucose level, elevated the pancreatic cancer risk was increased. Men with fasting blood glucose level≥140 mg/dL had a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than those with FBG＜100 mg/dl. (Men: HR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6∼2.5, P＜0.0001, Women: HR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4∼3.1, P=0.0002).

Conclusion : Elevated fasting blood glucose level increased the risk of pancreatic cancer death among Koreans.

Background
: Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. CRP has been proposed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and has been associated with body weight and body fatness. It has been known that weight reduction reduces CRP. We examined the hypothesis that weight loss can reduce plasma CRP levels in Korean, obese premenopausal women.

Methods : In a sample of 36 Korean obese (BMI 25.00 ∼47.02 kg/m²), premenopausal (22∼48 years) women, we measured hsCRP, plasma lipid profiles, blood glucose, body weight, body mass indexes, body fatness and intraabdominal body fat area. A 12-week weight reduction program was conducted in 36 obese women. When the program was finished, fat distribution, hsCRP and lipid profile test was repeated. The effects of weight loss on CRP levels were tested by means of paired t-test and nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results : We found that plasma CRP level was positively associated with body weight, body mass index, body fatness, CT-measured abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat area. After a 12-week weight loss protocol, the average weight loss was 7.97±3.46 kg (P＜0.0001) with loss of fat mass 5.29±0.59 kg, and 1.98±1.20 kg lean body mass. Plasma CRP levels were both positively associated with plasma CRP level reductions (P=0.0437).

Conclusion : Obesity and adiposity influenced significantly on plasma CRP in Korean premenopausal women on cross sectional basis. Moreover, 12-week caloric restriction induced weight loss decreased plasma CRP levels. Weight loss represents an intervention to reduce plasma CRP and can mediate to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in Korean obese premenopausal women.

Background
: Urinary incontinence has a negative impact on the lifestyle of sufferers, affecting not only their physical condition but also their well-being. But only few patients visit doctors for treatment. The purpose of this study was to measure the quality of life in women with urinary incontinence.

Methods : Among the people who visited a tertiary hospital in Seoul for a health exam or primary care during April 2002, we selected 161 women over 20 years old. We measured their quality of life by the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Excel 2000 statistical program was used for statistical analysis.

Results : The active incontinence group, who experienced urinary incontinence within 1 year, were 48 women and the normal group without urinary incontinence at all were 65 women. The average SF-36 score was 76.5 in total women, 69.0 in active incontinence group, and 81.5 in normal group. The percentage of those seeking treatment was 10.4% and 64.6% of women have never sought help.

Conclusion : These results suggest that the incontinent patient had a much lower quality of life than normal women, but there were only few patients who sought treatment.

Background
: Vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is associated with insulin resistance and with visceral obesity. Therefore, in this study the predicting factor of vascular endothelial dysfunction was investigated in healthy premenopausal obese women by pulse-wave analysis (PWA) combined with provocative pharmacological testing.

Methods : Thirty three obese women (BMI≥25), aged 20∼45 y and 25 age-matched control subjects (BMI; 18.5∼22.9) were examined. All women were sedentary (＜1 hr/wk of physical activity), non-smoker and were excluded if they had type 2 diabetes melitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, or acute inflammatory disease and were studied in folicullar phase of the cycle, within the first week after cessation of menstrual bleeding. They underwent determination of anthropometric measurements, metabolic variables, adipose tissue regional distribution, and endothelial function by performing pulse-wave analysis (PWA) combined with provocative pharmacological testing.

Results : Augmentation Index (AIx) fell significantly after the administration of salbutamol, which causes endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, but response was significantly reduced in obese women compared with controls (10.28 6.72% vs 17.2 6.84%, P=0.0003). The change in after Nitroglycerin, which causes endothelium-independent vasodilatation, did not differ significantly (30.86 9.67% vs 30.6 10.11%, P=0.9172). In our obese subjects, visceral adipose tissue area was independently a significant predictor of vascular endothelial dysfunction (β= 0.1381, P=0.0038, Adj-R2=0.348).

Conclusion : Increased abdominal adiposity is a powerful independent predictor of VED in obese healthy women. Future studies of vascular endothelial function should account for the independent effects of abdominal fat.

Background
: The prevalence of dementia is estimated to be as high as 5-10% over 65 years of age in Korea. it is important to evaluate of dementia for the elderly, Because of the chronicity and progressiveness of the disease. However, cognitive impairment often goes unrecognized by physician because the many previous tools to evaluate cognitive function in the clinical setting are complex, time-consuming and sometimes questionable correlation with real world functioning. The purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness of T도 Time and Change test as screening test for dementia, on the basis for the correlation between this measure(T&C) and MMSE-K.

Methods : The subject for this study consisted of 64 elderly who visited to the outpatient depa-rtment of family medicine of the Ehwa Mok-dong hospital or Elderly Welfare Center in Seoul. They received the T&C test and MMSE-K examination. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and Pearson' Correlation coefficient were calculated using standard formulas.

Results : The T&C had a sensitivity of 505, a specificity of 88%, a positive predictive value of 60%, a negative predictive value of 77%, respectably. when timed cutpoints were added, The T&C test had a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 83%m a positive predictive value of 75%, a negative predictive value of 97%. respectivaly.

Conclusion : The Time and Change(T&C) tests can be an effective, simple and performance based tool to recognize dementia. Further validation with a representative elderly sample is needed to establish screening value in primary care of community populations.

Background
: Brief intervention with problem drinkers have been shown to be effective, but physicians often do not ask about alcohol use because of time constraints and lack of knowledge. If a single question can be used to screening for problem drinker effectively, primary care physicians could detect problem drinker earlier and reduce future complication and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of single-question.

Methods : One family medicine’s resident interviewed 163 patients who visited Dongdaemun Hospital’s Health care management center of Ewha Woman’s university from January 27th 1999 to February 26th 1999, and the patients answered the written forms of questionnaires. This written forms contained the followings: (1) age, sex, education, income level, occupation, smoking, drunken driving, (2) “On any single occasion during the past 3 months have you had more than a bottle of Soju or three bottles of beer or five glasses of whisky?” (3) CAGE, NAST test, Quantity of alcohol was determined by the calendar-based review in the past 4 weeks. At-risk drinker defined as drinking more than 56g on one occasion, or more than 196g of pure alcohol during a week for men; more than 42g on one occasion, or more than 96g of pure alcohol during a week for women. Also alcohol use disorder was defined by the DSM-IV criteria and problem drinker was defined as either at-risk drinker or a alcohol use disorder.

Results : The single question had a positive predictive value of 82.2%, and negative predictive value of 95.5% with a sensitivity of 93.8% and a specificity of 86.9% for problem drinkers.

Conclusion : A single question about alcohol-use would be a effective tool for detecting problem drinker.

Background
: Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease are closely related to obesity. Recently incidence of such diseases are remarkably increased. Many researches have been done to find out to implement prevention and treatment of such diseases. Abdominal obesity is one of the most important contributing factors of metabolic complication. This study was done to compare indicators of obesity with abdominal fat amount which was measured by anthropometric parameter and computed tomogram, and to find correlation between the risk factors of atherosclerosis and the indicators of obesity.

Methods : Fifty nine healthy premenopausal women without diabetes, coronary heart diseases or history of other chronic disease were enrolled. Blood pressure and simple anthropometric parameter were measured. Computed tomograms in umbilical and femoral regions were performed. From serial blood samples, plasma fasting glucose and insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured and atherogenic index was calculated.

Results : The ratio of visceral fat area and skeletal muscle area at the mid-thigh level was found to be highly correlated(R=0.965, p<0.001) and atherogenic index showed similar patterns to the waist circumference, the waist/height ratio and the waist/hip ratio. Especially, the waist/height ratio was found to be the most reliable indicator of obesity to predict atherogenic index.

Conclusion : Although the ratio of visceral fat and skeletal muscle area at the mid-thigh level which is measured by computed tomogram was the best indicator of visceral fat, these results proved that waist circumference and the waist/height ratio were also good indicators of the risk factors of atherosclerosis. By simple anthropometric measurements, it can help to find the remedy and prevention of obesity in practices.