Korean Journal of Family Medicine

"Seon Yeong Lee"

Original Articles

Martin's Equation as the Most Suitable Method for Estimation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Korean Adults: Mijeong Kang, Jongwoo Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Kyunam Kim, Junehyung Yoon, Hongseok Ki; Korean J Fam Med 2017;38(5):263-269. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.5.263

Abstract
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Background

Friedewald equation is the most widely used method for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. However, due to potential over- or underestimation, many studies have used a modified equation. This study aimed to compare estimates by 4 different equations to directly measured LDL-C concentrations in order to propose the most appropriate method for LDL-C estimation in the Korean population.

Methods

We studied data of 4,350 subjects that included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and LDL-C concentrations that had been measured at one university hospital in Seoul. We investigated 4 equations: LDL-C by Friedewald's original equation (LDL-C_F) and its 3 modifications. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to compare these estimates to the direct measurement.

Results

Pearson correlation analysis revealed a good correlation among all 4 estimated LDL-C values and the directly measured LDL-C value. The Pearson coefficients were 0.951 for LDL-C_F, 0.917 for LDL-C by Hatta equation (LDL-C_H), 0.968 for LDL-C by Puavilai equation (LDL-C_P), and 0.983 for LDL-C by Martin equation (LDL-C_M). Martin equation (LDL-C_M) resulted in the best approximation (mean difference from the direct measurement, 5.5 mg/dL; mean percentage difference from the direct measurement, 5.1%) and the best agreement with the direct measurement (86.1%). LDL-C_P resulted in the second-best approximation (mean difference, 7.0 mg/dL; mean percentage difference, 6.2%; concordance, 82.5%). LDL-C_M was found to be less influenced by TG and HDL-C levels than by LDL-C_F.

Conclusion

Estimates by Martin equation had the best agreement with direct LDL-C concentrations and both Martin and Puavilai equations were superior to Friedewald equation for estimating LDL-C concentrations in Korean adults.

Citations

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Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Accuracy of 23 Equations for Estimating LDL Cholesterol in a Clinical Laboratory Database of 5,051,467 Patients
Christeen Samuel, Jihwan Park, Aparna Sajja, Erin D. Michos, Roger S. Blumenthal, Steven R. Jones, Seth S. Martin
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Fatima Farheen, Sudha Ambiger, Kamarudin Jaalam, Shivalingappa Javali
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Anudeep P P, Suchitra Kumari, Aishvarya S Rajasimman, Saurav Nayak, Pooja Priyadarsini
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Discordance Between Standard Equations for Determination of LDL Cholesterol in Patients With Atherosclerosis
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Comparison of Methods to Estimate Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With High Triglyceride Levels
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Evaluation of Martin's equation for LDL-C estimation in type 2 diabetes mellitus Egyptian patients
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Doosup Shin, Chandrashekar Bohra, Kullatham Kongpakpaisarn
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Seth S. Martin, Robert P. Giugliano, Sabina A. Murphy, Scott M. Wasserman, Evan A. Stein, Richard Ceška, José López-Miranda, Borislav Georgiev, Alberto J. Lorenzatti, Matti J. Tikkanen, Peter S. Sever, Anthony C. Keech, Terje R. Pedersen, Marc S. Sabatine
JAMA Cardiology.2018; 3(8): 749. CrossRef
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Seth S. Martin
Atherosclerosis.2018; 277: 172. CrossRef
Time to Make a Change: Assessing LDL-C Accurately in the Era of Modern Pharmacotherapeutics and Precision Medicine
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Cutoff of Percent Body Fat to Predict Obesity and Metabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: 2007 Children and Adolescent Physical Growth Standard.: Young Sok Kang, Jee Hyun Kang, Moon Chul Kim, Byung Yeon Yu, Eun Ju Sung, Seon Yeong Lee, Yeon Jung Lee; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(11):887-894. Published online November 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.11.887

Abstract
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Backgroud: Body mass index (BMI) for gender and age and percentage-weight-for-height (PWH) for gender and height have been frequently used to diagnose childhood obesity. However, few studies have examined the optimal cutoff of percent body fat (%BF) to predict metabolic abnormalities in obese children. Methods: One thousand fi fteen obese children aged 10 to 15 years were enrolled in this study. The %BF cutoff values were calculated by ROC analysis for metabolic abnormalities. We also calculated %BF cutoff values corresponding to a BMI of > 85th or 95th percentile for gender and age and a PWH of > 120% for gender and height based on the 2007 Korean children and adolescents growth standard chart. To defi ne metabolic abnormalities in children, we used the criteria of metabolic syndrome recommended by International Diabetes Federation consensus for children and adolescents. Results: The %BF cutoff corresponding to the group having more than one metabolic abnormality in this study population were 38.4% (sensitivity 40.1%, specifi city 84.4%) in total, 38.4% (sensitivity 35.4%, specifi city 84.8%) in boys and 39.5% (sensitivity 38.9%, specifi city 90.9%) in girls. The %BF cutoff values corresponding to a BMI ≥ 95 percentile were 38.1% (sensitivity 50.5%, specifi city 72.7%), a BMI ≥ 85 percentile were 34.5% (sensitivity 69.3%, specifi city 74.2%), and a PWH ≥ 120% were 36.4% (sensitivity 72.3%, specifi city 64.4%) in total. Conclusion: The optimal cutoff value of percent body fat to predict metabolic abnormalities in obese children may be 38.4% (boys 38.4, girls 39.5%) and we suggest 34.5% as a cutoff value of %BF for screening childhood obesity.

Citations

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Characterization of focal hypermetabolic thyroid incidentaloma: An analysis with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography parameters
Haejun Lee, Yoo Seung Chung, Joon-Hyop Lee, Ki-Young Lee, Kyung-Hoon Hwang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(1): 155. CrossRef
Comparison of Root Images between Post-Myelographic Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Lumbar Radiculopathy
Chun-Kun Park, Hong-Jae Lee, Kyeong-Sik Ryu
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2017; 60(5): 540. CrossRef

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The Relation of Overweight to Asthma and Other Allergic Diseases in High School Students in Korea.: Ni Ell Shin, Sun Mi Yoo, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Eun Ji Lee, Hyo Bin Kim, Bong Seong Kim, Soo Jong Hong, Ja Hyeung Kim, So Yeon Lee; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(4):269-276. Published online April 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.4.269

Abstract
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Background
The worldwide prevalence of obesity and allergic diseases has increased. We aimed to explore the relation of overweight to asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis in a sample of Korean adolescents.Methods: We investigated the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and other allergic diseases by using a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The survey was conducted among 1,499 high school students in 3 regions of Korea.Results: The lifetime prevalence of wheezing (21.2% vs. 15.7%, P = 0.04), the 12 months-prevalence of wheezing (4.5% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.04), exercise induced wheezing (13.8% vs. 9.3%, P = 0.04), treatment of asthma (3.3% vs. 1.1%, P = 0.01) and the prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinitis (11.0% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.001) were signifi cantly higher in overweight boys than normal weight boys, but not in girls. However, there were no signifi cant differences of the prevalence of symptoms and past history of atopic dermatitis and allergic conjunctivitis between overweight and normal weight groups. In boys, overweight increased the risk of the lifetime prevalence of wheezing (OR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.05-2.24) and 12 months- prevalence of exercise induced wheezing (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.05-2.55) after adjusting for confounding variables.Conclusion: Overweight could be a risk factor for the development of symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis in adolescent boys, whereas it was not a signifi cant risk factor for allergic diseases in girls.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Factors related to Asthma in Korean Adults: A Secondary Data Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016
Mi-Jeong Yun
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(3): 259. CrossRef

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Urine Cotinine and Environmental Tobacco Exposure in Korean Adolescents.: Hae Reung Lee, Hyeon Keun Kim, Jang Suk Yoo, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Sun Mi Yoo, Hyo Bin Kim, Bong Seong Kim, Soo Jong Hong, Ja Hyeung Kim, So Yeon Lee, Moon Woo Seong, Do Hoon Lee; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(1):31-38. Published online January 10, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.1.31

Abstract
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Background
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the urine cotinine concentrations in Korean adolescents. Methods: Study population was 1st grade adolescents (N=1467, girls 22.2%) recruited from four high schools, two from Seoul, one from Kangleung and one from Woolsan. We obtained information for active smoking and ETS exposure through self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations. Results: The prevalence of active smoking was 6.9% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Median urine cotinine concentrations were 19.5 Ռg/L (range, 0-2341 Ռg/L) among smokers, and 0 Ռg/L (range, 0-1359 Ռg/L) among nonsmokers. The positive rate of urine cotinine among nonsmokers exposed to ETS was 2.9%. Boys were exposed to ETS at PC room (79.6%), home (39.4%), school (11.5%), and public places (5.9%); girls were exposed at home (40.9%), PC room (33.2%), public places (28.0%), and school (15.2%). The frequency and duration of ETS exposure were significantly larger and longer in boys than in girls. Boys contacted friends who smoked more than girls did (32.6% vs. 17.1%). Parents'smoking status was similar both in boys and girls. Any information about ETS exposure did not differ according to the detectable urine cotinine among nonsmoking adolescents. Conclusions: Low positive rateof urine cotinine and no association of urine cotinine with various ETS exposure history reflectthat urine cotinine may not a good marker for ETS exposure in Korean adolescents.

Citations

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Simultaneous analysis of cotinine and 8-OHdG in urine: A biomarker approach for smoking exposure and oxidative stress
Na-Youn Park, Hyeryoung Koo, Jung Hoan Kim, Eun-Hee Lee, Kyoung-Mu Lee, Cheoljin Mun, Younglim Kho
Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology.2025; 40(2): e2025013. CrossRef
Association between Second-hand Smoke Exposure and Urinary NNAL Level in Korean Adolescents
Hyo-Sun You, Jae-woo Lee, Ye-seul Kim, Yonghwan Kim, Hyeong-Cheol Lee, Jin Young Hwang, Woojung Yang, Hee-Taik Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Dysglycemia
Su-Jin Bak, Hyo-Jin Sa, Eun-Jung Oh, Hyuk-Jung Kweon, Kyoung-Jin Kim, Jinyoung Shin, Jae-Kyung Choi
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2021; 11(4): 256. CrossRef
Exposure to Hookah and Cigarette Smoke in Children and Adolescents According to Their Socio-Economic Status: The CASPIAN-IV Study
Roya Kelishadi, Armindokht Shahsanai, Mostafa Qorbani, Gelayol Ardalan, Parinaz Poursafa, Ramin Heshmat, Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The Correlation of Different Cotinine Levels With Questionnaire Results
Myung Bae Park, Eun Woo Nam, Seon Kui Lee, Chun-Bae Kim, Chhabi Ranabhat
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(5): 542. CrossRef
Tolerance for and potential indicators of second-hand smoke exposure among nonsmokers: A comparison of self-reported and cotinine verified second-hand smoke exposure based on nationally representative data
Bo Yoon Jeong, Min Kyung Lim, E Hwa Yun, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Eun Young Park, Do-Hoon Lee
Preventive Medicine.2014; 67: 280. CrossRef
Urine Cotinine for Assessing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Korean: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
Sungmo Jung, In Seon Lee, Sae Byol Kim, Chan Soo Moon, Ji Ye Jung, Young Ae Kang, Moo Suk Park, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Eun Young Kim
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2012; 73(4): 210. CrossRef
Association Between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure of Children and Parental Socioeconomic Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
O. Yi, H.-J. Kwon, D. Kim, H. Kim, M. Ha, S.-J. Hong, Y.-C. Hong, J.-H. Leem, J. Sakong, C. G. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, D. Kang
Nicotine & Tobacco Research.2012; 14(5): 607. CrossRef
The Biomarkers of Active and Passive Smoke Exposure
Hye-Young Oh, Yu-Jin Paek
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2011; 2(2): 79. CrossRef
Effect of environmental exposure to lead and tobacco smoke on inattentive and hyperactive symptoms and neurocognitive performance in children
Soo‐Churl Cho, Boong‐Nyun Kim, Yun‐Chul Hong, Min‐Sup Shin, Hee Jeong Yoo, Jae‐Won Kim, Soo‐Young Bhang, In Hee Cho, Hyo‐Won Kim
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.2010; 51(9): 1050. CrossRef

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Comparison of DEXA and CT for Truncal Obesity in Adult Women Related to Metabolic Complications.: Ji Soo Kim, Sun Mi Yoo, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(9):675-681. Published online September 10, 2007

Abstract
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Background
The metabolic risks associated with obesity are closely correlated with a central rather than a peripheral fat pattern. These complications of obesity have been attributed to increase in visceral adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method offers a good alternative to computed tomography (CT) for the prediction of visceral fat in the obese women in correlation of metabolic complication markers. Methods: The design is a cross-sectional analysis. Total body fat and truncal fat amounts were measured by using DEXA, while total abdominal fat area was measured by CT, and divided into visceral abdominal fat area and subcutaneous fat area. Partial correlation after controlling for age and multiple regression analyses after adjusting for age and total percent body fat were performed to relate the metabolic variables to the CT and DEXA body composition variables. Results: For serum uric acid, total abdominal fat area by CT had the largest R² values (R²=0.259). For AST, ALT, total cholesterol and log triglyceride, visceral fat area had the largest R² values (R²= 0.360, 0.407, 0.147, and 0.339), respectively, and for log insulin, truncal fat by DEXA had the largest R² values (R²=0.275). Conclusion: Truncal fat amount measured by DEXA had a strong correlation with visceral fat area measured by CT. Truncal fat amount measured by DEXA and correlated significantly with visceral abdominal fat area measured by CT reflected most of the metabolic complication markers. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007; 28:675-681)

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The Prevalence of Obesity and Obesity-related Metabolic Complications in Korean Adolescents.: Tae In Choi, Hee Jeong Rhee, Kyung Mi Ko, Sun Mi Yoo, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Jae Hun Kang; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(3):175-181. Published online March 10, 2006

Abstract
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Background
: Obesity in adolescence is a serious health problem because it may proceed to adulthood, cause metabolic complications, and thereby increase mortality. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity and other metabolic complications related to obesity among Korean adolescents.

Methods : The subjects of the study were 3,615 adolescents recruited from 12 middle schools nationwide. We measured their height, weight, obesity indices, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL- cholesterol, ALT, AST, and uric acid levels. The risk factors of obesity were assessed by self-administered questionnaires.

Results : Obesity was evident in 16.2% of the subjects (20.7% in boys, 11.0% in girls). Adolescent obesity was closely related to parental obesity (Odds Ratio 2.9, 95% CI (Confidence Interval) 1.7∼2.5). Obese adolescents were at higher risk of elevated AST (OR 10.2, 95% CI, 5.2 ∼19.9), elevated ALT (OR 12.9, 95% CI, 6.9∼24.2), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.5 95% CI, 1.2∼1.8, P＜0.05), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 4.0, 95% CI, 3.1∼5.3), and hyperuricemia (OR 2.2, 95% CI, 1.7∼3.0). More than 70% of obese adolescents had one or more metabolic complications related to obesity.

Conclusion : Adolescent obesity was closely related to parental obesity and metabolic complications related to the obesity were common among both obese boys and girls.

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The Prevalence of Childhood Obesity, Risk Factors, and Obesity Related Disease in Elementary Students.: Ji Bin Park, Tae In Choi, Ji Su Kim, Do Sik Jung, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Jae Heon Kang; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(2):104-112. Published online February 10, 2006

Abstract
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Background
: Recently, childhood obesity has been increased and has resulted in serious health problems. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity and its risk factors in elementary students.

Methods : One thousand nine hundred and eleven children were selected from an elementary school in Seoul. We measured children's height, weight, waist to hip ratio, and the obesity rate (%). The risk factors associated with childhood obesity were assessed by a self-written questionnaire answered by their parents. In moderate and severe obese children, we checked their blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, ALT, AST, uric acid, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Results : The prevalence of childhood obesity was 14.0%. We found that the factors associated with childhood obesity were the number of siblings, class, parent's obesity, and the preference for fish and meat (P=0.030, 0.022, ＜0.001, 0.003, respectively). In moderate and severe obese children, the prevalence of obesity related diseases was 77.6% and 92.3%, respectively.

Conclusion : The childhood obesity was strongly associated with parent's obesity and the preference for fish and meat. The prevalence of obesity related diseases were very high in moderate and severe obese children.

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Case Report

A Case of Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis with Pneumothorax.: So Young Shin, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2005;26(6):346-349. Published online June 10, 2005

Abstract

A 41 year-old man had suffered from cough, sputum and febrile sense for several months. On the chest CT scan, small nodules, cystic air spaces, and pneumothorax were observed. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adult is an uncommon granulomatous disease of unknown cause, which affects the lung, either in isolation or in addition to other organ systems. The pulmonary symptoms at the time of presentation were nonspecific, and symptoms by the involvement of other organs occur sometimes. Pneumothoraces commonly were complicated the course of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and frequently recurred. We report a pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis with pneumothorax in adult.

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Review

Pharmacotherapy and Surgical Therapy in the Obese Children and Adolescents.: Seon Yeong Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(8):579-584. Published online August 10, 2004

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Case Report

A Case Report of Miliary Tuberculosis Diagnosed by Chest Computer Tomography in FUO.: Ji Bin Park, Sang Hyuk Han, Kyu Nam Kim, Seon Yeong Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2004;25(5):397-402. Published online May 10, 2004

Abstract
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This is a case report of miliary tuberculosis in adult with normal simple chest X-ray finding in early state of FUO. Miliary tuberculosis is fatal, which have nonspecific presenting symptoms. Then, a high index of suspicion and diagnostic persistence, are required for early treatment and cure.

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Original Articles

Short Term Effects of School-Based Obesity Control Programs Performed on Elementary Students.: Youn Hee No, Seon Yeong Lee, Jae Heon Kang; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(12):1470-1479. Published online December 10, 2002

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The Reliability and Validity of Korean Version of Questionnaire for Nicotine Dependence.: Hee Kyoung Ahn, Hwa Jin Lee, Do Sik Jung, Seon Yeong Lee, Seong Won Kim, Jae Heon Kang; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2002;23(8):999-1008. Published online August 10, 2002

Abstract
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Background
: Although the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), which are the tools to measure Nicotine Dependence, have a high internal reliability and a high test-retest reliability, they have not been tested domestically. A Korean-Version Questionnaire for Nicotine Dependence was assessed to find out the internal reliability, test-retest reliability and validity.

Methods : The research subjects were adult smokers of ages between 19 and 77 among hospital visitors, hospital staffs, inpatients and outpatients. The smokers had their carbon monoxide measured after responding to the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of Nicotine Dependence (FTQ & FTND), the history of smoking, the variables related to Nicotine Dependence, and factors that influence carbon monoxide(CO) measurement. Micro II smokerlyzer (Bedfont Instruments Ltd, England) was used to analyze CO concentration in expired air. The method used for measuring CO concentration was to deeply inhale and hold one's breath for 15 seconds and measure CO concentration while exhaling.

Results : The total number of subjects was 205 (199 males, 6 females) consisting of 124 hospital visitors, 67 hospital staff, 8 inpatients, and 6 inpatients. The average FTQ was 4.68 and the average FTND was 3.95. Cronbach's alpha, which indicates the internal reliability, was 0.6679 for FTQ and 0.6913 for FTND. The correlation coefficient which indicates test-retest reliability was 0.783 for FTQ and 0.880 for FTND. The correlation coefficient which indicates the relationship between the level of Nicotine Dependence and expired air CO concentration was 0.484 for FTQ and 0.563 for FTND. The correlation coefficient of the smoking period was 0.247 for FTQ and 0.252 for FTND.

Conclusion : This Korean-Version Questionnaires for Nicotine Dependence (FTQ & FTND) were both satisfactory from the aspects of reliability and validity. It was concluded that the Korean-Version of FTND was a reliable method to reflect the level of nicotine dependence of smokers from the fact that the reliability and validity of FTND was higher than that of FTQ.