Olfactory impairment occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and olfactory function tests are performed for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the diagnosis and patient status are not currently outlined for vascular dementia, and many physicians do not consider concurrent vascular dementia in patients complaining of olfactory dysfunction. Here, we report a case of vascular dementia with no symptoms of dementia other than olfactory dysfunction. This case suggested that the olfactory function test is helpful not only for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease but also for the early diagnosis of vascular dementia.

Citations

• Odor-Based Molecular Communications: State-of-the-Art, Vision, Challenges, and Frontier Directions
  Dilara Aktas, Beyza E. Ortlek, Meltem Civas, Elham Baradari, Ahmet B. Kilic, Fatih E. Bilgen, Ayse S. Okcu, Melanie Whitfield, Oktay Cetinkaya, Ozgur B. Akan
  IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.2025; 27(4): 2658.     CrossRef
• Odor Intensity Shift Keying (OISK) and Channel Capacity of Odor-Based Molecular Communications in Internet of Everything
  Aditya Powari, Ozgur B. Akan
  IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications.2024; 10(3): 396.     CrossRef
• Inflammation and olfactory loss are associated with at least 139 medical conditions
  Michael Leon, Emily T. Troscianko, Cynthia C. Woo
  Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Olfactory loss is a predisposing factor for depression, while olfactory enrichment is an effective treatment for depression
  Michael Leon, Cynthia C. Woo
  Frontiers in Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Background
: Obesity can be considered as hyperaccumulation of body fat. Therefore, the aim to treat obesity is to decrease body fat. Abdominal total fat calculated in computed tomography is thought to be the most accurate index measuring body fat. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat mass are the representative indices also. Leptin is a protein hormone expressed by obesity gene in adipose tissue. It inhibits food intake and increases energy consumption, thereby controls obesity. With a study of relationship between plasma leptin level and body mass index and abdominal total fat area, we tried to find the usefulness of leptin as an index of adiposity.

Methods : The adiposity level was approximated by BMI, computed tomography and bioelectical impedence. To further explore the relationship with body composition, body fat distribution was determined by computed tomograph. To quantify the relationship between serum leptin level and adiposity, correlation analyses have been conducted.

Results : The subjects were 32 females with a BMI of over 25 kg/m². The mean plasma leptin level was 14.2±5.9 ug/L. We investigated the correlation of plasma leptin level with subcutaneous and visceral fat. The plasma leptin level showed a significant correlation with BMI and body fat mass, and was significantly correlated with subctaneous fat (P＜0.01), but not with abdominal visceral fat.

Conclusion : A significant correlation between plasma leptin level and body fat mass was observed. The distribution of subcutaneous fat showed differences in plasma leptin level. Therefore, the plasma leptin level may be used as an index of change of body fat mass, especially subcutaneous fat.

Background
: It is well known that Korea is one of the endemic areas for viral hepatitis B and those who are positive for HBsAg has been reported to be about 5-10% in Korea. Since the 1980's, research and population education for prevention and vaccination for hepatitis B were implemented in Korea. Therefore, we predicted that the positive rates of HBsAg and Anti-HBs have changed since then. Young adults are considered to be the main candidates for hepatitis B vaccination, and the change in the rate of prevalence of HBsAg and Anti-HBs has been investigated in this study.

Methods : We surveyed 1760 freshmen who were positive for HBsAg and Anti-HBs who were in 1998. HBsAg and Anti-HBs was tested by RPHA/PHA.

Results : 3760 students included 2780 males and 980 females(mean age 19.44 years). Among them, 128(3.4%) was positive for HBsAg and 2488(66.2%) was positive for Anti-HBs. The positive rate of HBsAg was 105(3.8%) and that of Anti-HBs was 1797(64.7%) among 2780 male students. The positive rate of HBsAg was 23(2.3%) and that of Anti-HBs was 691(70.5%) among 980 female students.

Conclusion : As compared with previous prevalence studies of HBsAg and Anti-HBs, the positive rate of HBsAg was decreased and that of Anti-HBs was increased. The researchers hope that farther study is necessary using wider range of subjects.