Background Dietary Na+ or Na+/K+ ratio has been reported to be associated with bone mineral density (BMD). However, this remains unclear, and only a few studies have been reported on the Korean population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between dietary Na+, K+, and Na+/K+ ratios and BMD in middle-aged Korean women.
Methods This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. A total of 3,690 women aged >50 years were included. Study participants were classified into quartiles (lowest quartile Q1–highest quartile Q4) according to dietary Na+, K+, and Na+/K+ ratio, and we examined the association of these parameters with BMD. Total femur and lumbar spine BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 19.0.
Results The mean age was 62 years, and a significant negative trend in the β-coefficient regarding dietary Na+ was only observed in the total femur BMD. However, the total femur and lumbar spine BMD decreased from Q1 to Q4 regarding the dietary Na+/K+ ratio (P-value for trend: 0.044 for total femur BMD and 0.002 for lumbar spine BMD).
Conclusion A significant negative trend in the β-coefficient for both total femur and lumbar spine BMD was observed regarding the Na+/K+ ratio. Therefore, based on the results of this study, a higher dietary Na+/K+ ratio may be associated with a lower BMD.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Bioactive Compounds and Health Functions of Plums: Current Status and Future Opportunities Ming-Qiang Xu, Samuel Ariyo Okaiyeto, Xiao-Xiao Niu, Qing-Hui Wang, Sriram K. Vidyarthi, Haiou Wang, Li-Zhen Deng, Parag Prakash Sutar, Hong-Wei Xiao Food Reviews International.2025; 41(5): 1360. CrossRef
Does Changing the Ratio of Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Intake Affect Bone Mineral Density? Soo Young Kim Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(1): 1. CrossRef
Background Several studies have shown that negative mental health increases risky health behavior and mortality risk. We investigated the relationship between mental health and health behavior, and the causal association between mental health and mortality risk.
Methods We used data from the 8-year (2006–2014) Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging with a cohort of 10,247 individuals (whom we divided into a younger group aged <65 years and an older group aged ≥65 years). Mental health was assessed with the following factors: depression, social engagement, and satisfaction of life. Health behavior was assessed with smoking, alcohol use, and regular exercise. Mortality risk was calculated using survival status and survival months as of 2014. Multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analysis were performed.
Results Negative mental health was associated with current smoking and sedentary life style, but not with alcohol consumption. In addition, it was associated with an increase in all-cause mortality risk. The increase in mortality risk in the highest quartile (vs. lowest) was 1.71 times (hazard ratio [HR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12– 2.62) and 2.07 times (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.60–2.67) for the younger and older group, respectively.
Conclusion Our results show that mental health affects health behavior and mortality risk. A key inference from this study is that improving mental health can lead to positive changes in health behavior and reduce the risk of mortality.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Effect of Lifestyle Counselling via a Mobile Application on Disease Activity Control in Inflammatory Arthritis: A Single-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study Türker Kurt, Diana Vossen, Falk Schumacher, Johannes Strunk, Dmytro Fedkov, Christine Peine, Felix Lang, Abdullah Khalil, Ralph Brinks, Stefan Vordenbäumen Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1488. CrossRef
The Moderating Effect of Mental Health on the Relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease Awareness and Health Behaviors of Middle-Aged Korean Chinese Workers With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korea Yu Zhu Zhang, Seon Young Hwang Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2023; 34(2): 131. CrossRef
Combined Effects of Depression and Chronic Disease on the Risk of Mortality: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016) Hyunji Kim, Sung Hi Kim, Yoon Jeong Cho Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
KLoSA—Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging Jungun Lee Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(1): 1. CrossRef
Mortality and cause of death in physical activity and insufficient physical activity participants: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national health screening cohort Chanyang Min, Dae Myoung Yoo, Jee Hye Wee, Hyo-Jeong Lee, Soo Hwan Byun, Hyo Geun Choi BMC Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Background We evaluated the effects of socioeconomic factors and psychosocial factors, both individually and combined, on all-cause mortality risk (mortality risk).
Methods We conducted an 8-year (2006–2014) longitudinal analysis of 10,247 individuals who took part in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationwide survey of people aged 45–79 years. Socioeconomic vulnerability (SEV) was assessed with factors such as education, household income, commercial health insurance, and residential area. Mental health (MH) was assessed with factors such as depression, social engagement, and life satisfaction. The covariates were age, gender, marital status, cohabiting, number of chronic diseases, and health behaviors such as regular exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake. We used a Cox proportional hazard analysis to investigate the effects of SEV and MH on mortality risk and also to analyze the superimposed effects of SEV-MH on mortality risk.
Results After the controlling for the covariates, high SEV and negative MH were found to be strong predictors of all-cause mortality. The highest quartile of SEV (vs. lowest) had a 1.70 times greater mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–2.33) and the highest quartile of MH (vs. lowest) had a 2.13 times greater mortality risk (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.72–2.64). Being in the highest quartile for both SEV and MH (vs. lowest) increased mortality risk more than 3 times (HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 2.20–4.40).
Conclusion High SEV and negative MH were independently associated with increased mortality risk, and their superimposed effects were associated with an increased risk of mortality.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Sustained Low Income, Income Changes, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study Hong Seok Lee, Jimin Clara Park, Inkwan Chung, Junxiu Liu, Seong-Su Lee, Kyungdo Han Diabetes Care.2023; 46(1): 92. CrossRef
The role of social factors in the successful ageing – Systematic review J. Takács, C. Nyakas Developments in Health Sciences.2022; 4(1): 11. CrossRef
Combined Effects of Depression and Chronic Disease on the Risk of Mortality: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016) Hyunji Kim, Sung Hi Kim, Yoon Jeong Cho Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
KLoSA—Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging Jungun Lee Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(1): 1. CrossRef
First
Prev
