Semaglutide, a medication used for type 2 diabetes and weight loss, may have unexpected side effects such as sarcopenia and age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. A 74-year-old male patient with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia presented with progressive fatigue over 2 years. He experienced a significant decline in walking endurance and speed despite the absence of joint pain or other obvious causes. He had a history of ocular myasthenia gravis and localized prostate cancer, both of which were well-managed. Further investigation revealed a weight loss of 8 kg after starting semaglutide treatment for diabetes. Physical examinations revealed reduced muscle bulk and strength. Extensive investigations, including blood tests, imaging, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, have ruled out other potential causes of fatigue. The patient’s fatigue improved after reducing the semaglutide dose and implementing a tailored exercise program that focused on muscle strengthening. This case highlights the potential contribution of semaglutide to muscle mass loss and subsequent fatigue, particularly among older adults.

Background
Family caregivers should focus on maintaining independence when assisting older adults with mobility. This may, however, bring about a counterproductive effect, namely Informal Caregiver-induced Forced Immobility (ICFI). This study explored the perceptions and experiences of older adults and their informal caregivers regarding ICFI.
Methods
This qualitative study used a conventional content analysis approach and was conducted from January to September 2023 in Tabriz, Iran. Twenty older adults (aged 60 years and above) who had used a mobility aid, such as a cane or walker, and 14 informal caregivers were purposefully (purposive sampling) selected to participate in the study. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved. MAXQDA ver. 20.0 software (VERBI Software, Germany) was used to manage and analyze the data.
Results
Based on the participants’ perceptions, ICFI means that for an older adult, “social interaction/social participation is limited,” “performing activities of daily living is disallowed,” and “engaging in physical activities and exercising is prohibited.”
Conclusion
Our findings revealed the concept of ICFI from various perspectives in Iranian families with older adults, leading to a clearer understanding of this phenomenon. This aspect should be considered when developing intervention strategies for the care of older adults in home and residential care settings by, health practitioners, gerontologists, and policymakers. This research can serve as a foundation for future studies to develop pertinent indicators and tools for measuring ICFI in the hope of providing sufficient evidence to support interventions that aim to prevent or stop ICFI.

Background
This study compared the impact of Short Message Service (SMS)-based education with traditional group-based education and the control group on body mass index, weight, and lifestyle in obese and overweight patients in a limited-resource country. It also compared the direct financial costs between the two intervention groups.
Methods
In this controlled randomized educational study, 90 overweight or obese adults from four family physician clinics in Shiraz, Iran were randomly allocated to three training groups: SMS-based education, group-based education, and a control group. The participants’ weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were measured at baseline, and the Physical Activity Scale questionnaire was completed. Group-based training was conducted in 1-hour weekly sessions. The SMS group received a text message each morning. The control group received routine care from a family physician. The intervention lasted 12 weeks. All participants were re-examined for the studied variables. Additionally, the direct costs were estimated, calculated, and compared.
Results
The mean weight, BMI, and waist circumference changed significantly after 3 months compared to baseline in each group. The mean weight change differed significantly among the three groups (P-value=0.04), and the mean BMI changes were near significant (P-value=0.06). A post hoc comparison of changes in weight and BMI showed a significant difference between the control and SMS groups. SMS education incurred much lower costs for patients and healthcare services than group-based education.
Conclusion
The study showed that SMS is an effective and cost-saving educational method for weight loss compared to group-based education, especially in developing countries.

Elderly abuse and neglect are among the primary public health problems linked to global demographic changes in the population, impacting not only the well-being of the elderly but also the growth of the nation or economy. This article discusses the effects of elder abuse and neglect on population health from the national and international perspectives through a narrative review of previously published articles on the concept of aging, the prevalence of elderly abuse and neglect, its risk factors and effects, and finally measures, legal perspectives, and recommendations to curb it. Interventions in Malaysia and selected nations, including Indonesia, South Korea, the United States, Australia, and Hong Kong, are examined. This issue is important as the majority of countries are moving toward being elderly populations. Improving global surveillance and the monitoring of instances is essential to inform policy actions to prevent elder abuse. In addition, a thorough assessment of the identified risk factors for violence and steps to prevent violence is required.

Herein, we report a rare case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine administration. A 64-year-old patient presented with recurrent horizontal diplopia and ipsilateral orbital pain, 2 weeks after being administered the COVID-19 vaccination. A diagnosis of THS was based on the relevant criteria after ruling out the differential diagnoses. The clinical presentation improved with corticosteroid administration. THS must be recognized as a complication of COVID-19 vaccination. This association can be explained by an autoimmune response.

Background
Since the era of “thyroid cancer epidemic,” many Korean academic societies discouraged the use of ultrasonography in healthy individuals and revised the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System to address the overscreening and overdiagnosis issues. This study aimed to evaluate the change in the diagnostic effectiveness of thyroid cancer screening over the last decade.
Methods
This single-center, retrospective observational study analyzed the data of 125,962 thyroid nodules obtained during cancer screening at the health promotion center of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2010 to 2019. Only 327 thyroid cancer cases pathologically confirmed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were included in the study. The strength of the association between the number of FNA and (1) the number of thyroid cancer diagnoses, (2) the positive predictive values (PPVs), and (3) the difference in PPV from the previous year were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation analysis.
Results
The number of thyroid FNA biopsies as well as the thyroid cancer diagnoses decreased from 2010 to 2019 (166 to 48 [-71.1%] vs. 43 to 22 [-48.8%]). The PPV of FNA biopsies increased from 25.9% to 45.8% (+76.8%) and was negatively correlated with the number of FNA biopsies performed (R=-0.87, P<0.001). The difference in PPV from the previous year increased similarly but without statistical significance (R=-0.59, P=0.09).
Conclusion
The diagnostic efficiency of thyroid cancer screening has increased over the last decade, as evidenced by the increasing PPV of FNA biopsies.

Citations

• Impact of Incretin Mimetics on Thyroid Cancer Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Time-to-Event Analysis
  Michael W. Strand, Daniel Chow, Weining Shen, Jonathan H. Watanabe
  Pharmacoepidemiology.2025; 4(2): 9.     CrossRef

Aging has become a global problem, and the interest in healthy aging is growing. Healthy aging involves a focus on the maintenance of the function and well-being of elderly adults, rather than a specific disease. Thus, the management of frailty, which is an accumulated decline in function, is important for healthy aging. The adaptation method was used to develop clinical practice guidelines on frailty management that are applicable in primary care settings. The guidelines were developed in three phases: preparation (organization of committees and establishment of the scope of development), literature screening and evaluation (selection of the clinical practice guidelines to be adapted and evaluation of the guidelines using the Korean Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool), and confirmation of recommendations (three rounds of Delphi consensus and internal and external reviews). A total of 16 recommendations (five recommendations for diagnosis and assessment, 11 recommendations for intervention of frailty) were made through the guideline development process. These clinical practice guidelines provide overall guidance on the identification, evaluation, intervention, and monitoring of frailty, making them applicable in primary care settings. As aging and “healthy aging” become more and more important, these guidelines are also expected to increase in clinical usefulness.

Citations

• Summary of best evidence for prevention and management of frailty
  Yinning Guo, Xueyi Miao, Jieman Hu, Li Chen, Yimeng Chen, Kang Zhao, Ting Xu, Xiaoman Jiang, Hanfei Zhu, Xinyi Xu, Qin Xu
  Age and Ageing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Frailty: Assessment and Intervention
  Hana Moon, Geon Ho Lee, DaeHyun Kim
  Keimyung Medical Journal.2024; 43(2): 100.     CrossRef
• Clinical practice guidelines for frailty vary in quality but guide primary health care: a systematic review
  Huaxin Si, Jiaqi Yu, Qinqin Liu, Yanyan Li, Yaru Jin, Yanhui Bian, Xiaoxia Qiao, Wenyu Wang, Lili Ji, Yan Wang, Jian Du, Cuili Wang
  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.2023; 161: 28.     CrossRef
• Yaşlılarda Kırılganlığın Önlenmesi ve Yönetiminde Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşımlar
  Ayşe Buket DOĞAN, Özlem CANBOLAT
  Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer.2023; 13(3): 501.     CrossRef
• Validation of the Korean Academy of Geriatric Dentistry screening questionnaire and oral frailty diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older adults
  Jeong-Hyun Kang, Seong-Chan Park, Hoi-In Jung, Sun Jae Jung, Hye-Jin Park, Soo-Min Kim, Min-Ji Jo, Yun-Seon Lee, Sun-Young Han
  Epidemiology and Health.2023; 46: e2024008.     CrossRef
• Up-to-date knowledge of frailty
  Chang Won Won
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef

Background
The medial temporal region is the earliest affected structure in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and its atrophy is known as the hallmark of AD. This study aimed to investigate the value of medial temporal atrophy (MTA) for detecting 18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET)-proven AD pathology.
Methods
We retrospectively enrolled 265 subjects complaining of cognitive decline at a dementia outpatient clinic from March 2015 to December 2017. All subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and 18F-florbetaben PET at baseline. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses on variables including age, sex, years of education, white matter hyperintensities, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, and memory composite scores in various combinations to investigate whether MTA was indicative of underlying AD pathology.
Results
Our sample population of 265 patients comprised 121 with AD-related cognitive impairment, 42 with Lewy bodies-related cognitive impairment, 32 with vascular cognitive impairment, and 70 with other or undetermined pathologies. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, MTA was not an independent predictor of underlying AD pathology (P>0.200). The predictive power of underlying AD-related cognitive impairment significantly increased when multiple variables including APOE genotype and memory composite scores were considered together (area under the curve >0.750).
Conclusion
Our results suggest that MTA alone may be insufficient to accurately predict the presence of AD pathology. It is necessary to comprehensively consider various other factors such as APOE genotype and a detailed memory function to determine whether the patient is at high risk of AD.

Citations

• Brain MRI volumetry and atrophy rating scales as predictors of amyloid status and eligibility for anti-amyloid treatment in a real-world memory clinic setting
  A. Zilioli, A. Rosenberg, R. Mohanty, A. Matton, T. Granberg, G. Hagman, J. Lötjönen, M. Kivipelto, E. Westman
  Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• CAPS: a simple clinical tool for β-amyloid positivity prediction in clinical Alzheimer syndrome
  Durjoy Lahiri, Bruna Seixas-Lima, Carlos Roncero, Nicolaas Paul Verhoeff, Morris Freedman, Sarmad Al-Shamaa, Howard Chertkow
  Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• White matter hyperintensities in cholinergic pathways are associated with dementia severity in e4 carriers but not in non-carriers
  Ming-Chun Yu, Yi-Fang Chuang, Shu-Ching Wu, Cheng-Feng Ho, Yi-Chien Liu, Chia-Ju Chou
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Brain atrophy pattern in patients with mild cognitive impairment: MRI study
  Rosalinda Calandrelli, Marco Panfili, Valeria Onofrj, Huong Elena Tran, Francesca Piludu, Valeria Guglielmi, Cesare Colosimo, Fabio Pilato
  Translational Neuroscience.2022; 13(1): 335.     CrossRef

Background
This study investigated the differences in the risk of potentially avoidable hospitalization (PAH) among eligible long-term care insurance (LTCI) beneficiaries with dementia for LTCI services in Korea. Nested case-control study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Service–Senior claim database.
Methods
Cases of individuals who had a PAH incident diagnosis and controls were selected by incidence density sampling and matched to cases based on age, sex, and difficulty of daily living among dementia patients. We conducted incidence density sampling three times by PAH type.
Results
Our main results were presented by conditional logistic regression analysis for the matched case–control studies. Out of the 7,352 eligible LTCI beneficiary patients, there were 1,231 cases (16.7%) in overall PAH, 132 cases (19.0%) in acute PAH and 1,114 cases (16.7%) in chronic PAH categories. In terms of individual risk of overall and chronic PAH, the odds ratios of those who did not receive any services were 1.336 time higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.159–1.540) and 1.280 time higher (95% CI, 1.103–1.485) compared to those who received home care, respectively. For risk of acute PAH, the odds ratios of those who did receive institutional care were 2.046 time higher (95% CI, 1.170–3.578) compared to those who received home care.
Conclusion
This study identified the differences in risk of PAH incidents according to the type of LTCI service in the elderly population in Korea. Therefore, it will require substantial effort and strategy from health policy makers to improve care quality.

Citations

• Cost of Care and Pattern of Medical Care Use in the Last Year of Life among Long-Term Care Insurance Beneficiaries in South Korea: Using National Claims Data
  Sunjoo Boo, Jungah Lee, Hyunjin Oh
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(23): 9078.     CrossRef

Background
To investigate the relationship between hand grip strength (HGS) and self-rated health in middleand old-aged Korean subjects.
Methods
The data used for this study were derived from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A total of 9,132 participants were enrolled using the year 2006 as the baseline, with additional data collected throughout the followup period until 2016. Chi-square test and generalized estimating equation regression models were used for data analysis. HGS was measured in a sitting position with the elbow fixed at 90° on both sides using a dynamometer, and calculated using the values measured from both sides. Relative HGS was measured by dividing HGS by the subject’s body mass index. Self-rated health was assessed with the question “How would you rate your current health in general?” and answers were categorized as “excellent,” “moderate,” or “poor.”
Results
HGS was shown to be inversely associated with self-rated health (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–0.94; P<0.0001). Patients aged 65 years or older with lower scores were more likely to report poor self-rated health. Similar results were obtained with relative HGS (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.36–0.45; P<0.0001), but standard HGS had better model fitting (quasi-likelihood under independence model criteria=33,890).
Conclusion
HGS may be considered an index for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and may also affect self-rated health, which is a multidimensional indicator of an individual’s health status and can identify patients who may require special attention.

Citations

• Factors Leading to a Decrease in Grip Strength Among the Oldest Old: A Large, Representative, Longitudinal Survey
  André Hajek, Hans-Helmut König
  Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2024; 25(4): 672.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and risk factors among Japanese community‐dwelling older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study
  Natsuka Ogawa, Shan Yun, Miku Izutsu, Michiko Yuki
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Differential associations of physical job demands with cognitive impairment in Korean workers aged 45 and older: a 14-year longitudinal study using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA)
  Jea Chul Ha, Jin-Ha Yoon
  BMJ Open.2024; 14(10): e088000.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Handgrip Strength in Menopausal Women at High Risk of Sarcopenia: A National Population-Based Study
  Anna Lee, Sooyeon Park
  Healthcare.2024; 12(24): 2590.     CrossRef
• Association of absolute and relative hand grip strength with all-cause mortality among middle-aged and old-aged people
  Wonjeong Jeong, Jong Youn Moon, Jae-Hyun Kim
  BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Associations between grip strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular risk and mental health in forcibly displaced people from a Greek refugee camp
  Markus Gerber, Konstantinia Filippou, Florian Knappe, Ioannis D. Morres, Emmanouil Tzormpatzakis, Elsa Havas, Harald Seelig, Flora Colledge, Sebastian Ludyga, Marianne Meier, Yannis Theodorakis, Roland von Känel, Uwe Pühse, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
  Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mediation of Grip Strength on the Association Between Self-Rated Health and Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
  Kayoung Lee
  Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2022; 20(6): 344.     CrossRef
• Relationship between handgrip strength and self-reported functional difficulties among older Indian adults: The role of self-rated health
  T. Muhammad, Babul Hossain, Ayushi Das, Muhammed Rashid
  Experimental Gerontology.2022; 165: 111833.     CrossRef
• The neighborhood effect of cognitive function on self-rated health: A population-based observational study
  Jae-Hyun Kim
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2021; 93: 104285.     CrossRef
• KLoSA—Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Grip Strength as a Cardiometabolic Marker
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(5): 271.     CrossRef

A rapidly aging population in Korea has led to increased attention in the field of anti-aging medicine. The purpose of anti-aging medicine is to slow, stop, or reverse the aging process and its associated effects, such as disability and frailty. Anti-aging medicine is emerging as a growing industry, but many supplements or protocols are available that do not have scientific evidence to support their claims. In this review, the mechanisms of action and the clinical implications of anti-aging interventions were examined and explained. Calorie restriction mimetics define compounds that imitate the outcome of calorie restriction, including an activator of AMP protein kinase (metformin), inhibitor of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis (pegvisomant), inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (rapamycin), and activator of the sirtuin pathway (resveratrol). Hormonal replacement has also been widely used in the elderly population to improve their quality of life. Manipulating healthy gut microbiota through prebiotic/probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation has significant potential in anti-aging medicine. Vitamin D is expected to be a primary anti-aging medicine in the near future due to its numerous positive effects in the elderly population.

Citations

• Involvement of TGF-β, mTOR, and inflammatory mediators in aging alterations during myxomatous mitral valve disease in a canine model
  Arkadiusz Grzeczka, Szymon Graczyk, Pawel Kordowitzki
  GeroScience.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The significance of caloric restriction mimetics as anti-aging drugs
  Khloud Nassar, Doaa El-mekawey, Ahmed E. Elmasry, Mohamed S. Refaey, Mai El-Sayed Ghoneim, Yaseen A.M.M. Elshaier
  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2024; 692: 149354.     CrossRef
• Antiaging Strategies and Remedies: A Landscape of Research Progress and Promise
  Rumiana Tenchov, Janet M. Sasso, Xinmei Wang, Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
  ACS Chemical Neuroscience.2024; 15(3): 408.     CrossRef
• Pharmacotherapeutic Considerations on Telomere Biology: The Positive Effect of Pharmacologically Active Substances on Telomere Length
  Miruna-Maria Apetroaei, Persefoni Fragkiadaki, Bruno Ștefan Velescu, Stella Baliou, Elisavet Renieri, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pirvu, Doina Drăgănescu, Ana Maria Vlăsceanu, Marina Ionela (Ilie) Nedea, Denisa Ioana Udeanu, Anca Oana Docea, Artistidis Tsatsakis,
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(14): 7694.     CrossRef
• Preparation and characterization of novel antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of Ophiocordyceps gracilis
  Yidan Zhang, Hui Lian, Linhui Yang, Lingling Tong, Yang Wu, Suxing Jin, Dongsheng Guo
  Process Biochemistry.2024; 146: 571.     CrossRef
• Potential Active Marine Peptides as Anti-Aging Drugs or Drug Candidates
  Hui Yang, Qiting Zhang, Bin Zhang, Yufen Zhao, Ning Wang
  Marine Drugs.2023; 21(3): 144.     CrossRef
• Introducing aesthetic regenerative scaffolds: An immunological perspective
  Niamh Corduff
  Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.2023; 22(S1): 8.     CrossRef
• Sensory Characteristic, Nutritional Content, and Glycemic Analysis of Instant Porridge Made of Red Rice, Pumpkin, and Tuna Formulated for the Elderly
  Toto Sudargo, Adisti Qamahadlina Larasati, Bianda Aulia, Atika Anif Prameswari, Tira Aristasari, Sheila Rosmala Putri
  Current Nutrition & Food Science.2023; 19(3): 300.     CrossRef
• Enzymatic Deglycation of Damaged Skin by Means of Combined Treatment of Fructosamine-3-Kinase and Fructosyl-Amino Acid Oxidase
  Ignace De Decker, Margo Notebaert, Marijn M. Speeckaert, Karel E. Y. Claes, Phillip Blondeel, Elisabeth Van Aken, Jo Van Dorpe, Filip De Somer, Margaux Heintz, Stan Monstrey, Joris R. Delanghe
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(10): 8981.     CrossRef
• A green-based approach for noninvasive skin rejuvenation: Potential application of hyaluronic acid
  Amirabas Tanha, Mohammad Rabiee, Azin Rostami, Sepideh Ahmadi
  Environmental Research.2023; 234: 116467.     CrossRef
• Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Adenophora triphylla leaf and root extracts
  Seon Young Yoon, Ki Hyun Kim, Tae Kyung Hyun
  Journal of Plant Biotechnology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Ethanolic Extract of Lycium ruthenicum Ameliorates Age-Related Physiological Damage in Mice
  Boya Cui, Lanying Liu, Tao Shi, Min Yin, Xu Feng, Yu Shan
  Molecules.2023; 28(22): 7615.     CrossRef
• Sex‐ and strain‐specific effects of mitochondrial uncoupling on age‐related metabolic diseases in high‐fat diet‐fed mice
  Leigh Goedeke, Kelsey N. Murt, Andrea Di Francesco, João Paulo Camporez, Ali R. Nasiri, Yongliang Wang, Xian‐Man Zhang, Gary W. Cline, Rafael de Cabo, Gerald I. Shulman
  Aging Cell.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Growth Hormone Stimulates Murine Macrophage Migration during Aging
  Karen Steponavicius Cruz Borbely, Aldilane Lays Xavier Marques, Felipe Lima Porto, Beatriz Santana Mendonça, Salete Smaniotto, Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis
  Current Aging Science.2022; 15(3): 266.     CrossRef
• Improving the effectiveness of anti-aging modalities by using the constrained disorder principle-based management algorithms
  Noa Hurvitz, Narmine Elkhateeb, Tal Sigawi, Lilah Rinsky-Halivni, Yaron Ilan
  Frontiers in Aging.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Antiobesity Effects of Adipose‐Derived Stromal/Stem Cells in a Naturally Aged Mouse Model
  Qiong Wu, Shuangli He, Yu Zhu, Shiming Pu, Zuping Zhou
  Obesity.2021; 29(1): 133.     CrossRef
• Current trends on resveratrol bioactivities to treat periodontitis
  Javad Sharifi-Rad, Cristina Quispe, Mary Angelia Alfred, Nanjangud Venaktesh Anil Kumar, Niccolò Lombardi, Lucrezia Cinquanta, Marcello Iriti, Elena M. Varoni, Gaurav Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Kamal Dua, Susana M. Cardoso, Gregorio Peron, Abhijit De
  Food Bioscience.2021; 42: 101205.     CrossRef
• Antiaging Potential of Peptides from Underused Marine Bioresources
  Enqin Xia, Xuan Zhu, Xuebin Gao, Jindong Ni, Honghui Guo
  Marine Drugs.2021; 19(9): 513.     CrossRef
• Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging
  T. Fulop, A. Larbi, G. Pawelec, A. Khalil, A. A. Cohen, K. Hirokawa, J. M. Witkowski, C. Franceschi
  Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology.2021; 64(2): 109.     CrossRef
• Postmenopozal Kadınların Probiyotikler Hakkındaki Bilgi Düzeylerinin ve Tüketim Durumlarının Belirlenmesi
  Sefa Can KÜÇÜK, Artun YIBAR
  Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine.2021; 40(2): 125.     CrossRef
• Diagnosis and Management of Frailty in Primary Health Care
  Chang Won Won
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(4): 207.     CrossRef
• Is Sleep Associated with the S-Klotho Anti-Aging Protein in Sedentary Middle-Aged Adults? The FIT-AGEING Study
  Sol Mochón-Benguigui, Almudena Carneiro-Barrera, Manuel J. Castillo, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
  Antioxidants.2020; 9(8): 738.     CrossRef
• The efficacy and safety of health qigong for anti-aging
  Peng Yu, Weihong Li, Han Li, Shuang Ouyang, Haiyang Cai, Jing Wu, Chaohui Tang, Qingsong Huang
  Medicine.2020; 99(49): e22877.     CrossRef

Background
Decreased physical performance, such as weakened handgrip strength and cognitive decline, is associated with disability and premature death in old age. We investigated the association between handgrip strength and cognitive impairment in Korean elderly adults with normal cognitive function.
Methods
This prospective study used the database from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The participants included 2,378 adults aged 65 years or older with normal cognitive function (Korean Mini-Mental Status Evaluation [K-MMSE] score ≥21). Using a mixed-effects model, we examined the associations at baseline and over an 8-year follow-up period between handgrip strength and K-MMSE score. We investigated handgrip strength as a predictor of change in cognitive function.
Results
This study included 1,138 women (mean maximum handgrip strength 19.2 kg, mean K-MMSE score 25.1) and 1,240 men (mean maximum handgrip strength 30.7 kg, mean MMSE score 26.2). The baseline handgrip strength was positively associated with the baseline K-MMSE score (b=0.18, P<0.001). Using a mixed-effects model, we found that higher handgrip strength at baseline can predict MMSE scores positively over time (b=0.14, P<0.001) and the change of handgrip strength over time was a predictor of high MMSE scores over the study period (b=0.01, P<0.01).
Conclusion
We observed significant associations between baseline handgrip strength and baseline and change of cognition, as well as the longitudinal influence of handgrip strength on the change of cognitive function in elderly Korean adults with normal cognitive function.

Citations

• Lower limb strength and depression: a national cross‐sectional study of an elderly population in China
  Taoyang Cai, Shangjie Ge‐Zhang, Yanru Liu
  Psychogeriatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Potential risk factors for mild cognitive impairment among patients with type 2 diabetes experiencing hypoglycemia
  Ruonan Gao, Menglan Zhan, Sujie Ke, Kejun Wu, Guanlian He, Liqin Qi, Xiaoying Liu, Xiaohong Liu, Lijing Wang, Libin Liu
  Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 207: 111036.     CrossRef
• Exploring the Association between Elevated Anxiety Symptoms and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass among Asymptomatic Adults: A Population-Based Study in Republic of Korea
  Eunsoo Kim, Sra Jung, Mi Yeon Lee, Chul-Hyun Park, Sung Joon Cho
  Brain Sciences.2024; 14(5): 438.     CrossRef
• Handgrip strength is associated with cognitive function in older patients with stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease: results from the NHANES
  Jialing Zhang, Peixin Wang, Qi Pang, Shiyuan Wang, Aihua Zhang
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between falls, cognitive decline, and dementia in older adults: Insights from the Korean longitudinal study of aging, 2006–2020
  Soo-Jin Kim, Hyeong-Dong Kim
  Experimental Gerontology.2024; 194: 112481.     CrossRef
• Enhancing physical function and activity level in malnourished older adults through oral nutrition supplements: a randomized controlled trial
  Ranil Jayawardena, Kalani Weerasinghe, Manoja Gamage, Andrew P. Hills
  BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Grip Strength Loss Rate and the Subsequent Cognitive Decline Rate in Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Social Isolation
  Yanzhi Li, Liwan Zhu, Caiyun Zhang, Hao Zhao, Wanxin Wang, Lan Guo, Ciyong Lu, W Quin Yow
  Innovation in Aging.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Longitudinal Trajectories of Self-Reported Cognitive Function and Associated Factors Among Older Cancer Survivors
  Youn-Jung Son, Kyoung-Hwa Baek, Eun Young Kim
  Western Journal of Nursing Research.2024; 46(9): 674.     CrossRef
• Does motor functioning mediate the relationship between executive functions and psychological well-being of atypically developing older adults?
  Maria Chiara Fastame, Ilaria Mulas, Valeria Putzu, Gesuina Asoni, Daniela Viale, Irene Mameli, Massimiliano Pau
  Current Psychology.2023; 42(17): 14237.     CrossRef
• Patterns and risk factors of cognitive decline among community-dwelling older adults in South Korea
  Jinhee Shin, Eunhee Cho
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2023; 104: 104809.     CrossRef
• Handgrip strength is associated with learning and verbal fluency in older men without dementia: insights from the NHANES
  Konstantinos Prokopidis, Panagiotis Giannos, Theocharis Ispoglou, Ben Kirk, Oliver C. Witard, Yannis Dionyssiotis, David Scott, Helen Macpherson, Gustavo Duque, Masoud Isanejad
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• The Relationship between Handgrip Strength, Timed Up-and-Go, and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older People during COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions
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Citations

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• Frailty
  Carl I. Cohen, Rivka Benyaminov, Md Mamunur Rahman, Dilys Ngu, Michael Reinhardt
  Medical Clinics of North America.2023; 107(1): 183.     CrossRef
• Frailty transition and depression among community-dwelling older adults: the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2020)
  Nataliya Nerobkova, Yu Shin Park, Eun-Cheol Park, Jaeyong Shin
  BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence of frailty in geriatric population of Ahmedabad, Gujarat: A cross-sectional study
  ShivaniSiddharth Sheth, MeghaSandeep Sheth
  Journal of the Indian Academy of Geriatrics.2023; 19(2): 124.     CrossRef
• Physical frailty recovery is slower than mental frailty recovery after non-cardiac surgery in older adult patients
  Tomokazu Kishiki, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Hideaki Yoshino, Nobuyoshi Aso, Aiko Iioka, Takashi Wakamatsu, Kazuna Honda, Isao Kataoka, Sangchul Kim, Shun Ishii, Satoshi Isobe, Toshiya Shirota, Mayumi Ide, Seiichi Taniai, Kumi Moriyama, Tomoko Yorozu, Haruhiko Kon
  Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Frailty and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies
  Talia L. Robinson, Marissa A. Gogniat, L. Stephen Miller
  Neuropsychology Review.2022; 32(2): 274.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of cognitive frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Yiming Qiu, Guichen Li, Xinxin Wang, Lufang Zheng, Cong Wang, Chunyan Wang, Li Chen
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2022; 125: 104112.     CrossRef
• Frailty transitions and cognitive function among South Korean older adults
  Fatima Nari, Bich Na Jang, Hin Moi Youn, Wonjeong Jeong, Sung-In Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
  Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Differential associations of functional and cognitive health outcomes with pre-frailty and frailty states in community-dwelling older adults
  Caitlin Sleight, Roee Holtzer
  Journal of Health Psychology.2020; 25(8): 1057.     CrossRef
• Chapter 4 Frailty and specific diseases
  Ken Sugimoto, Hiromi Rakugi, Taro Kojima, Shinya Ishii, Masahiro Akishita, Yoshiaki Tamura, Atsushi Araki, Koichi Kozaki, Kazuyoshi Senda, Hideki Fukuoka, Shosuke Satake, Hidenori Arai
  Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2020; 20(S1): 25.     CrossRef
• Association between functional social support and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults: a protocol for a systematic review
  Emily C Rutter, Suzanne L Tyas, Colleen J Maxwell, Jane Law, Megan E O'Connell, Candace A Konnert, Mark Oremus
  BMJ Open.2020; 10(4): e037301.     CrossRef
• Effects of combining exercise with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in the elderly: a randomised controlled trial
  Hisanori Tokuda, Mika Ito, Toshiaki Sueyasu, Hideyuki Sasaki, Satoshi Morita, Yoshihisa Kaneda, Tomohiro Rogi, Sumio Kondo, Motoki Kouzaki, Takashi Tsukiura, Hiroshi Shibata
  Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Factors Associated with Frailty and Cognitive Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Elderly with Knee Osteoarthritis
  Kulthanit Wanaratna, Weerasak Muangpaisan, Vilai Kuptniratsaikul, Chalobol Chalermsri, Apiwan Nuttamonwarakul
  Journal of Community Health.2019; 44(3): 587.     CrossRef
• Differences in handgrip strength protocols to identify sarcopenia and frailty - a systematic review
  A. R. Sousa-Santos, T. F. Amaral
  BMC Geriatrics.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Performance of Edmonton Frail Scale on frailty assessment: its association with multi-dimensional geriatric conditions assessed with specific screening tools
  Simone Perna, Matthew D’Arcy Francis, Chiara Bologna, Francesca Moncaglieri, Antonella Riva, Paolo Morazzoni, Pietro Allegrini, Antonio Isu, Beatrice Vigo, Fabio Guerriero, Mariangela Rondanelli
  BMC Geriatrics.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Cerebral microbleeds are associated with physical frailty: a community-based study
  Chih-Ping Chung, Kun-Hsien Chou, Wei-Ta Chen, Li-Kuo Liu, Wei-Ju Lee, Liang-Kung Chen, Ching-Po Lin, Pei-Ning Wang
  Neurobiology of Aging.2016; 44: 143.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and incidence of frailty in Aboriginal Australians, and associations with mortality and disability
  Zoë Hyde, Leon Flicker, Kate Smith, David Atkinson, Stephen Fenner, Linda Skeaf, Roslyn Malay, Dina Lo Giudice
  Maturitas.2016; 87: 89.     CrossRef
• Predictors of frailty in old age–results of a longitudinal study
  André Hajek, C. Brettschneider, T. Posselt, C. Lange, S. Mamone, B. Wiese, S. Weyerer, J. Werle, A. Fuchs, M. Pentzek, J. Stein, T. Luck, H. Bickel, E. Mösch, K. Heser, F. Jessen, W. Maier, M. Scherer, S.G. Riedel-Heller, H.-H. König
  The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2016; 20(9): 952.     CrossRef
• Hand tactile discrimination, social touch and frailty criteria in elderly people: A cross sectional observational study
  Ana Isabel Vieira, Dália Nogueira, Elisabeth de Azevedo Reis, Maria da Lapa Rosado, Maria Vânia Nunes, Alexandre Castro-Caldas
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2016; 66: 73.     CrossRef
• Comments on Statistical Issues in January 2015
  Yong Gyu Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2015; 36(1): 42.     CrossRef

Elderly frailty has been recognized as a distinct clinical syndrome with a physiologic basis. It reflects a decreased functional reserve and consequent reduction in resilience to any stressors. It is important to understand that frailty process could be a transitional state with dynamic properties: normal aging→pre-frail→frailty→complication status. Hence, frailty could be preventable and its progression may be delayed. Furthermore, there is the potential reversibility of many of its features. The earlier stages of frailty might not be clinically apparent, but later stages manifest as significant deficits accumulate. The major phenotype of frailty includes weight loss, sarcopenia, relative inactivity, decreased balance and mobility, decreased cognitive function, and impaired nutritional status. Therefore, frail patients could be implicated by decreased performance status and have a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, falls and mortality. Regular exercise, essential amino acid and vitamin D are recommendable to prevent and treat elderly frailty, but hormone replacement therapy does not have consistent evidence yet. In upcoming (super) aging society, the importance of elderly frailty would be more noticed and multidisplinary approach should be actively performed.

Citations

• Healthy aging of frail older adults in the community: A hybrid concept analysis
  Ji Su Seo, A-Hyun Ryu, Rhayun Song
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(3): 284.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing the stages of frailty among Korean older adults focusing on objective and subjective social isolation
  Song Yi Han, Hye Young Jang, Young Ko
  BMC Geriatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women
  Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado, Rubens Vinícius Letieri, Adriana Silva-Caldo, Joice C. S. Trombeta, Clara Monteiro, Rafael Nogueira Rodrigues, Ana Vieira-Pedrosa, Marcelo Paes Barros, Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri, Eef Hogervorst, Ana Maria Teixeira, José Pedro
  Frontiers in Psychology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Frailty According to Gender of Older Adults Living Alone
  Hye-Young Jang, Ji-Hye Kim
  Healthcare.2021; 9(4): 475.     CrossRef
• Upcoming Aging Society and Men's Health: Focus on Clinical Implications of Exercise and Lifestyle Modification
  Byoungjin Park, Yong-Jae Lee
  The World Journal of Men's Health.2020; 38(1): 24.     CrossRef
• Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
  Ki-taek Lim, Ji-eun Lee, Ha-eun Park, Su-young Park, Woochol Joseph Choi
  Physical Therapy Korea.2019; 26(2): 34.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with frailty among community-dwelling older adults by age group: A multi-dimensional approach
  Lee Seyune, Kim Hongsoo, Jung Young-il, Hong Yun-chul
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(2): 89.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Health Promotion Empowerment Program Using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader on Frail Elders' Health and Empowerment
  Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(3): 335.     CrossRef
• Effects of Calcium/Vitamin D Intake and Taekkyeon Exercise on the Elderly's Frailty
  Kwang Ok Lee
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2016; 18(3): 185.     CrossRef
• Frailty and its related Factors in Vulnerable Elderly Population by Age Groups
  Eunok Park, Mi Yu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(6): 848.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis
  Hyung-Min Ji, Jun Han, Ye-Yeon Won
  Hip & Pelvis.2015; 27(2): 72.     CrossRef
• Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Physiological Indices, Muscle Mass, and Physical Functions of Aged Women
  In Kyung Kim, Ok Soo Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(5): 539.     CrossRef
• Korean Terminology for Frailty
  Chang Won Won M.D.
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2012; 16(2): 51.     CrossRef
• El Instrumento de Fragilidad para Atención Primaria de la Encuesta de Salud, Envejecimiento y Jubilación en Europa (SHARE-FI): resultados de la muestra española
  Román Romero Ortuño
  Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología.2011; 46(5): 243.     CrossRef

Background
Metabolic syndrome is regarded as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. We observed and compared aging males symptoms (AMS) between healthy and metabolic syndrome patients in middle-aged Korean men to evaluate clinical significance of AMS. Methods: From May 2009 to July 2009, 171 middle-aged men (over 40 years-old) who visited a health promotion center of a university hospital in Gyeonggi Province were enrolled in study. The subjects were divided into two groups; metabolic syndrome (N = 87) vs. control (N = 84) and measured the aging male symptoms (AMS) scale. AMS were also grouped according to its severity. Results: There were no significant differences except, weight, body mass index between two groups. In AMS severity, 'severe' group show higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. And the group of metabolic syndrome gets higher AMS score than control. Among the five constitutive factors of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of fasting blood sugar (≥ 100 mg/dL) and triglyceride (≥ 150 mg/dL) level is higher 'moderates' and 'severe' groups in AMS severity. In the subscale analysis of AMS, there are significant differences between two groups in sexual and somato-vegitative axis, but are not in psychological axis. With age-adjusted analysis, the results still show same trend.Conclusion: It might be necessary to approach aging males symptoms comprehensively during the management of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. And it could be helpful in treatment to recognize and control metabolic syndrome factors for the patients with severe aging males symptoms.

Background
In the primary care setting, compliance with lipid lowering therapy was relatively low. In order to compare the efficacy of a short messaging service (SMS) text messaging and postal reminder as means of improving attendance rates during the first 24 weeks of lipid-lowering therapy, a randomized controlled trial of 918 patients from 19 family practice clinics was conducted between February 2003 and June 2006. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned into 3 groups: SMS (327), postal (294),and control (297) group. To ascertain attendance rates, patients were followed up at 24 weeks after their treatment. Reminders were sent at 16 weeks from the coordinating center. Results: Overall attendance rate was 74.1%. This differed between groups, with 76.1% attendance for the SMS group, 73.5% for the postal group, and 72.4% for the control group. According to a multivariate analysis, the SMS group had a significantly higher attendance rate (Odds ratios [OR] 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.16) than the control group, but the postal group (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.69) did not. Moreover, the cost per attendance for the SMS reminder (155 Korean Won [KRW]) was much lower than that for the postal reminder (722 KRW). Conclusion: SMS reminder may be more cost saving method to improve the attendance rate compared with the postal reminder.

Citations

• Effect of A Mobile-Phone Mediated Based Education on Self-Care Behaviors of Patients With Thalassemia Major
  Fatemeh Gharaati, Teamur Aghamolaei, Zahra Hosseini, Sayed Hossein Davoodi, laleh Hassani, Razieh Mohamadi, Shokroallah Mohsseni, Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi
  Journal of Caring Sciences.2019; 8(3): 149.     CrossRef
• Self-management of Chronic Conditions Using mHealth Interventions in Korea: A Systematic Review
  Jae Yoon Yi, Yujin Kim, Yoon-Min Cho, Hongsoo Kim
  Healthcare Informatics Research.2018; 24(3): 187.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of SMS Reminders on Appointment Attendance: a Meta-Analysis
  Nasim Boksmati, Kerryn Butler-Henderson, Kevin Anderson, Tony Sahama
  Journal of Medical Systems.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Using digital notifications to improve attendance in clinic: systematic review and meta-analysis
  Dan Robotham, Safarina Satkunanathan, John Reynolds, Daniel Stahl, Til Wykes
  BMJ Open.2016; 6(10): e012116.     CrossRef
• The effect of SMS messaging on the compliance with iron supplementation among pregnant women in Iran: a randomized controlled trial
  Marzieh Rakhsh Khorshid, Poorandokht Afshari, Parvin Abedi
  Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.2014; 20(4): 201.     CrossRef
• Targeting the Use of Reminders and Notifications for Uptake by Populations (TURNUP): a systematic review and evidence synthesis
  Sionnadh McLean, Melanie Gee, Andrew Booth, Sarah Salway, Susan Nancarrow, Mark Cobb, Sadiq Bhanbhro
  Health Services and Delivery Research.2014; 2(34): 1.     CrossRef
• How Effective Are Short Message Service Reminders at Increasing Clinic Attendance? A Meta‐Analysis and Systematic Review
  Rebecca Guy, Jane Hocking, Handan Wand, Sam Stott, Hammad Ali, John Kaldor
  Health Services Research.2012; 47(2): 614.     CrossRef

Background
: Pulse pressure, a clinical marker of arterial stiffness, is an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular disease, and reflects aging of arterial system. It is a well known fact that serum IGF-1 level is a parameter of growth hormone (GH) secretion and decreased GH secretion is related to aging. The aim of this study was to find out if there was any correlation between pulse pressure and IGF-1 concentration.

Methods : By reviewing the medical records of a hospital in Korea, healthy 194 men and 180 women were studied. We measured serum IGF-1, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol concentrations and fasting blood sugar (FBS). Also, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed.

Results : In men, the pulse pressure was positively correlated with age (r=0.29, P＜0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r=0.70, P＜0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r=0.22, P=0.003), and body mass index (BMI) (r= 0.28, P＜0.001) and inversely with IGF-1 levels (r=-0.27, P＜0.001). In women, pulse pressure was positively levels with SBP (r=0.28, P＜0.001), BMI (r=0.27, P＜0.001), triglyceride (r=0.19, p=0.011), total cholesterol (r=0.15, P=0.049) levels, and FBS (r=0.17, P=0.027) and was not correlated with age, DBP, and serum IGF-1 levels. After adjustment for age, BMI, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and FBS, the pulse pressure was independently negatively correlated with serum IGF-1 levels (β=-6.052, P=0.007) in men. The multiple regression analysis showed that serum IGF-1 levels (R²=0.04) was the third most powerful factor influencing the pulse pressure.

Conclusion : There was as independent negative correlation between the pulse pressure and serum IGF-1 levels in healthy men.

Background
: There is a significant amount of evidence to indicate that some of the changes attributed to aging process can be partially reversed by GH replacement. But the GH replacement for somatopause with functional GH deficiency is still controversial. The aim of this study was to explore whether the short term GH replacement improved physical, emotional and sexual function as well as body composition.

Methods : A total of 31 adults with functional growth hormone deficiency were assigned to receive rhGH with an initial daily dose of 1.05 IU, six times a week. For evaluating physical change a 25-item questionnaire was administered to patients at initial visit and 6 months later. Body composition was determined by bioimpedence analysis at initial visit and 6 months later as well. We compared the changes for each variable using Wilcoxon's rank and Friedman's test.

Results : Serum IGF-1 level at 3 and 6 months were increased significantly by 31% and 43%, respectively, compared to baseline (P＜0.0001). Lean body mass and percent body fat at 6 months of treatment showed a 2.2% increase and a 7.6% decrease with statistical significance. The score of the questionnaire at 6 months of treatment increased significantly in physical changes (P＜0.0005), sexual function (P＜0.001), self perception of physical appearances (P＜0.02), chronic fatigue & immunity (P＜0.03), and vitality (P＜0.05).

Conclusion : Adults with functional growth hormone deficiency showed improvements in not only body composition, but also physical function and appearances and sexual function after 6 months of treatment with rhHGH.

Background
: There is a clinical need for a reference value based on healthy adults in Korea. The aim of this study was to define IGF-1 concentration in healthy Korean adults and to investigate the factors relative to IGF-1 level.

Methods : By reviewing the medical records of a hospital in Korea, healthy 112 men and 109 women aged over 40 years were studied. We determined the serum IGF-1 levels of both groups according to age, sex, health behaviors, lipid profile, bone mineral density, serum albumin, waist circumference, body mass index, total testosterone, and FSH.

Results : IGF-1 had no sexual difference in any age group (258.7±84.3 ng/mL for men, 263.7±86.8 ng/mL for women), but correlated negatively with age (r=-0.43 and -0.35 for men and women, respectively). The mean decline was 49.6 ng/mL and 43.9 ng/mL per 10 years for men and women, respectively. IGF-1 correlated positively with serum albumin, total cholesterol, and bone mineral density of spine and femur neck. The multiple regression analysis showed that the most powerful factors influencing IGF-1 level was serum albumin (R²; 0.13) followed by age, bone mineral density of femur neck, and total cholesterol.

Conclusion : We present a reference value for IGF-1 in healthy Korean adults aged over 40 years. The most powerful factor influencing IGF-1 level was serum albumin.