Aging has become a global problem, and the interest in healthy aging is growing. Healthy aging involves a focus on the maintenance of the function and well-being of elderly adults, rather than a specific disease. Thus, the management of frailty, which is an accumulated decline in function, is important for healthy aging. The adaptation method was used to develop clinical practice guidelines on frailty management that are applicable in primary care settings. The guidelines were developed in three phases: preparation (organization of committees and establishment of the scope of development), literature screening and evaluation (selection of the clinical practice guidelines to be adapted and evaluation of the guidelines using the Korean Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool), and confirmation of recommendations (three rounds of Delphi consensus and internal and external reviews). A total of 16 recommendations (five recommendations for diagnosis and assessment, 11 recommendations for intervention of frailty) were made through the guideline development process. These clinical practice guidelines provide overall guidance on the identification, evaluation, intervention, and monitoring of frailty, making them applicable in primary care settings. As aging and “healthy aging” become more and more important, these guidelines are also expected to increase in clinical usefulness.

Citations

• Summary of best evidence for prevention and management of frailty
  Yinning Guo, Xueyi Miao, Jieman Hu, Li Chen, Yimeng Chen, Kang Zhao, Ting Xu, Xiaoman Jiang, Hanfei Zhu, Xinyi Xu, Qin Xu
  Age and Ageing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Frailty: Assessment and Intervention
  Hana Moon, Geon Ho Lee, DaeHyun Kim
  Keimyung Medical Journal.2024; 43(2): 100.     CrossRef
• Clinical practice guidelines for frailty vary in quality but guide primary health care: a systematic review
  Huaxin Si, Jiaqi Yu, Qinqin Liu, Yanyan Li, Yaru Jin, Yanhui Bian, Xiaoxia Qiao, Wenyu Wang, Lili Ji, Yan Wang, Jian Du, Cuili Wang
  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.2023; 161: 28.     CrossRef
• Yaşlılarda Kırılganlığın Önlenmesi ve Yönetiminde Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşımlar
  Ayşe Buket DOĞAN, Özlem CANBOLAT
  Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer.2023; 13(3): 501.     CrossRef
• Validation of the Korean Academy of Geriatric Dentistry screening questionnaire and oral frailty diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older adults
  Jeong-Hyun Kang, Seong-Chan Park, Hoi-In Jung, Sun Jae Jung, Hye-Jin Park, Soo-Min Kim, Min-Ji Jo, Yun-Seon Lee, Sun-Young Han
  Epidemiology and Health.2023; 46: e2024008.     CrossRef
• Up-to-date knowledge of frailty
  Chang Won Won
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef

Disability in older adults has become a significant burden, both individually and socially, due to the rapidly aging population in Korea. It is important to manage both frailty and chronic diseases to delay disability. Frailty, which is considered to be a transition phase between healthy status and disability, is defined as a significant decline in functional reserves of multiple organ systems and the resultant extreme vulnerability to stressors, leading to a higher risk of adverse health-related outcomes. The frailty phenotype and frailty index are the most commonly used methods to diagnose frailty. Frailty is related to physical, psychological, cognitive, and social dysfunction, and is sometimes caused by chronic disease. Therefore, primary care providers are ideally situated to incorporate the concept of frailty into their practice, as they are champions in comprehensive care. Although the identification and treatment of frailty is not yet standard practice in primary care, primary care physicians must use the electronic frailty index to identify frailty in all the patients aged ≥65 years in the United Kingdom. In Canada, some insurance companies and governments are using a similar program, which is called the Community Actions and Resources Empowering Seniors model. The clinical practice guidelines of the International Conference of Frailty and Sarcopenia Research, as well as some additional references, will be introduced. Here, we review the current literature on how to diagnose and manage frailty in primary care.

Citations

• Comparison of Frailty Rates in Aged Patients Using Updated Clinical Guidelines
  Julia A. Safonova, Daria S. Dyachkova-Gertseva, Ekaterina S. Lapteva
  Russian Family Doctor.2025; 29(2): 77.     CrossRef
• Frailty and nutrition
  Neil Wilson, William Mullaney
  British Journal of Community Nursing.2024; 29(3): 118.     CrossRef
• The Chinese translation and cross-cultural adaptation of PRISMA-7 questionnaire: an observational study to establish the accuracy, reliability and validity
  Meredith T. Yeung, Yen Gan, Shu Qi Teo, Kai Quan Lim, Hui Xuan Leow, Myriam Jbabdi, Michel Raiche, Mingxing Yang
  BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Frailty and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
  Bo Daelman, Liesbet Van Bulck, Koen Luyckx, Adrienne H. Kovacs, Alexander Van De Bruaene, Magalie Ladouceur, Hsiao-Ling Yang, Ju Ryoung Moon, André Schmidt, Birgitte Lykkeberg, Edward Callus, Michèle de Hosson, Camilla Sandberg, Bengt Johansson, Joanna Hl
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2024; 83(12): 1149.     CrossRef
• Looking out across the front yard: aboriginal peoples’ views of frailty in the community – A qualitative study
  Ebony T. Lewis, Leanne Howard, Uncle Robert Carroll, Adam Howie, Gail Kenning, Adrienne Withall, Kenneth Rockwood, Magnolia Cardona, Kylie Radford, Katherine Schreyenberg, Ruth Peters
  Ethnicity & Health.2024; 29(8): 987.     CrossRef
• Physical activity and nutrient intake levels according to grip strength among single-household elderly in Korea: data from 2014 and 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
  Mi-Young Park, Nana Chung
  Physical Activity and Nutrition.2024; 28(3): 027.     CrossRef
• The challenge of home and community older adult care in China: a survey of the capability of primary care physicians in providing geriatric healthcare services
  Xiufang Chen, Kun Xie, Yahui Li, Dan Hu, Yong Chen, Jiaying Chen
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Patient-reported outcomes in the aging population of adults with congenital heart disease: results from APPROACH-IS
  Philip Moons, Koen Luyckx, Corina Thomet, Werner Budts, Junko Enomoto, Maayke A Sluman, Hsiao-Ling Yang, Jamie L Jackson, Paul Khairy, Stephen C Cook, Shanthi Chidambarathanu, Luis Alday, Erwin Oechslin, Katrine Eriksen, Mikael Dellborg, Malin Berghammer,
  European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2023; 22(4): 339.     CrossRef
• Nutritional and physical activity issues in frailty syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic
  Maria Chiara Massari, Viviana Maria Bimonte, Lavinia Falcioni, Antimo Moretti, Carlo Baldari, Giovanni Iolascon, Silvia Migliaccio
  Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis of Posture and Gait Parameters to Prevent Frailty Condition and Fall Risk in the Elderly
  Valentina Presta, Laura Galuppo, Giancarlo Condello, Francesca Rodà, Prisco Mirandola, Marco Vitale, Mauro Vaccarezza, Giuliana Gobbi
  Applied Sciences.2023; 13(6): 3387.     CrossRef
• Building resilience and reversing frailty: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care intervention for older adults
  John Travers, Roman Romero-Ortuno, John Langan, Fergal MacNamara, Darren McCormack, Christopher McDermott, Jude McEntire, Joanne McKiernan, Seán Lacey, Peter Doran, Dermot Power, Marie-Therese Cooney
  Age and Ageing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Management of Sarcopenia in Primary Care Settings
  Chang Won Won
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(2): 71.     CrossRef
• Utilizing multimodal approach to identify candidate pathways and biomarkers and predicting frailty syndrome in individuals from UK Biobank
  Watson Hua-Sheng Tseng, Amrita Chattopadhyay, Nam Nhut Phan, Eric Y. Chuang, Oscar K. Lee
  GeroScience.2023; 46(1): 1211.     CrossRef
• Biological Age in Congenital Heart Disease—Exploring the Ticking Clock
  Tijs K. Tournoy, Philip Moons, Bo Daelman, Julie De Backer
  Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease.2023; 10(12): 492.     CrossRef
• Unsupervised Home-based Exercise for Rural Frail Elderly: An Evidence-based Case-report
  Gilbert Lazarus, Czeresna Heriawan Soejono
  Activities, Adaptation & Aging.2022; 46(3): 218.     CrossRef
• Up-to-date knowledge of frailty
  Chang Won Won
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Born to Age: When Adult Congenital Heart Disease Converges With Geroscience
  Philip Moons, Ariane Marelli
  JACC: Advances.2022; 1(1): 100012.     CrossRef
• Fragilidade e funcionalidade familiar de idosos da Atenção Domiciliar: estudo transversal analítico
  Gilmara Ramos, Mariane Lurdes Predebon, Fernanda Laís Fengler Dal Pizzol, Naiana Oliveira dos Santos, Lisiane Manganelli Girardi Paskulin, Ana Karina Silva da Rocha Tanaka, Idiane Rosset
  Acta Paulista de Enfermagem.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictive Ability of the Three-Time Stand and Walk Test to Determine Frailty and its Associations with Fear of Falling and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
  Sirintip Kumfu, Puttipong Poncumhak
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2022; 26(4): 316.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef
• World Health Organization Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) and the Integrated Care of Older Patients with Frailty in Primary Care (ICOOP_Frail) Study in Korea
  Chang Won Won, Eunmi Ha, Eunjin Jeong, Miji Kim, Juhyun Park, Ja Euk Baek, Sungouk Kim, Sung Bae Kim, Jihun Roh, Jee Hye Choi, Seung Youn Jeon, Heeeun Jung, Daehyun Lee, Yuri Seo, Hyungeun Shin, Heesun Kim
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2021; 25(1): 10.     CrossRef
• Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Frailty in Community-Dwelling Korean Elderly Adults in Primary Care Settings
  Hyo-Sun You, Yu-Jin Kwon, Sunyoung Kim, Yang-Hyun Kim, Ye-seul Kim, Yonghwan Kim, Yong-kyun Roh, Byoungjin Park, Young Kyu Park, Chang-Hae Park, Joung Sik Son, Jinyoung Shin, Hyun-Young Shin, Bumjo Oh, Jae-woo Lee, Jae Yong Shim, Chang Won Won, Ji Won Yoo
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(6): 413.     CrossRef
• Implications of frailty interventions from Korean frailty and aging cohort study
  Chang Won Won
  AGING MEDICINE.2021; 4(4): 247.     CrossRef
• Perceived Recovery Time from Common Cold as a Possible Indicator of Physical Resilience
  Yoonki Kim, Chang Won Won, Sunyoung Kim, ByungSung Kim, Miji Kim, Eunjin Jeong, Jisoo Yang, Hyona Lee
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2021; 25(3): 204.     CrossRef
• Grip Strength as a Cardiometabolic Marker
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(5): 271.     CrossRef

Citations

• Sex differences in the association between sleep duration and frailty in older adults: evidence from the KNHANES study
  Beomman Ha, Mijin Han, Wi-Young So, Seonho Kim
  BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between frailty and mortality after gastrectomy in older patients with gastric cancer
  Ju-Ri Jeong, Ji-Won Choi, Seong-Yeob Ryu, Yu-Ri Choe
  Journal of Geriatric Oncology.2022; 13(1): 67.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of frailty and mobility disability in older people living in retirement villages
  Janet Cobden, Marcos de Noronha, Michael Kingsley
  Australasian Journal on Ageing.2022; 41(2): 222.     CrossRef
• Cross-sectional associations of physical frailty with fall, multiple falls and fall-injury among older Indian adults: Findings from LASI, 2018
  Shriya Thakkar, Muhammad T., Shobhit Srivastava, David G. Greenhalgh
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(8): e0272669.     CrossRef
• Physical Frailty and Fall Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Jiraporn Chittrakul, Penprapa Siviroj, Somporn Sungkarat, Ratana Sapbamrer
  Journal of Aging Research.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
• Fear of Falling and Mortality among Older Adults in Korea: Analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
  Ari Lee, Jungun Lee, Gyumin Lee, Dong Ryul Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(4): 243.     CrossRef
• Diagnosis and Management of Frailty in Primary Health Care
  Chang Won Won
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(4): 207.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Factors Associated with Frailty and Cognitive Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Elderly with Knee Osteoarthritis
  Kulthanit Wanaratna, Weerasak Muangpaisan, Vilai Kuptniratsaikul, Chalobol Chalermsri, Apiwan Nuttamonwarakul
  Journal of Community Health.2019; 44(3): 587.     CrossRef
• Increasing use of cognitive measures in the operational definition of frailty—A systematic review
  R. Vella Azzopardi, I. Beyer, S. Vermeiren, M. Petrovic, N. Van Den Noortgate, I. Bautmans, E. Gorus
  Ageing Research Reviews.2018; 43: 10.     CrossRef
• Frailty as a Risk Factor for Falls Among Community Dwelling People: Evidence From a Meta‐Analysis
  Mei‐Hsun Cheng, Shu‐Fang Chang
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2017; 49(5): 529.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of frailty, functional capacity and quality of life of the elderly in geriatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital
  Crislainy Vieira Freitas, Edilene do Socorro Nascimento Falcão Sarges, Karlo Edson Carneiro Santana Moreira, Saul Rassy Carneiro
  Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia.2016; 19(1): 119.     CrossRef
• The Association between Frailty and Cognition in Elderly Women
  Ji-Young Kang, Cheol-Hwan Kim, Eun-Ju Sung, Ho-Cheol Shin, Woon-Jung Shin, Keun-Hyeong Jung
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(3): 164.     CrossRef
• Relationship between health-related quality of life, comorbidities and acute health care utilisation, in adults with chronic conditions
  Anastasia F. Hutchinson, Marnie Graco, Tshepo Mokuedi Rasekaba, Sumit Parikh, David John Berlowitz, Wen Kwang Lim
  Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Circumstances of falls and fall-related injuries among frail elderly under home care in China
  Hong-Ying Pi, Meng-Meng Hu, Jie Zhang, Pei-Pei Peng, Dan Nie
  International Journal of Nursing Sciences.2015; 2(3): 237.     CrossRef
• Elderly patients attended in emergency health services in Brazil: a study for victims of falls and traffic accidents
  Mariana Gonçalves de Freitas, Palmira de Fátima Bonolo, Edgar Nunes de Moraes, Carla Jorge Machado
  Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.2015; 20(3): 701.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
  Idris Guessous, Jean-Christophe Luthi, Christopher Barrett Bowling, Jean-Marc Theler, Fred Paccaud, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, William McClellan
  Journal of Aging Research.2014; 2014: 1.     CrossRef
• Quedas: conceitos, frequências e aplicações à assistência ao idoso. Revisão da literatura
  Gláucia Regina Falsarella, Lívia Pimenta Renó Gasparotto, Arlete Maria Valente Coimbra
  Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia.2014; 17(4): 897.     CrossRef
• Relationship between health-related quality of life, and acute care re-admissions and survival in older adults with chronic illness
  Anastasia Hutchinson, Tshepo Rasekaba, Marnie Graco, David Berlowitz, Graeme Hawthorne, Wen Lim
  Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2013; 11(1): 136.     CrossRef
• Cognitive frailty: Rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) International Consensus Group
  Eirini Kelaiditi, M. Cesari, M. Canevelli, G. Abellan van Kan, P.-J. Ousset, S. Gillette-Guyonnet, P. Ritz, F. Duveau, M.E. Soto, V. Provencher, F. Nourhashemi, A. Salva, P. Robert, S. Andrieu, Y. Rolland, J. Touchon, J.L. Fitten, B. Vellas
  The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2013; 17(9): 726.     CrossRef
• Physical Predictors of Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
  Christiaan G. Blankevoort, Erik J. A. Scherder, Martijn B. Wieling, Tibor Hortobágyi, Wiebo H. Brouwer, Reint H. Geuze, Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen, Jerson Laks
  PLoS ONE.2013; 8(7): e70799.     CrossRef
• Frailty and falls among adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study
  Mara A McAdams-DeMarco, Sunitha Suresh, Andrew Law, Megan L Salter, Luis F Gimenez, Bernard G Jaar, Jeremy D Walston, Dorry L Segev
  BMC Nephrology.2013;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Clinical Factors Related to Frailty Estimated by the Korean Frailty Index
  Hwee Soo Jeong, Dong Wook Lee, Ki Heum Park, Yong Kook Lee, Sang Ho Bae, Mi Jin Kang, Min Sung Shim, Chen Hsuen Teong
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2013; 17(2): 71.     CrossRef
• Frailty, Falls, and Fractures
  John E. Morley
  Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2013; 14(3): 149.     CrossRef

Elderly frailty has been recognized as a distinct clinical syndrome with a physiologic basis. It reflects a decreased functional reserve and consequent reduction in resilience to any stressors. It is important to understand that frailty process could be a transitional state with dynamic properties: normal aging→pre-frail→frailty→complication status. Hence, frailty could be preventable and its progression may be delayed. Furthermore, there is the potential reversibility of many of its features. The earlier stages of frailty might not be clinically apparent, but later stages manifest as significant deficits accumulate. The major phenotype of frailty includes weight loss, sarcopenia, relative inactivity, decreased balance and mobility, decreased cognitive function, and impaired nutritional status. Therefore, frail patients could be implicated by decreased performance status and have a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, falls and mortality. Regular exercise, essential amino acid and vitamin D are recommendable to prevent and treat elderly frailty, but hormone replacement therapy does not have consistent evidence yet. In upcoming (super) aging society, the importance of elderly frailty would be more noticed and multidisplinary approach should be actively performed.

Citations

• Healthy aging of frail older adults in the community: A hybrid concept analysis
  Ji Su Seo, A-Hyun Ryu, Rhayun Song
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(3): 284.     CrossRef
• Factors influencing the stages of frailty among Korean older adults focusing on objective and subjective social isolation
  Song Yi Han, Hye Young Jang, Young Ko
  BMC Geriatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women
  Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado, Rubens Vinícius Letieri, Adriana Silva-Caldo, Joice C. S. Trombeta, Clara Monteiro, Rafael Nogueira Rodrigues, Ana Vieira-Pedrosa, Marcelo Paes Barros, Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri, Eef Hogervorst, Ana Maria Teixeira, José Pedro
  Frontiers in Psychology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Frailty According to Gender of Older Adults Living Alone
  Hye-Young Jang, Ji-Hye Kim
  Healthcare.2021; 9(4): 475.     CrossRef
• Upcoming Aging Society and Men's Health: Focus on Clinical Implications of Exercise and Lifestyle Modification
  Byoungjin Park, Yong-Jae Lee
  The World Journal of Men's Health.2020; 38(1): 24.     CrossRef
• Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
  Ki-taek Lim, Ji-eun Lee, Ha-eun Park, Su-young Park, Woochol Joseph Choi
  Physical Therapy Korea.2019; 26(2): 34.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with frailty among community-dwelling older adults by age group: A multi-dimensional approach
  Lee Seyune, Kim Hongsoo, Jung Young-il, Hong Yun-chul
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(2): 89.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Health Promotion Empowerment Program Using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader on Frail Elders' Health and Empowerment
  Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(3): 335.     CrossRef
• Effects of Calcium/Vitamin D Intake and Taekkyeon Exercise on the Elderly's Frailty
  Kwang Ok Lee
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2016; 18(3): 185.     CrossRef
• Frailty and its related Factors in Vulnerable Elderly Population by Age Groups
  Eunok Park, Mi Yu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(6): 848.     CrossRef
• Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis
  Hyung-Min Ji, Jun Han, Ye-Yeon Won
  Hip & Pelvis.2015; 27(2): 72.     CrossRef
• Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Physiological Indices, Muscle Mass, and Physical Functions of Aged Women
  In Kyung Kim, Ok Soo Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(5): 539.     CrossRef
• Korean Terminology for Frailty
  Chang Won Won M.D.
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2012; 16(2): 51.     CrossRef
• El Instrumento de Fragilidad para Atención Primaria de la Encuesta de Salud, Envejecimiento y Jubilación en Europa (SHARE-FI): resultados de la muestra española
  Román Romero Ortuño
  Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología.2011; 46(5): 243.     CrossRef

Background
Frailty is a wasting syndrome that presents loss of physiological function by aging, lowering of reserve capacity, and disability of body system. It is currently being considered an important issue in geriatrics. This study examined frailty level of Korean elderly in community and whether frailty can be meaningful a predictive factor for functional disability. Methods: Demographic characteristics, the number of chronic diseases and medications, cardiovascular health study (CHS) frailty index, study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) frailty index, activities of daily living, Instrumental activities of daily living, depression, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and fall history were examined for 302 men and women over 65 years old who visited the three community seniors welfare centers from February 2008 to June 2008. Results: There were defi nite differences of frailty status by age, educational level, marital status, monthly income, body mass index, the number of chronic diseases, the number of medications, depression, MMSE and fall history (P < 0.05), except in gender (P < 0.432). In logistic regression analysis for functional disability with frailty status defi ned by SOF frailty index, odds ratio to dependency of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) from the healthy to the prefrail stage increased 6.84 times while from the healthy to the frail stage increased 130.87 times. These effects still increased after covariate adjustment. Also, the CHS frailty index showed the same result although there was some difference in odds ratio.Conclusion: There were meaningful correlations of frailty with functional disability when dividing Korean elderly's frailty levels into the healthy, the prefrail and the frail stages.

Citations

• Association between health, dietary, and oral health factors and frailty
  Soo-Hwa Kim, Su-Jin Han
  Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene.2025; 25(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Relationship between frailty and mortality after gastrectomy in older patients with gastric cancer
  Ju-Ri Jeong, Ji-Won Choi, Seong-Yeob Ryu, Yu-Ri Choe
  Journal of Geriatric Oncology.2022; 13(1): 67.     CrossRef
• The Factors Affecting Frailty among the Elderly in Korea: A Study Using the Frailty Cohort
  DaSol Park, Hee-Sun Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 20(1): 670.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Physical Health Variables on the Depression of the Korean Rural Elderly : with a Focus on a Comparison of Young-old and Old-old
  Junggook Go, Jeonghwa Lee, Young eun Oh
  The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2019; 30(1): 83.     CrossRef
• Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
  Ki-taek Lim, Ji-eun Lee, Ha-eun Park, Su-young Park, Woochol Joseph Choi
  Physical Therapy Korea.2019; 26(2): 34.     CrossRef
• The Association between Frailty and Disability among the Elderly in Rural Areas of Korea
  Yeun-Soon Choi, Mi-Ji Kim, Gyeong-Ye Lee, Young-Mi Seo, Ae-Rim Seo, Bokyoung Kim, Jun-Il Yoo, Ki Soo Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(14): 2481.     CrossRef
• Does long‐term care insurance reduce the burden of medical costs? A retrospective elderly cohort study
  Jae Woo Choi, Eun‐Cheol Park, Sang Gyu Lee, Sohee Park, Hwang‐Gun Ryu, Tae Hyun Kim
  Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2018; 18(12): 1641.     CrossRef
• The Association between Frailty and Cognition in Elderly Women
  Ji-Young Kang, Cheol-Hwan Kim, Eun-Ju Sung, Ho-Cheol Shin, Woon-Jung Shin, Keun-Hyeong Jung
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(3): 164.     CrossRef
• Influence of Frailty, Nutritional Status, Positive Thinking and Family Function on Health Conservation of the Elderly at Home
  Hae Kyung Chang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(1): 52.     CrossRef
• Evidence-based Prevention of Frailty in Older Adults
  Yunhwan Lee
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2015; 19(3): 121.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
  Idris Guessous, Jean-Christophe Luthi, Christopher Barrett Bowling, Jean-Marc Theler, Fred Paccaud, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, William McClellan
  Journal of Aging Research.2014; 2014: 1.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Social Correlates of Frailty Among Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults
  Gyeong-Suk Jeon, Sook Hee Cho
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2014; 18(3): 143.     CrossRef
• Clinical Factors Related to Frailty Estimated by the Korean Frailty Index
  Hwee Soo Jeong, Dong Wook Lee, Ki Heum Park, Yong Kook Lee, Sang Ho Bae, Mi Jin Kang, Min Sung Shim, Chen Hsuen Teong
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2013; 17(2): 71.     CrossRef
• Korean Terminology for Frailty
  Chang Won Won M.D.
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2012; 16(2): 51.     CrossRef
• Frailty Level and Health-related Characteristics among Participants of a Tailored Home Visiting Service
  Insook Lee Ph.D., Ihn Sook Jeong Ph.D.
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2012; 16(2): 74.     CrossRef
• Correlation between Frailty Level and Adverse Health-related Outcomes of Community-Dwelling Elderly, One Year Retrospective Study
  Eun Young Shim, Seung Hyun Ma, Sun Hyoung Hong, Yun Sang Lee, Woo Youl Paik, Deok Seoung Seo, Eun Young Yoo, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2011; 32(4): 249.     CrossRef
• The Validity and Reliability of Korean Frailty Index
  Hwan Sik Hwang, In Sun Kwon, Byung Joo Park, Belong Cho, Jong Lull Yoon, Chang Won Won
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(4): 191.     CrossRef
• Frailty: A Core Geriatric Concept
  Kwang-Il Kim
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(1): 1.     CrossRef