Background
The association between sleep duration and obesity risk among risky drinkers remains controversial. This study aims to investigate the relationship between adequate sleep duration and both central and overall obesity among risky drinkers in Korea, with a focus on identifying potential interventions to reduce obesity rates.
Methods
We analyzed data from 978 individuals, selected from 1,356 risky drinkers—as defined by the World Health Organization criteria—who participated in the 2019–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants had no missing values and were engaged in economic activities. Demographic characteristics and key variables by obesity status were examined using frequency analysis and chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between sleep duration and obesity. To account for the stratified sampling design, we utilized complex sample analysis with weighted values.
Results
Risky drinkers with adequate sleep duration (7–9 hours) were less likely to be obese based on waist circumference (≥90 cm in males; ≥85 cm in females) (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48–0.86) and body mass index (≥25 kg/m²) (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41–0.76). Trend analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between sleep duration and obesity likelihood (P for trend <0.05). Gender-stratified analysis demonstrated that the association was significant among males and more pronounced in risky drinkers compared to the general population.
Conclusion
This study suggests that adequate sleep duration may play a key role in reducing obesity rates among Korean male risky drinkers. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to strengthen this finding.

Metabolism-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver condition worldwide and affects nearly 30% of the global population. While traditionally associated with metabolic risk factors, such as obesity and insulin resistance, increasing attention is being directed toward socioeconomic and environmental determinants that contribute to disparities in MASLD prevalence and outcomes. Low-income populations often experience higher rates of MASLD owing to limited access to healthcare, poor diet quality, and reduced opportunities for physical activity. Conversely, high-income countries are witnessing a paradoxical rise in MASLD cases, driven by sedentary lifestyles and excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods. This review examined the effects of socioeconomic status, education, healthcare access, and environmental exposure on the epidemiology of MASLD. The findings revealed that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and migrant populations experience a disproportionately higher burden of MASLD due to systemic healthcare barriers, dietary transitions, and occupational exposure. Children and adolescents face increasing susceptibility owing to rising obesity rates, and geographic disparities highlight Europe as the most affected region, followed by Asia and North America. Given the growing public health impact of MASLD, addressing both socioeconomic and environmental determinants is essential. Future efforts should prioritize policy-driven interventions, including equitable healthcare access, lifestyle modifications, and research into novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate the disease burden and improve patient outcomes.

Background
Although breakfast provides essential nutrients and energy, skipping this meal has become increasingly common among young adults in Korea. In this study, we examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and body composition.
Methods
We analyzed data from 17,763 students aged 18–39 at Seoul National University (2018–2022). Participants were categorized based on their breakfast frequency: non-skippers, 1 to 3-day skippers, and 4 to 7-day skippers. Measurements included body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Multivariable logistic and linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, sleep, and food consumption frequencies were used.
Results
Obesity (17.4% vs. 14.8%) and abdominal obesity (10.0% vs. 7.8%) were higher in those skipping breakfast 4 to 7 d/wk compared with non-skippers. Skipping breakfast was not significantly associated with abdominal obesity in either sex. In women, the odds of obesity were higher (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.15; P=0.006), whereas no significant difference was observed in men. Men who skipped breakfast had increased body fat percentage (coefficient, 0.87; P<0.001) and FMI (coefficient, 0.18; P=0.009) and decreased FFMI and SMI. Women showed increased body fat percentage (coefficient, 0.92; P<0.001) and FMI but no significant differences in FFMI or SMI.
Conclusion
Skipping breakfast adversely affects body composition by increasing body fat percentage and FMI. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Background
Circadian misalignment is associated with metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to examine the association between circadian rhythm-disturbing factors and metabolic syndrome.
Methods
We used data from the 7th and 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2016 and 2020, which surveyed 16,253 individuals. Circadian rhythm-disturbing factors were defined as follows: sleep duration outside the reference group (6–8 hours), irregular breakfast, shift work, and physical inactivity. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for metabolic syndrome was calculated based on the number of circadian rhythm-disturbing factors present in adults over the age of 19 years.
Results
Among a total of 16,253 participants (mean age 48.2±15 years), metabolic syndrome was found in 5,237 participants (29.3 %). The participants were classified into three categories based on the number of circadian rhythm-disturbing factors as follows: 2,627 (15.6%) did not have any factors, 6,406 (38.13%) had one factor, and 7,220 (46.3%) had two or more factors. Participants with a single circadian rhythm-disturbing factor were 21% more likely to have metabolic syndrome (aOR, 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.36), and participants with two or more factors were 27% more likely to have metabolic syndrome (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12–1.43).
Conclusion
Circadian rhythm-disturbing factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. This finding has potential clinical implications for maintaining circadian rhythms by avoiding certain factors to prevent metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Background
Prevention and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) during childhood are crucial. Recently, obesity among children and adolescents has increased with an increase in mothers’ working hours. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between mothers’ working hours and MetS in their children.
Methods
Data from the 2016–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, and 2,598 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years were included. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to confirm the association between MetS and mothers’ working hours for each risk factor. Linear regression analysis was conducted to confirm the association between mothers’ working hours and the number of risk factors for MetS.
Results
Abdominal obesity in children was higher when the mothers’ working hours were 53 hours or more (odds ratio [OR], 2.267; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–4.25). In the trend analysis, the OR of children’s abdominal obesity increased significantly as mothers’ working hours increased (P-value <0.05). Additionally, sex-stratified analysis revealed a significant trend between maternal work hours and the presence of MetS in female children (P=0.016). The adjusted OR of the presence of MetS in female children with mothers working 53 hours or more weekly was 6.065 (95% CI, 1.954–18.822).
Conclusion
Mothers’ working hours were highly correlated with the risk of abdominal obesity in their children. The OR of the presence of MetS significantly increased in female children with mothers having longer working hours compared with those with stay-at-home mothers.

Background
Since the World Health Organization’s pandemic declaration in March 2020, Korea has witnessed shifts in lifestyle behaviors, impacting habits tied to socioeconomic status and contributing to metabolic syndrome (MetS). To investigate this issue, the current study aimed to investigate changes in MetS prevalence, particularly based on income levels before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
This study used data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2020). A total of 6,840 individuals aged 30–65 years were included in this study. Household income was divided into high (≥75th percentile), middle (25–75th percentile), and low (≤25th percentile). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the interaction between this association before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
A statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence of MetS before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (26.7% to 30.2%, P=0.001). These changes differed based on income levels. The increase in the prevalence of MetS was statistically significant in the low- and high-income groups but not in the middle-income group (low: 8.0%p increase [P=0.039], middle: 1.0%p increase [P=0.522], high: 6.4%p increase [P<0.001]). The interaction between household income and the COVID-19 pandemic on MetS was statistically significant (P for interaction=0.032).
Conclusion
This study revealed that P for interaction between household income, MetS, and the period before and after the COVID-19 pandemic was significant. Changes in physical activity and eating habits during the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to these differences.

Background
Men with low testosterone levels are at an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, irrespective of age or obesity. However, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and testosterone levels in women remains unclear. We compared the total testosterone concentrations between premenopausal obese women with and without metabolic syndrome and identified the factors affecting these concentrations.
Methods
A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted using the medical records of 580 premenopausal women with obesity. The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome were established using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines.
Results
The mean±standard deviation age, weight, and body mass index were 38.8±8.4 years, 78.0±11.8 kg, and 30.0±4.1 kg/m², respectively. The mean total testosterone concentration was lower in the metabolic syndrome group than in the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=385 vs. n=195; 0.22±0.10 ng/mL vs. 0.24±0.11 ng/mL; P<0.001). In a model adjusted for age, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and body fat percentage, the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome with respect to the total testosterone level was 0.128 (P=0.028). Testosterone concentration was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.334), systolic blood pressure (r=-0.084), and triglyceride concentration (r=-0.093) but positively correlated with weight (r=0.144), body mass index (r=0.140), waist circumference (r=0.133), body fat mass (r=0.167), and body fat percentage (r=0.167). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age (β=-0.004, P<0.001), body mass index (β=0.003, P=0.004), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (β=0.001, P=0.019) were independently associated with total testosterone concentration (adjusted R2=12.6%).
Conclusion
Metabolic syndrome and obesity may be independently associated with testosterone levels in premenopausal women with obesity.

Citations

• The Interconnected Nature of Smoking, Depression, and Obesity in Behavioral Medicine
  Joung Sik Son
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(4): 181.     CrossRef

Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) recently became a leading liver disease that threatens health worldwide. Low muscle strength, obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome are recognized key factors for NAFLD. However, the impact of low muscle strength itself in different metabolic conditions has not been widely studied.
Methods
A cross-sectional analysis was performed of a sample of 5,427 participants from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Relative handgrip strength (rHGS, defined as handgrip strength/body mass index) was used to assess muscle strength. The cut-off values for a low rHGS were 1.405 for men and 0.850 for women. NAFLD was diagnosed if the Hepatic Steatosis Index was >36. Participants were stratified according to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and central obesity for the subgroup analyses.
Results
Complex sample multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between low muscle strength and NAFLD after the adjustment for other confounders (odds ratio [OR], 1.92; P<0.001). In the insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and central obesity subgroups, a significant association between low muscle strength and NAFLD remained (OR, 1.66–4.19 depending on subgroup; all P<0.05), whereas it did not in the no central obesity group.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that low muscle strength is correlated with a risk of NAFLD. This relationship was independent of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome but was dependent on the presence of central obesity.

Citations

• Possible association between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease predictors and hand grip strength
  Suyeon Lee, Jong-Koo Kim, Taesic Lee
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Relative Grip Strength, Insulin Resistance, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
  DooYong Park, Byungul Lim, On Lee
  Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The impact of appendicular skeletal muscle index and trunk muscle index on stress urinary incontinence risk in female adults: a retrospective study
  Junwei Wang, Cunming Zhang, Aiwei Zhang
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Joint Association of Relative Grip Strength and Regular Exercise Participation with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study
  Sujung Yoo, Dooyong Park
  The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2024; 42(4): 262.     CrossRef

Background
This study aimed to explore the relationship between fruit intake, changes in fruit intake, and changes in cardiometabolic factors in people with obesity.
Methods
A total of 21,270 subjects (8,718 men, 12,552 women) aged 40 years and over, from the Korean-based Genome and Epidemiology Study, were followed up for an average of 4.4 years. Fruit intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and the second follow-up. The beta coefficient and confidence intervals for changes in cardiometabolic risk factors according to fruit consumption were calculated using a linear regression model.
Results
In men, the abdominal circumference decreased with changes in fruit intake (P=0.029). Fruit intake and increased fruit intake in men were associated with a lower systolic blood pressure (P=0.012 and P=0.02, respectively) and lower triglyceride levels (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). In women, abdominal circumference decreased with both fruit intake and increased fruit intake (P<0.001 and P=0.013, respectively). Systolic blood pressure and triglycerides tended to decrease only with fruit intake (P=0.048 and P<0.001, respectively). Unlike in men, fasting blood glucose tended to decrease in women with both fruit intake and increased fruit intake (P=0.011 and P=0.005, respectively).
Conclusion
Fruit intake and increased fruit intake may have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk factors among individuals who are obese.

Citations

• Associations of cMIND Diet with depressive and anxiety symptoms among old people in China: a nationwide study
  Tengfei Niu, Yu Zhang, Xilin Zhou, Kun Shen, Xinyan Ji, Juan Zhu, Ouxiang Wu, Xiaobing Xian
  European Journal of Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Fruits and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Cohort
  Hojun Yu, Cheol Min Lee, Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(1): 44.     CrossRef
• Association between cMIND diet and hypertension among older adults in China: a nationwide survey
  Yazhu Wang, Yu Zhang, Xinrong Zeng, Xiaobing Xian, Jingyu Chen, Tengfei Niu
  Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of fruits and vegetables consumption on metabolic health: a case–control study
  Azza Abd El-Shaheed, Nermine N. Mahfouz, May M. Abdel Hamid
  Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Semaglutide on Cardiac Protein Expression and Cardiac Function of Obese Mice
  Xiaoyu Pan, Lin Yue, Jiangli Ban, Lin Ren, Shuchun Chen
  Journal of Inflammation Research.2022; Volume 15: 6409.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef
• Current status of health promotion in Korea
  Soo Young Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef

Background
We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hearing loss (HL) in light of noise exposure in Korean middle-aged adults.
Methods
Subjects were 10,356 adults (4,509 males, 5,847 females) aged 40–80 years, who completed audiometric tests and laboratory examinations as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2010 and 2012. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Low-frequency HL was defined as pure tone averages >25 decibels (dB) at low frequencies (0.5, 1, and 2 kilohertz [kHz]). High-frequency HL was defined as pure tone averages >25 dB at high frequencies (3, 4, and 6 kHz). Odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of MetS associated with each HL type were estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis after adjusting for covariates and taking into consideration sampling weight.
Results
Thirty eight point one percent and 28.6% met the MetS by NCEP III and IDF criteria, respectively. Prevalence of HL was 29.3% and 63.9% for low- and high-frequency HL, respectively. MetS defined by NCEP III was associated with higher risk of high-frequency HL (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05–1.73), while MetS by IDF criteria was not. The interaction by the noise exposure on the MetS and high-frequency HL was not significant (P-interaction=0.100). There was no association between MetS and low-frequency HL, regardless of applied diagnostic criteria for MetS.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest MetS is associated with high-frequency HL in people with exposure to noise.

Citations

• Association of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
  Tai‐Yu Chen, Mei‐Jou Chen, Kuang‐Hsu Lien
  Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.2025; 172(4): 1121.     CrossRef
• The association between occupational noise exposure, hearing loss, and metabolic syndrome among workers in a textile factory: A cross-sectional study
  Kiana Taheria, Saber Mohammadi, Mahin Hosseininejad
  Almanac of Clinical Medicine.2025; 53(1): 9.     CrossRef
• Traumatismo acústico agudo
  J.-L. Puel, J. Wang
  EMC - Otorrinolaringología.2024; 53(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Association of Metabolic Health With Hearing Impairment Among Older Adults: A Nationwide Analysis of Follow-Up Data
  Hye Jun Kim, Seogsong Jeong, Beom Sik Park, Yun Hwan Oh, Michelle J. Suh
  Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2024; 67(8): 431.     CrossRef
• Association between Sleep Duration and Presbycusis in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Min Ju Kang, Youngin Lee, Yun Jin Kim, Sang Yeoup Lee, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Young Hye Cho, Young Jin Tak, Eun Ju Park, Seung Hun Lee, Gyu Lee Kim, Jung In Choi, Young Jin Ra, Sae Rom Lee, Ryuk Jun Kwon, Soo Min Son, Yea Ji Lee, Young Eun Choi
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(2): 117.     CrossRef
• Traumatisme acoustique aigu
  J.-L. Puel, J. Wang
  EMC - Oto-rhino-laryngologie.2023; 38(4): 1.     CrossRef
• Association of dietary factors with noise-induced hearing loss in Korean population: A 3-year national cohort study
  Hyun Jin Lee, Juhyung Lee, Chulyoung Yoon, Yesai Park, Young-Hoon Joo, Jun-Ook Park, Young Joon Seo, Kyoung Ho Park, Ahmad Salimi
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(12): e0279884.     CrossRef
• Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Sensorineural Hearing Loss
  Hwa-Sung Rim, Myung-Gu Kim, Dong-Choon Park, Sung-Soo Kim, Dae-Woong Kang, Sang-Hoon Kim, Seung-Geun Yeo
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(21): 4866.     CrossRef

Background
Although both obesity, measured by body mass index, and visceral obesity are known to be major risk factors of metabolic syndrome and its components, there have been debates on the relative contribution of general obesity and visceral obesity to the development of metabolic syndrome.
Methods
We performed a large longitudinal cohort study of 3,093 subjects (age range, 18–65 years) who were metabolically healthy and had a normal weight who received health screenings over a 3-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident metabolic syndrome and its components per sex-specific 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and body mass index.
Results
Both obesity and visceral obesity increased the risk of incident metabolic syndrome, but when HR was compared per sex-specific 1-SD, visceral obesity appeared to confer more risk than simple obesity. The HR for 1-SD of body mass index was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.07–1.32; P=0.001) in men and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.10–1.52; P=0.002) in women, while the HR for 1-SD of VAT was 1.29 (95% CI, 1.15–1.44; P<0.001) in men and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.28–1.75; P<0.001) in women.
Conclusion
Visceral obesity and obesity were longitudinally associated with an increased risk of incident metabolic syndrome among metabolically healthy adults, and visceral fat accumulation appears to be better predictor of metabolic syndrome.

Citations

• Association between visceral fat area and metabolic syndrome in individuals with normal body weight: insights from a Chinese health screening dataset
  Yongbing Sun, Xinbei Lin, Zhi Zou, Yang Zhou, Ao Liu, Xin Li, Yawei Du, Xiaoqi Ji, Zhonglin Li, Xiaoling Wu, Yong Wang, Xue Lv, Tao Li, Jiancheng Zhang, Zhiping Guo, Hao Li, Yongli Li
  Lipids in Health and Disease.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Different factors modulate visceral and subcutaneous fat accumulation in adults: a single-center study in Brazil
  Camila Lima Chagas, Nadja Fernandes da Silva, Isa Galvão Rodrigues, Gabriela Maria Pereira Floro Arcoverde, Victoria Domingues Ferraz, Dário Celestino Sobral Filho, Alcides da Silva Diniz, Cláudia Porto Sabino Pinho, Poliana Coelho Cabral, Ilma Kruze Gran
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120/FFAR4) Signaling in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders
  Dariusz Szukiewicz
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(6): 2501.     CrossRef
• Predictors of visceral obesity among patients with pathology of the gastrointestinal tract
  Yu.M. Stepanov, L.M. Mosiychuk, I.A. Klenina, О.М. Tatarchuk, O.P. Petishko, O.M. Shevtsova
  GASTROENTEROLOGY.2024; 58(1): 6.     CrossRef
• Determinants of central obesity in children and adolescents and associated complications in South Africa: a systematic review
  Cairo Bruce Ntimana, Kagiso Peace Seakamela, Reneilwe Given Mashaba, Eric Maimela
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Reconsidering Semaglutide Use for Chronic Obesity in Patients of Asian Descent: A Critical Review
  Jenny Lu, Grace Williams, Stacey Fanning
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Evaluation of ultrasonographic approaches aimed at determining distinct abdominal adipose tissue depots
  Nadja Fernandes da Silva, Cláudia Porto Sabino Pinho, Alcides da Silva Diniz
  Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association of food consumption and physical activity with metabolic syndrome according to central obesity status in Indonesian adults: A cross-sectional study
  Mayang Januarti Permatasari, Ahmad Syauqy, Etika Ratna Noer, Adriyan Pramono, Kusmiyati Tjahjono
  Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition).2023; 12(1): 31.     CrossRef
• Computed tomographic abdominal fat volume estimation – a handy tool to predict the risk of metabolic syndrome
  Navaneeth G.C, Rudresh Hiremath, Shweta Raviraj Poojary, Divya Vishwanatha Kini, Kavitha B. Chittaragi
  Polish Journal of Radiology.2023; 88: 379.     CrossRef
• Obesity considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak
  François Dohet, Suva Loap, Alain Menzel, Mohammed Iddir, Frédéric Dadoun, Torsten Bohn, Hanen Samouda
  International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research.2022; 92(1): 67.     CrossRef
• Current status of health promotion in Korea
  Soo Young Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
• Association of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance with Incident Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Obesity Status: The IRAS Family Study
  Morgana Mongraw‐Chaffin, Kristen G. Hairston, Anthony J. G. Hanley, Janet A. Tooze, Jill M. Norris, Nicolette D. Palmer, Donald W. Bowden, Carlos Lorenzo, Yii‐Der Ida Chen, Lynne E. Wagenknecht
  Obesity.2021; 29(7): 1195.     CrossRef
• Proteins associated with incident metabolic syndrome in population-based cohorts
  Lars Lind, Johan Sundström, Johan Ärnlöv
  Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Background
This study aimed to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean women as determined by facial flushing.
Methods
Of the female patients aged <65 years who visited the health promotion center at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 2016 to March 2017, 1,344 women were included. After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, exercise, and menopausal status, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome in the facial flushing and non-facial flushing groups compared with the non-drinkers.
Results
Even after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high in all drinking subgroups (≤2 standard drinks: odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.68; 2<, ≤4 standard drinks: OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.29–4.74; and >4 standard drinks: OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.03–8.30) of the facial flushing group. The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high only in the subgroup of weekly alcohol consumption >4 standard drinks (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.07–4.52) in the non-facial flushing group.
Conclusion
This study suggests that Korean women experiencing facial flushing when drinking have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome even with a low weekly drinking amount than those who do not experience face flushing.

Citations

• Microbiota for production of wine with enhanced functional components
  Armachius James, Ting Yao, Hengming Ke, Yousheng Wang
  Food Science and Human Wellness.2023; 12(5): 1481.     CrossRef
• Current Status of Korean Alcohol Drinking in Accordance with the Korean Alcohol Guidelines for Moderate Drinking Based on Facial Flushing
  Sami Lee, Jihan Kim, Jong Sung Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(3): 129.     CrossRef
• Association between Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Based on Alcohol Flushing Response in Men: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019–2021
  Dae Eon Kang, Si Nae Oh
  Nutrients.2023; 15(18): 3901.     CrossRef
• Alcohol and Testosterone Deficiency in People Who Experience Facial Flushes
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(6): 345.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Testosterone Deficiency according to Facial Flushes among Middle-Aged and Older Korean Men
  Kyungmi Koh, Sung Soo Kim, Jong-Sung Kim, Jin-Gyu Jung, Seok-Joon Yoon, Won Yoon Suh, Hyun Gu Kim, Namhee Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(6): 381.     CrossRef
• Does the Risk for Diabetes Related with Alcohol Drinking Depend on Facial Flushing?
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(3): 137.     CrossRef
• National Health Examination Metabolic Syndrome Item and Health Behavior Analysis
  Hyung-yeol Choi, Chang-hyun Jang, Soo-yeon Kim
  The Asian Journal of Kinesiology.2020; 22(4): 1.     CrossRef

Background
Grip strength is a convenient method to measure muscle strength. Recently, relative handgrip strength (HGS) was recommended as a clinical predictor of metabolic health and disease, such as dyslipidemia, which is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to characterize the association between relative HGS and dyslipidemia.
Methods
We included 6,027 adults (2,934 men, 3,093 women) aged 30–69 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2014 and 2015. Relative HGS was obtained by dividing the HGS by body mass index. Complex sampling analysis was conducted to compare the general characteristics of participants according to the quartiles of relative HGS. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between quartiles of relative HGS and dyslipidemia.
Results
After adjustment for age, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, prevalence of hypertension, alcohol consumption, smoking status, exercise, income, and education level, relative HGS was inversely associated with dyslipidemia in both men and women. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for dyslipidemia in quartiles 1, 2, and 3 relative to quartile 4 were 1.36 (1.00–1.83), 1.29 (0.98–1.70), 1.23 (0.95– 1.60) in men and 1.81 (1.30–2.50), 1.81 (1.32–2.47), 1.39 (1.07–1.81) in women, respectively.
Conclusion
Relative HGS was inversely associated with dyslipidemia risk in Korean adults. Muscle-strengthening exercise is recommended to enhance health outcomes.

Citations

• Association between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome in relation to gender and adiposity among middle aged and older Saudi populations
  Shaea A. Alkahtani, Ghedeir M. Alshammari, Aishah Alzuwaydi, Abdulaziz Alfuhaid, Abeer A. Al-Masri, Rizwan Qaisar, Syed Shahid Habib
  The Aging Male.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Typologies of Sedentary Behavior and Muscle Strength, Gait Speed, and Balance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
  Letícia Martins Cândido, Núbia Carelli Pereira de Avelar, Eleonora D’Orsi, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda, Vanessa Amaral Mendonça, Gabriella Tringali, Alessandro Sartorio, Ana Lúcia Danielewicz
  Journal of Aging and Physical Activity.2024; 32(2): 225.     CrossRef
• Predictors of the onset of low handgrip strength in Europe: a longitudinal study of 42,183 older adults from 15 countries
  Rizwan Qaisar, M. Azhar Hussain, Fabio Franzese, Asima Karim, Firdos Ahmad, Atif Awad, Abeer A. Al-Masri, Shaea A. Alkahtani
  Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Increasing muscular strength to improve cardiometabolic risk factors
  Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, Jose P. Lopez-Lopez, Maria Camila Tole, Daniel D. Cohen
  Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis.2023; 35(3): 144.     CrossRef
• Association of absolute and relative hand grip strength with all-cause mortality among middle-aged and old-aged people
  Wonjeong Jeong, Jong Youn Moon, Jae-Hyun Kim
  BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Identification of subgroups with poor lipid control among patients with dyslipidemia using decision tree analysis: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2019 to 2021
  Hee Sun Kim, Seok Hee Jeong
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2023; 25(2): 131.     CrossRef
• Increasing muscular strength to improve cardiometabolic risk factors
  Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, Jose P. Lopez-Lopez, Maria Camila Tole, Daniel D. Cohen
  Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition).2023; 35(3): 144.     CrossRef
• Association between Relative Handgrip Strength and Insulin Resistance in Korean Elderly Men without Diabetes: Findings of the 2015 Korea National Health Nutrition Examination Survey
  Kwang-Chae Joo, Da-Hye Son, Jae-Min Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(3): 199.     CrossRef
• Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Relative Handgrip Strength in Postmenopausal Korean Women Aged 45–80 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Da-Hye Son, Seung-Ah Song, Yong-Jae Lee
  Clinical Interventions in Aging.2022; Volume 17: 971.     CrossRef
• Relationship Between Relative Grip Strength and Serum Total Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Triglyceride Levels in Korean Middle-Aged or Older Adults: A Panel Regression Model
  DooYong Park, Duck-Chul Lee, YeonSoo Kim
  Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2022; 20(9): 517.     CrossRef
• Stroke-Related Sarcopenia among Two Different Developing Countries with Diverse Ethnic Backgrounds (Cross-National Study in Egypt and China)
  Marwa Mohammed, Jianan Li
  Healthcare.2022; 10(11): 2336.     CrossRef
• Importance of Handgrip Strength as a Health Indicator in the Elderly
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Handgrip Strength: An Irreplaceable Indicator of Muscle Function
  Sang Yoon Lee
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2021; 45(3): 167.     CrossRef
• Association between relative handgrip strength and abdominal obesity, type-2 diabetes and hypertension in a Mexican population
  Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán, Pedro Delgado-Floody, Ilse Adriana Gutiérrez-Pérez, Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Daniel Jerez-Mayorga, Óscar Zaragoza-García, Isela Parra-Rojas
  Nutrición Hospitalaria.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Grip Strength as a Cardiometabolic Marker
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(5): 271.     CrossRef

Background
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is increasing worldwide. Several studies have suggested that obesity is associated with early renal dysfunction. However, little is known about the relationship between obesity phenotypes and early renal function decline. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between obesity phenotypes and early renal function decline in adults without hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of clinical and anthropometric data from 1,219 patients who underwent a routine health checkup in 2014. We excluded adults with cardiovascular disease, renal disease, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or low glomerular filtration rate (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Renal function was determined according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine-cystatin C equation.
Results
Age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and fasting glucose had an association with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and alcohol intake, the odds ratios of the metabolically abnormal normal weight and metabolically abnormal obese phenotypes for the presence of low estimated glomerular filtration rates were 1.807 (95% confidence interval, 1.009– 3.236) and 1.834 (95% confidence interval, 1.162–2.895), compared with the metabolically healthy normal weight phenotype. However, the metabolically healthy obese phenotype did not show a significant association with early renal function decline.
Conclusion
In this cross-sectional study, we confirmed the association between the metabolically abnormal normal weight and metabolically abnormal obese phenotypes and early kidney function decline in adults without hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes.

Citations

• Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hyperglycemia, Electrolyte Disturbances, and Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department
  Iulia Najette Crintea, Alexandru Cristian Cindrea, Ovidiu Alexandru Mederle, Teodor Florin Fulga, Adina Maria Marza, Alina Petrica, Cosmin Iosif Trebuian, Romulus Timar
  Biomedicines.2025; 13(2): 349.     CrossRef
• Obesity Class and Severity of Metabolic Emergencies: A Single-Center Retrospective Five-Year Study
  Iulia Najette Crintea, Alexandru Cristian Cindrea, Teodor Florin Fulga, Cosmin Iosif Trebuian, Adina Maria Marza, Alina Petrica, Ovidiu Alexandru Mederle, Romulus Timar
  Healthcare.2025; 13(6): 617.     CrossRef
• Metabolically healthy obesity and chronic kidney disease risk: exploring the dynamics
  Mustafa GULDAN, Lasin OZBEK, Ahmet U. TOPCU, Adrian COVIC, Mehmet KANBAY
  Panminerva Medica.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Visceral Adiposity Index and Lipid Accumulation Product as Effective Markers of Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
  Sung Ryul Yu, Kyung-A Shin
  Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2023; Volume 16: 495.     CrossRef
• Metabolically healthy obesity is associated with higher risk of both hyperfiltration and mildly reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate: the role of serum uric acid in a cross-sectional study
  Hong Zhang, Rui Chen, Xiaohong Xu, Minxing Yang, Wenrong Xu, Shoukui Xiang, Long Wang, Xiaohong Jiang, Fei Hua, Xiaolin Huang
  Journal of Translational Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and associations of metabolic syndrome in patients with alcohol use disorder
  Anna Hernández-Rubio, Arantza Sanvisens, Ferran Bolao, Isabel Cachón-Suárez, Carme Garcia-Martín, Antoni Short, Ramón Bataller, Roberto Muga
  Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of bariatric surgery on renal function and associated factors with bivariate analysis: a cohort study
  Juliana Amaro Borborema Bezerra, Eduardo Pachu Raia dos Santos, Carlos Teixeira Brandt
  F1000Research.2022; 11: 409.     CrossRef
• Metabolic obesity phenotypes and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study from the RaNCD cohort study
  Samira Arbabi Jam, Behrooz Moloudpour, Farid Najafi, Mitra Darbandi, Yahya Pasdar
  BMC Nephrology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Abdominal obesity phenotypes and risk of kidney function decline: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
  Asharf Shahali, Erfan Tasdighi, Maryam Barzin, Maryam Mahdavi, Majid Valizadeh, Mahtab Niroomand, Fereidoun Azizi, Farhad Hosseinpanah
  Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2020; 14(2): 168.     CrossRef
• Obese First degree relatives of hemodialysis patients are at Higher Risk for Developing Kidney Diseases: In a Cross-sectional Study
  Abozaid Mohammed Elemam
  Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef

Background
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing, and obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation are the known risk factors. However, results of previous studies regarding the relationship between MetS and inflammation have not been consistent. This study aimed to identify the associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) and MetS and its components in obese and non-obese men and women.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015), and a nationally representative sample of 3,013 Korean adults aged 40–78 years were included. Those with cardiovascular disease, cancer, CRP level >10 mg/L, white blood cell count >10,000/mm3 , chronic kidney disease, and lung/liver disease were excluded.
Results
Approximately 11.0%, 50.0%, 8.4%, and 48.8% of non-obese men, obese men, non-obese women, and obese women presented with MetS (P<0.001), respectively. In all four groups, those who presented with MetS or its components showed a higher high-sensitivity (hs-CRP) average than those without. Multivariate regression analysis showed the increased risk of developing MetS with higher quartiles of hs-CRP level in obese (3rd and 4th quartiles: odds ratios [ORs], 3.87 and 2.57, respectively) and non-obese women (4th quartile: OR, 2.63). The different components also showed increased ORs in the four groups. However, no statistically significant trend in the relationship was found in men.
Conclusion
Low-grade inflammation may increase the risk of MetS in Korean women independent of adiposity. However, due to the cross-sectional design of the present study, further studies must be conducted to identify the causal relationship between inflammation and metabolic disorders.

Citations

• Association of GGT and hs-CRP with hypertension across different glycemic states in Saudi adults: A cross-sectional study
  Basmah Eldakhakhny, Sumia Enani, Suhad Bahijri, Ghada Ajabnoor, Jawaher Al-Ahmadi, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Hanan Jambi, Amani Matook Alhozali, Anwar Borai, Jaakko Tuomilehto
  Heliyon.2025; 11(4): e42880.     CrossRef
• Association between Korean Healthy Eating Index and abdominal obesity in Korean adults: the mediating effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
  Jina Yoon, Dayeon Shin
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 88.     CrossRef
• Association of Three Novel Inflammatory Markers: Lymphocyte to HDL‐C Ratio, High‐Sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein to HDL‐C Ratio and High‐Sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein to Lymphocyte Ratio With Metabolic Syndrome
  Rana Kolahi Ahari, Nazanin Akbari, Negin Babaeepoor, Zahra Fallahi, Sara Saffar Soflaei, Gordon Ferns, Mahmoud Ebrahimi, Mohsen Moohebati, Habibollah Esmaily, Majid Ghayour‐Mobarhan
  Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and risk of incident metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling adults: longitudinal findings over a 12-year follow-up period
  Taekyeong Lim, Yong-Jae Lee
  Endocrine.2024; 86(1): 156.     CrossRef
• Sex Differences in Biochemical Analyses, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Their Correlation with CRP in Healthy Mexican Individuals
  Aniel Jessica Leticia Brambila-Tapia, Alejandra Soledad González-Gómez, Laura Arely Carrillo-Delgadillo, Ana Míriam Saldaña-Cruz, Ingrid Patricia Dávalos-Rodríguez
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(9): 904.     CrossRef
• Systemic Inflammation Across Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes: A Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Adults Using High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker
  Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(21): 11540.     CrossRef
• The Interplay of Stress, Inflammation, and Metabolic Factors in the Course of Parkinson’s Disease
  Tal Ben Shaul, Dan Frenkel, Tanya Gurevich
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(22): 12409.     CrossRef
• Disturbed Ratios between Essential and Toxic Trace Elements as Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke
  Anna Mirończuk, Katarzyna Kapica-Topczewska, Katarzyna Socha, Jolanta Soroczyńska, Jacek Jamiołkowski, Monika Chorąży, Agata Czarnowska, Agnieszka Mitrosz, Alina Kułakowska, Jan Kochanowicz
  Nutrients.2023; 15(6): 1434.     CrossRef
• Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly population: Based on the 2015 CHARLS
  Tengrui Cao, Chao Tong, Aheyeerke Halengbieke, Xuetong Ni, Jianmin Tang, Deqiang Zheng, Xiuhua Guo, Xinghua Yang
  Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2023; 33(7): 1339.     CrossRef
• A review on linking stress, depression, and insulin resistance via low-grade chronic inflammation
  Seema Mehdi, Shahid Ud Din Wani, K.L. Krishna, Nabeel Kinattingal, Tamsheel Fatima Roohi
  Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports.2023; 36: 101571.     CrossRef
• C-Reactive Protein as a Marker of Inflammation in Children and Adolescents with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Mihaela-Andreea Podeanu, Adina Turcu-Stiolica, Mihaela Simona Subțirelu, Mioara Desdemona Stepan, Claudiu-Marinel Ionele, Dan-Ionuț Gheonea, Bianca Ștefănița Vintilescu, Raluca Elena Sandu
  Biomedicines.2023; 11(11): 2961.     CrossRef
• Emerging Perspectives on the Set of Conditions That Lead to the Emergence of Metabolic Syndrome
  Bogdan M. Tarcău, Laura G. Vicaș, Lorena Filip, Florin Maghiar, Mircea Șandor, Annamaria Pallag, Tunde Jurca, Mariana Eugenia Mureșan, Eleonora Marian
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 14(1): 32.     CrossRef
• Comparison of metabolic syndrome and related factors in married pre-menopausal white- and blue-collar woman
  Seungmi Park, Chul-Gyu Kim, Youngji Kim
  Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2022; 77(9): 744.     CrossRef
• Self-rated health may be a predictor for metabolic syndrome and high hs-CRP prevalences in healthy adults in South Korea: Based on the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Mi Joung Kim, In Woo Kim
  Nutrition Research.2022; 102: 71.     CrossRef
• Effect of weekend catch-up sleep on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels according to bedtime inconsistency: a population-based cross-sectional study
  Soyoung Park, Dong Yoon Kang, Hyungwoo Ahn, Namwoo Kim, Jeong-Hwa Yoon, Bo Ram Yang
  Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of night shift on development of metabolic syndrome among health care workers
  Jyotirmayee Bahinipati, Rajlaxmi Sarangi, Mona Pathak, Srikrushna Mohapatra
  Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2022; 11(5): 1710.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Low Vegetable Consumption, Increased High-Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Level, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Korean Adults with Tae-Eumin: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Jieun Kim, Kyoungsik Jeong, Siwoo Lee, Younghwa Baek, Swee Keong Yeap
  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
• Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins, Curry Consumption, and Heavy Metal Levels on Metabolic Syndrome with Comorbidities: A Korean Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
  Hai Nguyen Duc, Hojin Oh, Min-Sun Kim
  Antioxidants.2021; 10(5): 808.     CrossRef
• High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Relationship with Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors
  Małgorzata Koziarska-Rościszewska, Anna Gluba-Brzózka, Beata Franczyk, Jacek Rysz
  Life.2021; 11(8): 742.     CrossRef
• Association between heavy metals, high-sensitivity C-reaction protein and 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases among adult Korean population
  Hai Duc Nguyen, Hojin Oh, Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang, Min-Sun Kim
  Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Can biomarkers be used to improve diagnosis and prediction of metabolic syndrome in childhood cancer survivors? A systematic review
  Vincent G. Pluimakers, Selveta S. van Santen, Marta Fiocco, Marie‐Christine E. Bakker, Aart J. van der Lelij, Marry M. van den Heuvel‐Eibrink, Sebastian J. C. M. M. Neggers
  Obesity Reviews.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Combined Effects of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation on Comorbidities of Type 2 Diabetes
  Eun Jung Kim, Eun Young Lee, Yong-Ho Lee, Young Ju Choi, Seok Won Park, Eun Jig Lee, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh
  The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2021; 22(3): 207.     CrossRef
• Significance of C-reactive protein determination in patients with metabolic syndrome
  Dušan Miljković, Slađana Todorović
  Medicinski casopis.2021; 55(2): 51.     CrossRef
• Serum alkaline phosphatase level is positively associated with metabolic syndrome: A nationwide population-based study
  Ji-Hye Kim, Hye Sun Lee, Hye-Min Park, Yong-Jae Lee
  Clinica Chimica Acta.2020; 500: 189.     CrossRef
• The association between C-reactive protein and common blood tests in apparently healthy individuals undergoing a routine health examination
  Tomer Ziv-Baran, Asaf Wasserman, Ilana Goldiner, Moshe Stark, Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Itzhak Shapira, David Zeltser, Inna Mailis, Shlomo Berliner, Ori Rogowski
  Clinica Chimica Acta.2020; 501: 33.     CrossRef

• High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Leads to Increased Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Women but Not in Men: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study in a Chinese Population

  
  Guo-bao Hong, Pei-chun Gao, Yun-ying Chen, Yue Xia, Xiao-su Ke, Xiao-fei Shao, Chong-xiang Xiong, Hai-shan Chen, Hua Xiao, Jing Ning, He-qun Zou
  Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 581.     CrossRef
• Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Treated at the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital
  Hien T. Pham, Phuc T. T. Nguyen, Sinh T. Tran, Thuy T. B. Phung
  Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
• Association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome components in middle-aged subjects without overt cardiovascular disease in LitHiR primary prevention programme
  Ieva Marija Saulė, Jurgita Mikolaitytė, Jolita Badarienė, Jūratė Zupkauskienė, Roma Puronaitė, Alma Čypienė, Aleksandras Laucevičius
  Seminars in Cardiovascular Medicine.2020; 26(1): 14.     CrossRef
• Associations of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality with Metabolic Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Single-Center Study
  Zorica Dimitrijevic, Andriana Jovanovic, Mina Cvetkovic, Tamara Vrecic, Emina Kostic, Branka Mitic
  Medicina.2019; 55(10): 694.     CrossRef

Background
Early menarche may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean premenopausal women.
Methods
We used nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2014, and 3,023 premenopausal women aged 20–55 years were our subjects. We defined early menarche as age at first menstrual period less than 12 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between age at menarche and MetS after adjusting for current age, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, and reproductive variables.
Results
MetS was much more common in women aged 40–55 years than in women aged 20–39 years (4.1% vs. 15.1%). Compared with women who experienced menarche at age 12–15 years, the risk of MetS in the early menarche group was not higher in either age group, after adjusting for current age, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, and reproductive variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.767; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.718–4.351 in those aged 20–39 years; OR, 1.780; 95% CI, 0.775–4.085 in those aged 40–55 years). The risk of MetS in women with menarche at age ≥16 years was not higher than in women with menarche at age 12–15 years.
Conclusion
Early or late menarche was not associated with an increased risk of MetS in premenopausal Korean women. Even before menopause, current age has a major influence on the development of MetS.

Citations

• Reproductive factors and metabolic syndrome among Chinese women aged 40 years and older
  Ling Bai, Xi Yang, Ziyi Sun, Zuojie Luo, Li Li, Xinghuan Liang, Jia Zhou, Liheng Meng, Yang Peng, Yingfen Qin
  Journal of Diabetes.2023; 15(1): 36.     CrossRef
• Separate and combined effects of famine exposure and menarche age on metabolic syndrome among the elderly: a cross-sectional study in China
  Congzhi Wang, Jiazhi Wang, Rui Wan, Ting Yuan, Liu Yang, Dongmei Zhang, Xiaoping Li, Haiyang Liu, Lin Zhang
  BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mediator or moderator? The role of obesity in the association between age at menarche and blood pressure in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a population-based cross-sectional study
  Lin Zhang, Liu Yang, Congzhi Wang, Ting Yuan, Dongmei Zhang, Huanhuan Wei, Jing Li, Yunxiao Lei, Lu Sun, Xiaoping Li, Ying Hua, Hengying Che, Yuanzhen Li
  BMJ Open.2022; 12(5): e051486.     CrossRef
• Long-term health outcomes of early menarche in women: an umbrella review
  Jeong-Seon Lee, Young Ah Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Dong In Suh, Yun Jeong Lee, Dong Keon Yon
  QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.2022; 115(12): 837.     CrossRef
• Association between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome in Southwest Iran: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
  Zahra Rahimi, Nader Saki, Bahman Cheraghian, Sara Sarvandian, Seyed Jalal Hashemi, Jamileh Kaabi, Amal Saki Malehi, Arman Shahriari, Nahal Nasehi
  Journal of Research in Health Sciences.2022; 22(3): e00558.     CrossRef
• Longitudinal 15-year follow-up of women with former early puberty: abnormal metabolic profiles not associated with earlier age at onset of puberty, but associated with obesity
  Somchit Jaruratanasirikul, Pitchaya Satitpatanapan, Hutcha Sriplung
  Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 34(1): 71.     CrossRef
• The role of multiparity and maternal age at first pregnancy in the association between early menarche and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older women
  Tiago Novais Rocha, Pedro Rafael de Souza Macêdo, Afshin Vafaei, Dimitri Taurino Guedes, Ingrid Guerra Azevedo, Álvaro Campos Cavalcanti Maciel, Saionara Maria Aires da Câmara
  Menopause.2021; 28(9): 1004.     CrossRef
• Centenarian longevity had inverse relationships with nutritional status and abdominal obesity and positive relationships with sex hormones and bone turnover in the oldest females
  Shihui Fu, Ping Ping, Yulong Li, Bo Li, Yali Zhao, Yao Yao, Pei Zhang
  Journal of Translational Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Letter to the Editor Regarding the Article: Relationship between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome in Premenopausal Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014
  Anthony Urteaga, Miluska Robles, Alonso Soto
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(4): 284.     CrossRef
• Age-Group Related Cohort Effects on the Association between Age at Menarche and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Premenopausal Women
  Sunmi Yoo, Yun-Seo Hwang
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(4): 280.     CrossRef

Background
Both aortic knob width and metabolic syndrome are suggested to be related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. However, the association between aortic knob width and metabolic syndrome is unknown. This study aimed to explore this relationship.
Methods
Participants were 3,705 Korean adults aged 18–79 years who visited the health promotion center of a general hospital. Data on chest radiography, physical measurements, medical and social history, and blood tests were collected. We defined metabolic syndrome according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. A single reviewer measured aortic knob width on chest radiography.
Results
Aortic knob width was significantly correlated with age; body mass index; waist circumference; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, and uric acid levels; and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values. Aortic knob width significantly increased as the number of metabolic syndrome components increased. Moreover, metabolic syndrome component values tended to increase across the quartile groups of aortic knob width after adjusting for age, exercise, smoking status, and alcohol use. Through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we determined the clinically useful cutoff value for aortic knob width to be 30.47 mm in premenopausal women.
Conclusion
Aortic knob width was found to be significantly related to metabolic syndrome and its individual components.

Citations

• The aortic knob index as a novel predictor of new-onset atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
  Naoki Yamamoto, Koji Onoda
  Surgery Today.2024; 54(2): 168.     CrossRef
• The Relationship of Aortic Knob Width with Mortality in Patients with Ishemic Stroke
  Aziz Vatan, Yusuf Jankat Bozkurt, Mehmet Semih Çakır, Cansu Erkol, Turgut Karabağ
  Bulletin of Cardiovasculer Academy.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Aortic Knob Diameter in Chest Radiographs of Healthy Adults in Uganda
  Steven Magera, Senai Goitom Sereke, Emmy Okello, Faith Ameda, Geoffrey Erem
  Reports in Medical Imaging.2022; Volume 15: 21.     CrossRef
• The association between aortic knob width on chest x‐ray and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in patients referred for sleep testing
  Erdem Cetin, Hasan Casim
  The Clinical Respiratory Journal.2019; 13(11): 716.     CrossRef

Background
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a well-known risk factor of cardiovascular diseases that is focused on central obesity. Recent studies have reported the association between pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) volume and MS. However, no studies have demonstrated the cutoff PAT volume that represents the best association with MS.
Methods
The data of 374 subjects were analyzed cross-sectionally to compare PAT, measured on coronary multidetector computed tomography, and various metabolic parameters according to MS. After PAT volumes were divided into tertiles, various metabolic parameters were compared among tertiles; furthermore, the odds ratio for developing MS was calculated. Finally, we demonstrated the cutoff PAT volume that represented the best association with MS by using the receiver-operating characteristic curve.
Results
We found that 27.5% of the subjects had MS, and the mean PAT volume was 123.9 cm³ . PAT showed a significant positive correlation with body mass index, waist circumference, and levels of glucose, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, uric acid, and homocysteine, but a negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, after dividing into tertiles, PAT volume was also significantly associated with various metabolic parameters. The odds ratio for having MS was 4.19 (95% confidence interval, 2.27–7.74) in the top tertile of PAT volumes after adjusting for age, sex, and smoking. The cutoff PAT volume that represented the best association with MS was 142.2 cm³ .
Conclusion
PAT was significantly associated with MS and various metabolic parameters. The cutoff PAT volume of 142.2 cm³ showed the best association with MS.

Background
Previous studies have examined the association between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults, but studies in the elderly are lacking. We examined the relationship between high-risk alcohol consumption and MetS in elderly Korean men using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire from the 2010–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Methods
Among 25,534 subjects, 2,807 were men >60 years of age; after exclusions, we included 2,088 men in the final analysis. We categorized the study participants into three groups according to AUDIT score: low risk (0–7), intermediate risk (8–14), and high risk (≥15 points).
Results
Among the study population, 17.0% of the men were high-risk drinkers, who had the highest mean waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and triglyceride (TG) levels. The overall prevalence of MetS was 41.9% in the elderly men, and it was significantly higher in the group with high (48.3%) versus low (31.9%) AUDIT scores. The prevalence of MetS components (elevated BP, high FPG, high TG, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) was associated with a high AUDIT score. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of the high-risk group for MetS, elevated BP, and high TG were 1.40 (1.03–1.89), 1.82 (1.28– 2.60), and 1.77 (1.30–2.41) after adjustment for confounding variables.
Conclusion
AUDIT score was correlated with most MetS components in elderly Korean men.

Citations

• Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018
  Won-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Kiwon Lim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(15): 5416.     CrossRef
• Cardiovascular effects of alcohol: A double-edged sword / how to remain at the nadir point of the J-Curve?
  Theodora A. Manolis, Antonis A. Manolis, Antonis S. Manolis
  Alcohol.2019; 76: 117.     CrossRef
• High-Risk Drinking in the Elderly
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(4): 209.     CrossRef

Background
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between marital status and the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Korean middle-aged women.
Methods
Based on data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014), 3,225 women aged 40–69 years were subjected to the analysis. Marital status was categorized as married, unmarried, separated, widowed, or divorced. The odds ratios (ORs) for metabolic syndrome were calculated based on marital status. After adjustment for age, income level, education level, alcohol intake, smoking status, leisure physical activity, menopause status, daily calories, and fat intake, changes in the OR for metabolic syndrome based on marital status were examined by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Results
The OR for metabolic syndrome in the widowed group to the married group was 4.818 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.861–6.002; P<0.001) and that after adjustment of age, economic level, education level, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, menopause status, total daily calories, and fat intake was 2.141 (CI, 1.432–3.199; P<0.001), both of which were statistically significant. The OR for metabolic syndrome in the unmarried group to the married group was 0.246 (CI, 0.141–0.431; P<0.001) after adjustment of all components. On the contrary, the ORs of the separated group and the divorced group to the married group were not significant.
Conclusion
In comparison with the married middle-aged group, the widowed middle-aged group tended to have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, which is speculated to be related to socioeconomic factors and health behavior.

Citations

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Background
Cut-off values for visceral fat area (VFA) measured by computed tomography (CT) for identifying individuals at risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have not been clearly established in Korean adults, particularly for large populations. We aimed to identify optimal VFA and waist circumference (WC) cut-off values and compare the ability of VFA and WC to predict the presence of ≥2 metabolic risk factors.
Methods
We included 36,783 subjects aged 19–79 years undergoing abdominal fat CT during regular health checkups between January 2007 and February 2015 in Seoul. The risk factors for MetS except WC were based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to determine the appropriate VFA and WC cut-off values for MetS.
Results
VFA was a more significant predictor of metabolic risk factors than WC and body mass index (BMI). The optimal cut-off values for VFA and WC were 134.6 cm2 and 88 cm for men and 91.1 cm2 and 81 cm for women, respectively. We estimated age-specific cut-off values for VFA, WC, and BMI. VFA cut-off values increased with age, particularly among women.
Conclusion
This large population study proposed the cut-off values for VFA and WC for identifying subjects at risk of MetS among Korean adults. For more accurate diagnosis, different age-specific cut-off values for VFA and WC may be considered.

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