Background
Updated reports on the population-based analysis of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Korea are rare. This study aimed to investigate the nationwide prevalence and systemic medication prescription trends of AD in Korea.
Methods
Based on the Korean National Health Insurance database, the prevalence of AD and systemic medication prescription trends in patients with AD were analyzed according to age groups and regional districts from 2010 to 2015.
Results
The prevalence of AD was the highest among patients aged 0–1 year (18.6%–24.5%), decreasing rapidly with increasing age (<2% in patients aged ≥20 years). From 2010 to 2015, the prevalence of AD decreased in children but increased slightly in adolescents and adults. In 2015, the proportion of systemic steroid prescriptions increased from 11.2% in the 0–9 years age group to 41.1% in the 50–59 years age group, while that of systemic antibiotic prescriptions gradually decreased from 6.2% in the 0–9 years age group to 1.8% in the 80–89 years age group. The proportion of systemic steroid prescriptions by region remained consistently high in Gyeongbuk (34.2%– 34.9%) and low in Daejeon (20.2%–22.5%). The annual proportion of systemic cyclosporine prescriptions increased significantly from 0.6% in 2010 to 1.2% in 2015, with the highest rates observed in patients in their 30s (1.5%–2.4%), followed by those in their 20s (1.3%–2.3%) and 40s (1.1%–2.0%).
Conclusion
From 2010 to 2015, the prevalence of AD decreased in children but increased slightly in adolescents and adults. Approximately one-fourth of the patients with AD were prescribed systemic steroids, and the percentage of cyclosporine prescriptions doubled during the study period.

Background
Sickness presenteeism (SP) refers to the phenomenon where employees attend work while sick, a decision that impacts both their physical and mental well-being and can lead to burnout. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors influencing SP among Thai and foreign teachers following the end of the coronavirus disease 2019 public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).
Methods
A sample of 400 individuals was analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results
Post-PHEIC, a significant proportion of teachers (51.9%) perceived an increase in their workload, and 62.1% reported having taken health-related leave of absence. The prevalence of SP was high (35.0%). Factors significantly associated with SP (P<0.05) included being younger than 37 years (OR, 1.825; 95% CI, 1.108–3.006), facing monthly financial challenges (OR, 1.627; 95% CI, 1.028–2.575), doing school-related work on holidays (OR, 1.920; 95% CI, 1.180–3.122), and experiencing sleep disturbances owing to work-related stress (OR, 1.910; 95% CI, 1.203– 3.033). No discernible difference existed in SP rates between Thai and foreign teachers.
Conclusion
As a course of action, we recommend the provision of appropriate financial planning resources for teachers. Policywise, school events and activities should be scheduled on working days to ensure that teachers maintain a work-life balance. Additionally, task allocation that caters to individual strengths and limitations can mitigate the effects of SP.

Citations

• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Comprehensive Health Strategies for the Post-pandemic Era: Integrating Physical Health, Psychological Resilience, Lifestyle Choices, and Occupational Well-being
  Su Hwan Cho
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(6): 303.     CrossRef

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an alarming increase in domestic violence against women owing to lockdown measures and limited access to support services. This article provides insights into the global prevalence of domestic violence, barriers to seeking help, its impact on women and children, and the best practices implemented worldwide. Domestic violence encompasses various forms of abuse; many young women experience partner violence. Barriers to seeking help include fear, financial constraints, lack of awareness of available services, and distrust among stakeholders. The consequences of domestic violence affect the mental health of both mothers and children. Countries have increased shelter funding and developed innovative protocols to reach survivors and address this issue. However, the healthcare sector’s involvement in addressing domestic violence has been limited. This review advocates collaboration among healthcare institutions and government bodies. Key recommendations include utilizing telehealth services, implementing comprehensive training programs, establishing effective referral systems, enhancing health education, developing a domestic violence registry, improving the responses of law enforcement and justice systems through healthcare integration, promoting data sharing, and conducting further research. Healthcare systems should recognize domestic violence as a public health concern and detect, prevent, and intervene in cases to support survivors.

Citations

• Implementing an Educational Intervention on Formal Training of MBBS Interns Regarding Response to Violence Against Women
  Madhva Prasad, Amruta Pentakota, Pubali Biswas, Nagavaishnavi Bhaskara
  The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India.2025; 75(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Emerging Trends in Intimate Partner Rape and Marital/Spousal Rape During the Biennium 2020 and 2021, Including the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece
  Maria-Valeria Karakasi, Ioannis Nikolaidis, Eleni Fotou, Anestis Sapounas, Apostolos Patounas, Sofia Sakka, Charalampos Ntentopoulos, Pavlos Pavlidis, Polychronis Voultsos
  Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2025; 40(1-2): 370.     CrossRef
• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Women’s Health and Primary Care
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Investigating and Practicing Orthopedics at the Intersection of Sex and Gender: Understanding the Physiological Basis, Pathology, and Treatment Response of Orthopedic Conditions by Adopting a Gender Lens: A Narrative Overview
  Carlo Biz, Rola Khamisy-Farah, Luca Puce, Lukasz Szarpak, Manlio Converti, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Alberto Crimì, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Pietro Ruggieri
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(5): 974.     CrossRef

Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is a major public health concern with several undesirable health consequences for older adults. In this overview, we aimed to map and gather information from existing literature to provide a better insight into the prevalence of PIP among community dwellers. Electronic databases were searched from their inception to April 2022. The quality of the included systematic reviews (SRs) was assessed using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews checklist. The degree of overlap within the SRs was also evaluated (2% overlap). All SRs on the prevalence of PIP in older individuals in community settings were included, and a narrative approach was used to synthesize data. Nineteen SRs comprising 548 primary studies met the inclusion criteria, and the average quality of the included SRs was moderate. More than half (50.5%) of the primary studies were conducted in Europe, followed by the United States (22.8%), and Asia (18.9%). Thirty different criteria were used in the primary studies to estimate the prevalence of PIP. The most widely used criteria were those presented in Beers (41.8%) and STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions)/START (Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) (21.8%) criteria. Benzodiazepines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressants were the most frequently reported PIPs. A considerable variation in the prevalence of PIP ranging from 0% to 98% was reported by SRs. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the extent of PIP in community settings. To identify knowledge-to-action gaps, SR authors should consider the differences in prevalence of PIP according to settings, applied tools, data sources, geographical areas, and specific pathologies. There is also a need for primary and SR studies from low- and middle-income countries regarding the prevalence of PIP.

Background
This study aimed to investigate trends in the prevalence of current smokers and motivation to quit among Korean male cancer survivors.
Methods
Out of 20,012 men who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010–2012), VI (2013–2015), and VII (2016–2017), 742 cancer survivors were included. A cancer survivor was defined as a person who concurred to the item, “The cancer has been diagnosed by a doctor” in the health questionnaire. Smoking status was classified as current, former, and never smokers. Regarding motivation to quit smoking, we defined those who had a willingness to quit within 6 months as the willing group. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine trends in the prevalence of current smokers and the proportion of the willing group among current smokers.
Results
Overall, 3.7% of Korean men who participated in the study were cancer survivors. Current smokers constituted 19.5%, 19.1%, and 15.3% of cancer survivors in phases V, VI, and VII respectively which did not show significant changes (P for trend=0.33). However, the proportion of current smokers in the non-cancer group was significantly reduced to 46.6%, 41.2%, and 38.9% in phases V, VI, and VII, respectively (P for trend <0.001). The proportion of those with a motivation to quit smoking did not show a significant trend in the cancer survivors (P for trend=0.964) and non-cancer group (P for trend=0.884).
Conclusion
Prevalence of current smokers and motivation to quit in Korean male cancer survivors did not show significant trends.

Citations

• Current status of health promotion in Korea
  Soo Young Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
• Smoking Cessation in Cancer Survivors
  Young Gyu Cho
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(4): 258.     CrossRef

Background
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and determine the factors associated with antihypertensive medication (A-HTNM) non-adherence among hypertension care seekers attending primary health clinics in the Gaza Strip.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted as the recruitment phase of a clustered randomized controlled trial including 538 participants. The participants were randomly selected from 10 primary health care centers by two-stage cluster random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face-to-face interview. The questionnaire was developed based on the World Health Organization determinants for medication non-adherence and the Health Belief Model. The main outcomes of this study were the prevalences of A-HTNM non-adherence and its associated factors. Adherence status was assessed using the eight-item Morisky Self-Report Medication Adherence Scale. Data were analyzed by STATA ver. 14.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) using a standard complex survey, accounting for unresponsiveness and the clustering sampling approach.
Results
The overall prevalence of A-HTNM non-adherence was 65.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.2–71.8). Among all studied predictors, only self-efficacy of participants (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% CI, 1.79–2.84) and social support (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 2.82–5.11) remained significantly associated with A-HTNM non-adherence after adjusting for age, education level, number and frequency of A-HTNM doses per day, and comorbidities.
Conclusion
The high prevalence of non-adherence highlights the need for serious intervention to enhance the adherence rate among hypertension patients. The associated factors can be considered when developing appropriate interventions.

Citations

• ADHERENCE TO ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATION AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN A PRIMARY CARE SETTING OF KALABURAGI DISTRICT
  GEETHANJALI P, POONAM P SHINGADE, AMRUTA SWATI I, PRASHANT KUMAR
  Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.2024; : 15.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among healthcare workers in the Gaza Strip, Palestine: a cross-sectional study
  Joma Younis, Lina Wang, Kejing Zhang, Majed Jebril, Hong Jiang, Yahui Fan, Zhaofang Li, Mei Ma, Le Ma, Zhaozhao Hui, Mao Ma, Wei Zhang
  BMJ Open.2024; 14(12): e076577.     CrossRef
• Blood Pressure Control and Its Determinants among Patients with Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease in Myanmar
  Ei Su Mon, Aurawamon Sriyuktasuth, Warunee Phligbua
  Nurse Media Journal of Nursing.2022; 12(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Medication Adherence and Effective Management of Hypertension
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(2): 89.     CrossRef

Background
It is well known that breastfeeding has a significant impact on the health of mothers and children. With the growing importance of breastfeeding, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding and the prevalence of diabetes in Korean parous women.
Methods
The data of 5,448 premenopausal parous women aged 20–49 years who agreed to participate in the 5th– 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed in this study. Control group included women who had not breastfed. The subjects who had breastfed were classified into three groups based on the duration of breastfeeding: 0–6 months, 6–12 months, and >12 months. The variables included age, body mass index, education level, income, alcohol drinking, smoking, family history of diabetes, use of oral contraceptives, the number of pregnancies, and regular exercise.
Results
Among the subjects, the prevalence of diabetes was significantly lower in women who had breastfed compared to those who had not, with an odds ratio of 0.534 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.289–0.976) in women who breastfed for 0–6 months and 0.575 (95% CI, 0.321–0.990) in women who breastfed for 6–12 months (both P<0.05).
Conclusion
The present study found a reduced prevalence of diabetes in women who had breastfed compared to those who had not. However, no association between the duration of breastfeeding and the prevalence of diabetes could be found.

Citations

• Association of Childbirth and Breastfeeding with Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Women
  Seulkee Kim, So Yeon Ryu
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2024; 49(2): 109.     CrossRef
• Knowledge Gaps and Current Evidence Regarding Breastfeeding Issues in Mothers with Chronic Diseases
  Rozeta Sokou, Stavroula Parastatidou, Zoi Iliodromiti, Katerina Lampropoulou, Dionysios Vrachnis, Theodora Boutsikou, Aikaterini Konstantinidi, Nicoletta Iacovidou
  Nutrients.2023; 15(13): 2822.     CrossRef
• The relationship between pregnancy count and duration of breast-feeding with metabolic syndrome (Fasa Persian cohort study)
  Saeideh Zareei, Fatemeh Behrasi, Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh, Fatemeh Talebzadeh, Ali Kharmandar, Mojtaba Farjam, Reza Homayounfar
  BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and validation of breastfeeding and dietary education package for women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  Farhanah Ahmad Shuhaimi, Syahrul Bariah Abdul Hamid, Nurul Ainfarhanah Md Yazid
  Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk factors
  Deepak Bhatnagar, Prachi Bhatnagar
  Current Opinion in Lipidology.2019; 30(1): 45.     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding Can Reduce the Risk of Developing Diabetes
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(5): 271.     CrossRef

Citations

• Multimorbidity and its Associated Factors in Korean Shift Workers: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
  Hye Chong Hong, Young Man Kim
  JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2024; 10: e55014.     CrossRef
• Association between Sleep Duration, Social Jetlag, and the Metabolic Syndrome by Shift Works
  Minjung Kyung, Sungwon Park, Chang Gi Park, OiSaeng Hong
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(6): 668.     CrossRef
• Association between Circadian Rhythm-Disturbing Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2020)
  Sujin Lee, Junhee Park, Hyunjin Cho, Jun Hyun Yoo
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between Shift Work and Metabolic Syndrome: A 4-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
  Byeong-Jin Ye
  Healthcare.2023; 11(6): 802.     CrossRef
• Sexual dimorphism in the response to chronic circadian misalignment on a high-fat diet
  Seán T. Anderson, Hu Meng, Thomas G. Brooks, Soon Yew Tang, Ronan Lordan, Arjun Sengupta, Soumyashant Nayak, Antonijo Mřela, Dimitra Sarantopoulou, Nicholas F. Lahens, Aalim Weljie, Gregory R. Grant, Frederic D. Bushman, Garret A. FitzGerald
  Science Translational Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between rotating shift work and white blood cell count, white blood cell differential count, obesity, and metabolic syndrome of nurses
  Wen-Pei Chang, Yen-Kuang Lin
  Chronobiology International.2022; 39(2): 159.     CrossRef
• Metabolic syndrome and its relationship with shift work in petrochemical workers
  Payam Rashnuodi, Davood Afshari, Gholam Abbas Shirali, Arman Amiri, Marziye Raesi Zadeh, Ali Sahraneshin Samani
  Work.2022; 71(4): 1175.     CrossRef
• The association between long-term night shift work and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study of male railway workers in southwest China
  Chaohui Dong, Honglian Zeng, Bo Yang, Yi Zhang, Zhitao Li
  BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between shift work and metabolic syndrome: The roles of sleep, gender, and type of shift work
  Masoud Khosravipour, Payam Khanlari, Sepideh Khazaie, Hadis Khosravipour, Habibolah Khazaie
  Sleep Medicine Reviews.2021; 57: 101427.     CrossRef
• Association between shift work or long working hours with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies
  Yihui Wang, Li Yu, Yinyan Gao, Lili Jiang, Lin Yuan, Pengju Wang, Yanwen Cao, Xuping Song, Long Ge, Guowu Ding
  Chronobiology International.2021; 38(3): 318.     CrossRef
• Association between shift work and risk of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xingjin Yang, Wencheng Di, Yunhong Zeng, Dechen Liu, Minghui Han, Ranran Qie, Shengbing Huang, Yang Zhao, Yifei Feng, Dongsheng Hu, Liang Sun
  Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2021; 31(10): 2792.     CrossRef
• Association between metabolic syndrome and shift work in chemical plant workers
  Seong-Ryol Chai, Soon-Chan Kwon, Yong-Jin Lee, Eun-Chul Jang, Young-Sun Min, Su-yeon Lee
  Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Is Shift Work Sleep Disorder a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components? A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies
  Arpita Shah, Arifa Turkistani, Kanita Luenam, Sayma Yaqub, Patricia Ananias, Arunima Mariya Jose, Joao Pedro Melo, Lubna Mohammed
  Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Metabolic syndrome: Association between prevalence and risk at worksites
  Michiru Kakinuma, Hiroo Ide, Kyoko Nakao, Daisuke Ichikawa, Ryozo Nagai, Yuji Furui
  Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2020; 75(4): 226.     CrossRef
• Association between Dietary Habits, Shift Work, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Korea Nurses’ Health Study
  Heeja Jung, Hyunju Dan, Yanghee Pang, Bohye Kim, Hyunseon Jeong, Jung Eun Lee, Oksoo Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7697.     CrossRef
• Shift work and metabolic syndrome: A multi‑center cross‑sectional study on females of reproductive age
  Maryam Nikpour, Aram Tirgar, Mahmod Hajiahmadi, Akram Hosseini, Behzad Heidari, Fatemeh Ghaffari, Abbas Ebadi, Fatemh Nasiri, Mojgan Firouzbakht
  Biomedical Reports.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Job Rank
  Ramin Mehrdad, Gholamreza Pouryaghoub, Mahboubeh Moradi
  The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018; 9(1): 45.     CrossRef
• The Relationship between Workplace Environment and Metabolic Syndrome
  Hwee-Soo Jeong
  The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018; 9(4): 176.     CrossRef
• Circadian and Metabolic Effects of Light: Implications in Weight Homeostasis and Health
  Santiago A. Plano, Leandro P. Casiraghi, Paula García Moro, Natalia Paladino, Diego A. Golombek, Juan J. Chiesa
  Frontiers in Neurology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Shift Work and Health Problems
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(2): 49.     CrossRef

Citations

• Translation and investigation of the psychometric properties of the revised female sexual distress scale among Iranian couples
  Roghieh Bayrami, Hamid Sharif-Nia, Roksana Janghorban, Daniz Montakhabi Oskuii, Esmaeil Hoseinzadeh
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sexual dysfunction, marital relationship, and subjective quality of life among women with schizophrenia: Analytical case-control study
  Puja Kumari, Rajesh Kumar, Jitendra Rohilla
  Indian Journal of Psychiatry.2024; 66(3): 280.     CrossRef
• The effect of rose damascene extract on anxiety and sexual function of breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial
  Gohar Akbarzadeh, Parvin Abedi, Shayesteh Jahanfar, Hossein Sadeghi Mansurkhani, Ahmad Fakhri, Elham Maraghi
  Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sexual myths during pregnancy: a comparative study
  Hüsniye Dinç Kaya, Tülay Yılmaz, Sevil Günaydın, Emine Nur Çalımlı, Elham Sadeghi
  Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.2022; 42(4): 587.     CrossRef
• Impact of pelvic floor muscle strength on female sexual function: retrospective multicentric cross-sectional study
  Luísa Pasqualotto, Cássio Riccetto, Ana Flávia Biella, Joseane Marques, Larissa Carvalho Pereira, Fabíola Kênia Alves, Anna Lygia Barbosa Lunardi, Délcia Barbosa de Vasconcelos Adami, Anita Nagib, Natalia Martinho, Adriana Piccini, Tirza Sathler, Valeria
  International Urogynecology Journal.2022; 33(6): 1591.     CrossRef
• The Effect of the PLISSIT Model on Sexual Functions: A Systematic Review
  Serap KIRICI, Emel EGE
  Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi.2021; 3(3): 199.     CrossRef
• Sexual functions in pregnancy: different situations in near geography:a case study on Turkey, Iran and Greece
  Mahide Demireloz Akyuz, Esin Ceber Turfan, Serap Cetintas Oner, Tugce Sakar, Dilek Mamik Aktay
  The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.2020; 33(2): 222.     CrossRef
• Effects ofWithania somniferaon Reproductive System: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence
  Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi, Afshar Zomorrodi, Hossein Nazemyieh, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Fazljou, Homayoun Sadeghi Bazargani, Fatemeh Nejatbakhsh, Arezoo Moini Jazani, Yadollah Ahmadi AsrBadr
  BioMed Research International.2018; 2018: 1.     CrossRef

Citations

• Analysis of Cancers in A University Hospital Employees between 2006 and 2022
  Serkan ÇELİKGÜN, Tülay KOÇ, Reyhan UÇKU
  Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences.2023; 7(3): 174.     CrossRef
• Health and Mortality in Korean Healthcare Workers
  Yoonhee Shin, Ui Jeong Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Eun Jeong Choi, Hyun Jin Park, Hyeong Sik Ahn, Hyesook Park
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Importance of lifestyle, stress, and chronic diseases in self-rated health of Korean doctors
  Su Hyun Oh, Jin Suk Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2020; 63(9): 566.     CrossRef
• Cancer Incidence among Healthcare Workers in Cancer Centers: A 14-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in Thailand
  Chatchai Ekpanyaskul, Suleeporn Sangrajrang
  Annals of Global Health.2018; 84(3): 429.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Cancer Prevalence in Physicians with That of the General Population, and Important Considerations
  Yousef Veisani, Ali Delpisheh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(5): 308.     CrossRef

Citations

• Associations between different body mass index and lung function impairment in Chinese people aged over 40 years: a multicenter cross-sectional study
  Yumeng Tang, Lan Zhang, Shuzhen Zhu, Miaoyan Shen, Maowei Cheng, Fei Peng
  BMC Pulmonary Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Recent Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Rapidly Aging Society: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2019
  Sang Hyuk Kim, Hyun Lee, Youlim Kim, Chin Kook Rhee, Kyung Hoon Min, Yong Il Hwang, Deog Kyeom Kim, Yong Bum Park, Kwang Ha Yoo, Ji-Yong Moon
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nonadherence to health promotion depending on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity
  Hyunwoo Jeong, Soo Hyun Kim, Seongmi Choi, Heejung Kim
  Heart & Lung.2022; 55: 1.     CrossRef
• Treatment patterns and cost of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using multiple inhaler triple therapy in South Korea
  Chang-Hoon Lee, Mi-Sook Kim, See-Hwee Yeo, Chin-Kook Rhee, Heung-Woo Park, Bo-Ram Yang, Joongyub Lee, Eun-Yeong Cho, Xiaomeng Xu, Aldo Amador Navarro Rojas, Sumitra Shantakumar, Dominique Milea, Nam-Kyong Choi
  Respiratory Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association of Body Mass Index with Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Xiaofei Zhang, Hongru Chen, Kunfang Gu, Jiahao Chen, Xiubo Jiang
  COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2021; 18(1): 101.     CrossRef
• Direct Switch from Tiotropium to Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients in Korea
  Sang Haak Lee, Chin Kook Rhee, Kwangha Yoo, Jeong Woong Park, Suk Joong Yong, Jusang Kim, Taehoon Lee, Seong Yong Lim, Ji-Hyun Lee, Hye Yun Park, Minyoung Moon, Ki-Suck Jung
  Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2021; 84(2): 96.     CrossRef
• Comorbidities and Factors Determining Medical Expenses and Length of Stay for Admitted COVID-19 Patients in Korea
  Su Yeon Jang, Jeong-Yeon Seon, Seok-Jun Yoon, So-Youn Park, Seung Heon Lee, In-Hwan Oh
  Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2021; Volume 14: 2021.     CrossRef
• COPD Guidelines in the Asia-Pacific Regions: Similarities and Differences
  Shih-Lung Cheng, Ching-Hsiung Lin
  Diagnostics.2021; 11(7): 1153.     CrossRef
• Sirtuin 3 Ameliorates Lung Senescence and Improves Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Function by Enhancing the FoxO3a-Dependent Antioxidant Defense Mechanism
  Jian-Xin Chen, Lei Yang, Lu Sun, Wei Chen, Jie Wu, Chun-Feng Zhang, Kai-Yu Liu, Long Bai, Hong-Guang Lu, Tong Gao, Hai Tian, Shu-Lin Jiang
  Stem Cells and Development.2021; 30(17): 843.     CrossRef
• Effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on pulmonary function impairment in Korea: the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
  Soo Beom Choi, Sungha Yun, Sun-Ja Kim, Yong Bum Park, Kyungwon Oh
  Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021082.     CrossRef
• Novel nomogram based on risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using a naïve Bayesian classifier model
  Ju-Hyun Seo, Jea-Young Lee
  Journal of the Korean Statistical Society.2019; 48(2): 278.     CrossRef
• Factors affecting the development of airflow limitation among South Korean smokers
  Youngmee Kim, Won-Kyung Cho
  Tobacco Induced Diseases.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Alveolar Differentiation Potency of Human Distal Airway Stem Cells Is Associated with Pulmonary Pathological Conditions
  Yujia Wang, Yi Lu, Yingchuan Wu, Yufen Sun, Yueqing Zhou, Qiwang Ma, Yawen Zheng, Qianwen Yu, Yujie Cao, Guangdong Chen, Ting Zhang, Xiaotian Dai, Tao Ren, Yu Ma, Wei Zuo
  Stem Cells International.2019; 2019: 1.     CrossRef
• Progression of erectile function in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study
  Eui Geum Oh, Jae Yong Yoo
  BMC Pulmonary Medicine.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association of Time to First Morning Cigarette and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Measured by Spirometry in Current Smokers
  Geonhyeok Kim, Hongji Song, Kyunghee Park, Hyemi Noh, Eunyoung Lee, Hyoeun Lee, Hayoon Kim, Yujin Paek
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(2): 67.     CrossRef
• The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Adherence to Health Check-up in Korean Adults, Based on the 2010–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Hyun-Young Shin, Hee-Taik Kang, Jae Woo Lee, Hyoung-Ji Lim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(2): 114.     CrossRef
• PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis: association of metabolic syndrome and its components with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  Linyang Ye, Xi Huang, Qingxiang Wang, Hualing Yang, Dongmiao Cai, Zhanxiang Wang
  Bioscience Reports.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Safety and Effectiveness of Indacaterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients in South Korea
  Ho-Kee Yum, Hak-Ryul Kim, Yoon Soo Chang, Kyeong-Cheol Shin, Song Kim, Yeon-Mok Oh
  Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2017; 80(1): 52.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and risk factors of airflow limitation in a Mongolian population in Ulaanbaatar: Cross-sectional studies
  Motoyuki Nakao, Keiko Yamauchi, Yoko Ishihara, Hisamitsu Omori, Bandi Solongo, Dashtseren Ichinnorov, Kevin Mortimer
  PLOS ONE.2017; 12(4): e0175557.     CrossRef
• Burden of Disease Attributable to Smoking in Korea
  Aqeela Zahra, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Jae-Hyun Park
  Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2017; 29(1): 47.     CrossRef
• Changes in the prevalence of COPD in Korea between 2001 and 2011 in the KNHANES data
  Ji Young Hong, Ji Ye Jung, Myung Goo Lee, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Chang Youl Lee, Young Sam Kim
  Respiratory Medicine.2017; 125: 12.     CrossRef
• Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers
  Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
  Toxicology Reports.2015; 2: 1064.     CrossRef
• Tuberculosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  Vitorino Modesto dos Santos
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2015; 36(5): 260.     CrossRef

Citations

• Prevalence of comorbidities and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
  A. A. Shikaleva, M. L. Maksimov, A. V. Shulaev, О. О. Kizlik
  Glavvrač (Chief Medical Officer).2025; (1): 65.     CrossRef
• Differences in the levels of inflammatory markers between metabolically healthy obese and other obesity phenotypes in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Zhouli Su, Ljupcho Efremov, Rafael Mikolajczyk
  Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2024; 34(2): 251.     CrossRef
• Trends and characteristics of the metabolically healthy obese phenotype in an Arab population
  Kaiser Wani, Balvir Kumar, Nasser M. Al-Daghri, Shaun Sabico
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Diagnostic accuracy of the waist-to-height ratio and other anthropometric indices for metabolically healthy obesity in the working population
  José-Miguel Guzmán-García, Manuel Romero-Saldaña, Guillermo Molina-Recio, Carlos Álvarez-Fernández, Elena Raya-Cano, Rafael Molina-Luque
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Role of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in metabolically healthy obesity: a narrative review
  Zsolt Murlasits, Krisztina Kupai, Zsuzsanna Kneffel
  BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine.2022; 8(4): e001458.     CrossRef
• Biochemical and clinical characterization of metabolic phenotypes: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo city, Venezuela
  Valmore Bermudez, Joselyn Rojas, Juan Salazar, Maria Sofia Martinez, Luis Carlos Olivar, Maria Jose Calvo, Andres Mindiola, Roberto Añez, Sandra Wilches-Duran, Marcos Cerda, Modesto Graterol, Rosemily Graterol, Juan Diego Hernandez, Carlos Garicano, Manue
  F1000Research.2021; 7: 230.     CrossRef

• Association Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes with Cardiometabolic Index, Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Novel Anthropometric Indices: A Link of FTO-rs9939609 Polymorphism

  
  Farhad Abolnezhadian, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Meysam Alipour, Mehrnoosh Zakerkish, Bahman Cheraghian, Pegah Ghandil, Makan Cheraghpour
  Vascular Health and Risk Management.2020; Volume 16: 249.     CrossRef
• Impact of metabolically healthy obesity on carotid intima-media thickness - The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health
  Carla Romagnolli, Isabela M. Bensenor, Itamar S. Santos, Paulo A. Lotufo, Marcio S. Bittencourt
  Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2020; 30(6): 915.     CrossRef
• Relations of major dietary patterns and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity phenotypes among Iranian women
  Atieh Mirzababaei, Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi, Nasim Ghodoosi, Sara Pooyan, Hana Arghavani, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Khadijeh Mirzaei
  Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2019; 13(1): 322.     CrossRef
• Biochemical and clinical characterization of metabolic phenotypes: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo city, Venezuela
  Valmore Bermudez, Joselyn Rojas, Juan Salazar, Maria Sofia Martinez, Luis Carlos Olivar, Maria Jose Calvo, Andres Mindiola, Roberto Añez, Sandra Wilches-Duran, Marcos Cerda, Modesto Graterol, Rosemily Graterol, Juan Diego Hernandez, Carlos Garicano, Manue
  F1000Research.2019; 7: 230.     CrossRef
• Perfil de indivíduos com excesso de peso metabolicamente saudáveis e metabolicamente não saudáveis
  Bethânia Esmeralda Claudiano da Silva, Vanessa Cirilo Caetano, Bruna de Freitas Alvim, Rayane Silva Martins Ribeiro, Thiago Balbi Seixas, Sheila Cristina Potente Dutra Luquetti
  HU Revista.2019; 43(4): 317.     CrossRef
• The Prevalence of Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity according to Different Criteria
  Chunxiao Liu, Chunxiu Wang, Shaochen Guan, Hongjun Liu, Xiaoguang Wu, Zhongying Zhang, Xiang Gu, Yanlei Zhang, Yan Zhao, Lap Ah Tse, Xianghua Fang
  Obesity Facts.2019; 12(1): 78.     CrossRef
• Biochemical and clinical characterization of metabolic phenotypes: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo city, Venezuela
  Valmore Bermudez, Joselyn Rojas, Juan Salazar, Maria Sofia Martinez, Luis Carlos Olivar, Maria Jose Calvo, Andres Mindiola, Roberto Añez, Sandra Wilches-Duran, Marcos Cerda, Modesto Graterol, Rosemily Graterol, Juan Diego Hernandez, Carlos Garicano, Manue
  F1000Research.2018; 7: 230.     CrossRef
• Waist Circumference Is an Anthropometric Parameter That Identifies Women with Metabolically Unhealthy Phenotypes
  Nathaly Torres-Castillo, Wendy Campos-Perez, Karina Gonzalez-Becerra, Iván Hernandez-Cañaveral, Barbara Vizmanos, José Muñoz-Valle, Erika Martinez-Lopez
  Nutrients.2018; 10(4): 447.     CrossRef
• Metabolically Healthy or Metabolically Unhealthy Obese HIV-Infected Patients: Mostly a Matter of Age?
  João Sérgio Neves, Vanessa Guerreiro, Davide Carvalho, Rosário Serrão, António Sarmento, Paula Freitas
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Korean Children and Adolescents: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Da Young Yoon, Young Ah Lee, Jieun Lee, Jae Hyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(11): 1840.     CrossRef
• Metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy non-obese phenotypes in a Russian population
  Oxana Rotar, Maria Boyarinova, Alexander Orlov, Vladislav Solntsev, Yulia Zhernakova, Svetlana Shalnova, Alexander Deev, Alexandra Konradi, Elena Baranova, Irina Chazova, Sergey Boytsov, Eugene Shlyakhto
  European Journal of Epidemiology.2017; 32(3): 251.     CrossRef
• Metabolically healthy obesity across the life course: epidemiology, determinants, and implications
  Catherine M. Phillips
  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.2017; 1391(1): 85.     CrossRef
• The influence of physical activity on risk of cardiovascular disease in people who are obese but metabolically healthy
  Shinje Moon, Chang-Myung Oh, Moon-Ki Choi, Yoo-Kyung Park, Sukyung Chun, Minkyung Choi, Jae Myung Yu, Hyung Joon Yoo, Pedro Tauler
  PLOS ONE.2017; 12(9): e0185127.     CrossRef
• Metabolically healthy obesity: a friend or foe?
  Chang Hee Jung, Woo Je Lee, Kee-Ho Song
  The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2017; 32(4): 611.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with metabolically healthy status in obesity, overweight, and normal weight at baseline of ELSA-Brasil
  Maria de Fátima Haueisen Sander Diniz, Alline Maria Rezende Beleigoli, Antônio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Pedro Guatimosim Vidigal, Isabela M. Bensenor, Paulo A. Lotufo, Bruce B. Duncan, Maria Inês Schmidt, Sandhi Maria Barreto
  Medicine.2016; 95(27): e4010.     CrossRef
• New obesity classification criteria as a tool for bariatric surgery indication
  Antonino De Lorenzo
  World Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 22(2): 681.     CrossRef
• Do Genetic Factors Modify the Relationship Between Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia?
  Ashfaq Ali, Tibor V. Varga, Ivana A. Stojkovic, Christina-Alexandra Schulz, Göran Hallmans, Inês Barroso, Alaitz Poveda, Frida Renström, Marju Orho-Melander, Paul W. Franks
  Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics.2016; 9(2): 162.     CrossRef
• Obesity Severity and Duration Are Associated With Incident Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence Against Metabolically Healthy Obesity From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
  Morgana Mongraw-Chaffin, Meredith C. Foster, Rita R. Kalyani, Dhananjay Vaidya, Gregory L. Burke, Mark Woodward, Cheryl A.M. Anderson
  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2016; 101(11): 4117.     CrossRef
• Characterization of metabolically healthy obese Brazilians and cardiovascular risk prediction
  Aline de Castro Pimentel, Mauara Scorsatto, Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Glorimar Rosa, Ronir Raggio Luiz
  Nutrition.2015; 31(6): 827.     CrossRef
• Serum Ferritin Levels Are Positively Associated With Metabolically Obese Normal Weight
  Jae-Woo Kim, Do Hoon Kim, Yong Kyun Roh, Sang Yhun Ju, Hyo-Yun Nam, Ga-Eun Nam, Dong-Won Kim, Seung-Hyun Lee, Chung-Woo Lee, Kyungdo Han, Yong-Gyu Park
  Medicine.2015; 94(52): e2335.     CrossRef
• Healthy excessive weight in Portuguese women 4years after delivery of a liveborn
  Ana Henriques, Ana Cristina Santos, João Tiago Guimarães, Henrique Barros, Ana Azevedo
  Preventive Medicine.2015; 75: 49.     CrossRef
• Molecular insights into the role of white adipose tissue in metabolically unhealthy normal weight and metabolically healthy obese individuals
  Flavia Badoud, Maude Perreault, Michael A. Zulyniak, David M. Mutch
  The FASEB Journal.2015; 29(3): 748.     CrossRef
• Metabolic and Cardiovascular Implications of a Metabolically Healthy Obesity Phenotype
  Mi Hae Seo, Eun-Jung Rhee
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(4): 427.     CrossRef
• The Definition of Metabolically Healthy Obesity
  Hae Kyung Yang, Seung-Hwan Lee
  The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2014; 15(1): 17.     CrossRef
• The Relationship between Diet, Lifestyle and Metabolically Healthy Obeity
  Mi Kyung Kim
  The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2014; 15(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Metabolically healthy obesity: Definitions, determinants and clinical implications
  Catherine M. Phillips
  Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2013; 14(3): 219.     CrossRef
• Defining Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Role of Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
  Catherine M. Phillips, Christina Dillon, Janas M. Harrington, Vera J. C. McCarthy, Patricia M. Kearney, Anthony P. Fitzgerald, Ivan J. Perry, Stephen L Atkin
  PLoS ONE.2013; 8(10): e76188.     CrossRef

Background
The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome is important for health policies and clinical practice. The aim of study is to estimate the prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome among older than 65 years in general population and identify the differences by gender. Additionally, we examined the prevalence of the abnormality of metabolic components by sex.Methods: We analyzed data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) 2007. The subjects of this study include persons over 65 years. We used data about demographics, chronic diseases, medications and blood laboratory results. Results: The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in elderly women was 46.9%, 56.3% and 46.7% (International Diabetes Federation [IDF] criteria) respectively. In elderly men, 23.1%, 26.6% and 21.7% (IDF criteria). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome by modified ATP III was 63.2% in elderly women and 41.7% in elderly men. The prevalence of these was significantly higher in women elderly other in men elderly (P < 0.001). The abnormality of HDL-C among the individual metabolic components was significantly higher in women elderly than in men elderly. The prevalence of HDL-C abnormality in women elderly reached 79.9%. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was higher in Korea than US and Europe, and higher among women elderly than men elderly. Recent increase in prevalence of these might be a public health problem.

Citations

• Association of Seaweed Consumption with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
  Haeun Park, Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin
  Foods.2022; 11(11): 1635.     CrossRef
• Association between Normal Weight Central Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Men
  Hyun Joe, Jung-Eun Oh
  Korean Journal of Clinical Geriatrics.2022; 23(1): 59.     CrossRef
• Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
  Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
  Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159.     CrossRef
• Sex differences in association between body composition and frailty or physical performance in community-dwelling older adults
  Yunsoo Soh, Chang Won Won
  Medicine.2021; 100(4): e24400.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults: Based on the Data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013∼2015)
  Jung-Hui Son, Soo-Myoung Bae
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2020; 20(3): 178.     CrossRef
• Appropriate protein intake is one strategy in the management of metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly to mitigate changes in body composition
  Chorong Oh, Jae-Kyung No
  Nutrition Research.2018; 51: 21.     CrossRef
• Significance of Non HDL-cholesterol and Triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol Ratio as Predictors for Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Elderly
  Seung Bok Hong, Kyung-A Shin
  The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2018; 50(3): 245.     CrossRef
• Identifying Latent Classes of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
  Eunsil Ju, JiSun Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(6): 817.     CrossRef
• Effects of Sarcopenic Obesity on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elders: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011)
  Hyun-A Choi, Kyung-Min Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(3): 231.     CrossRef
• The Differences of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors according to Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Elderly Korean Women
  Kyung-A Shin
  The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(4): 304.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome and its components in elderly Korean adults
  Seonho Kim, Wi-Young So
  Experimental Gerontology.2016; 84: 107.     CrossRef
• Serum uric acid concentration and metabolic syndrome among elderly Koreans: The Korean Urban Rural Elderly (KURE) study
  Hansol Choi, Hyeon Chang Kim, Bo Mi Song, Ji Hye Park, Ju-Mi Lee, Da-Lim Yoon, Young Mi Yoon, Yumie Rhee, Yousik Youm, Chang Oh Kim
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2016; 64: 51.     CrossRef
• Association between oral health status and body mass index in older adults
  Younyoung Cho, Yunhwan Lee, Jinhee Kim
  Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2016; 16(1): 129.     CrossRef
• Association of Family Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults Aged over 45 Years Old
  Young-Ju Kim
  Asian Nursing Research.2015; 9(4): 349.     CrossRef
• Uses and Values of Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. frutescens) as a Functional Oil Source
  Yong-Soon Choi
  Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2015; 28(1): 135.     CrossRef
• Study on the Relationship between Skinfold Thickness and Geriatric Depression in Older Adult Woman
  Jeung-Im Kim, Young-Mi Yang, Ji-Hyeon Park, Hee-Jin Shin
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(1): 44.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Gender-Related Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Community
  Kyung-Taek Park, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Myung-A Kim, Euijae Lee, Jonghanne Park, Sang-Ho Jo, Sung Rae Kim, Jaetaek Kim, Chee Jeong Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Hyun Ho Shin
  Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2014; 3(2): 89.     CrossRef
• The Association Between Serum GGT Level and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
  Heung Yeol Kim, Eun Hee Kong
  Kosin Medical Journal.2013; 28(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Response: What is the Most Reliable Obesity Iindex in Korean Elderly Population? (Korean J Obes Vol.21 No.3, 2012)
  June Hyung Yoon, Jongwoo Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Kyunam Kim, In Young Cho, Young M Cho
  The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(2): 120.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its associated Factors among Elders in a Rural Community
  Bongjeong Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(2): 225.     CrossRef
• Dietary Patterns among the Elderly in Jeollanam-do Area based on Their Physical and Mental Function State
  Eunju Yoon, Soon-Sil Chun
  The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2013; 26(4): 783.     CrossRef
• What is the Most Reliable Obesity Iindex in Korean Elderly Population?
  June Hyung Yoon, Jongwoo Kim, Seon Yeong Lee, Kyunam Kim, In Young Cho, Young M Cho
  The Korean Journal of Obesity.2012; 21(3): 140.     CrossRef
• The metabolic syndrome and sports medicine
  Yun Jun Yang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2011; 54(7): 697.     CrossRef
• Impact of Body Mass Index and Perceived Health Status on Depression in Elderly Women Living Alone in the Community
  Eun Kyeung Song, Youn-Jung Son
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2011; 20(4): 376.     CrossRef

Background
Sleep is an essential restorative physiologic phenomenon. Impaired sleep results in significant negative effect to the health. Symptoms like sleep initiation difficulty, frequent awakening, severe snoring have related to poor sleep quality. We studied frequency and compared the characteristics of common sleep disorders at family practice.Methods: We surveyed patients over 18 years of age and their guardians who visited 16 familial practices for 6 days. We investigated sleep characteristics, frequency of sleep disorder and associated factors by questionnaires and analyzed by frequency analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient, multiple logistic regression.Results: We enrolled 1,117 participants. Older participants were more likely to report early sleep onset and off time, short sleep duration. Mean number of awakening during a typical night is 1.69. Female complained difficulties in initiation and maintenance of sleep more than male. A total of 32.5% had these insomnia symptoms and related to hypertension, stroke, stress, arthralgia, depression, urological disorder. 31.1% had excessive daytime sleepiness, related to stress, arthralgia, depression. Loud snoring and gasp for breath showed positive correlation between male, high BMI. Disrupted sleep over 3 times was related to old age, female, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, stress, arthralgia, depression. Restless leg syndrome were high in elderly, high BMI, stress, arthralgia and depression.Conclusion: About one in three who visit in primary medical practice have sleep disorder symptoms like insomnia, daytime fatigue, snoring. 3% of them have gasp for breath, 8% have restless leg syndrome.

Citations

• Effect of Sleep Quality on Fatigue and Quality of Life : a Sasang Constitutional Medicine Perspective
  Ji-Eun Park, Sujeong Mun, Siwoo Lee
  Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine.2020; 34(1): 37.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Health-Related Habitual Consumption and Lifetime on Subjective Health of One Person Households: Focusing on Comparison between Non-One Person Households and Generations
  Ji Kyeung Ha, Seonglim Lee
  Family and Environment Research.2017; 55(2): 141.     CrossRef
• Insomnia: Causes and Diagnosis
  Dong Hyun Ahn
  Hanyang Medical Reviews.2013; 33(4): 203.     CrossRef
• Literature review of effect of work pattern (day shift and night shift) on worker's health
  Ki-Youn Kim, Man-Su Cho, Won-Mo Gal
  Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science.2013; 15(2): 1.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and predictors of poor sleep quality in Korean older adults
  Jin‐Hee Park, Moon‐Sook Yoo, Sun Hyoung Bae
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2013; 19(2): 116.     CrossRef

Background
The chronic liver disease is a relatively common health problem in primary care in Korea. But there are few studies of the prevalence and management status of chronic liver disease in Korea. The aim of this study is to estimate the ratio of health relative behavior among the patients of chronic liver disease, and analyse the association of chronic liver disease with health related behaviors such as private insurance, liver cancer screening examination, smoking, drinking, and exercise.Methods: We analyzed data from the third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNANES III) 2005. The subjects of this study included the persons over 40 years. We used data about demographics, chronic liver disease, and health behavior data. Results: The prevalence of chronic liver disease was 2.4%. The ratios of private insurance, liver cancer screening examination among the patients of chronic liver disease were 72.6%, 44.2% respectively. The ratios of no smoking, abstinence from drinking, and exercise were 70.0%, 52.6%, and 33.8% respectively. After adjusted with demographic data, the odds ratio of liver cancer screening among the patients of chronic liver disease was 8.4 (P < 0.001), that of abstinence from drinking was 1.2 (P = 0.434). Adjusted odds ratio of private insurance, no smoking and exercise were 1.3 (P = 0.425), 1.2 (P = 0.578), 0.6 (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The primary prevention is less satisfactory than secondary prevention among the patients with chronic liver disease in Korea. In primary care, it is necessary for them not only to check liver cancer screening examination but also encourage no smoking, abstinence from drinking, and exercise.

Citations

• The impact of free vaccination policies under the Korean Influenza National Immunization Program: Trends in influenza vaccination rates in South Korea from 2010 to 2019
  Jeongmin Seo, Juwon Lim, Dong Keon Yon
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(1): e0262594.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Morbidity and Health Behavior in Chronic Diseases
  Munjae Lee, Sewon Park, Kyu-Sung Lee
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(1): 121.     CrossRef
• Life-Sustaining Treatment in End-Stage Liver Disease Patients: Patients’ Decisions and Results
  Hyun Jung Jung, Jeong Yun Park
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2020; 23(2): 85.     CrossRef
• A Structural Model of Alcohol Abstinence Behavior among Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases
  Tae Kyung Kim, Hye Sook Min
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(1): 30.     CrossRef
• A study on the impacts of infection control education on dental hygienists' perceptions for hepatitis type B and their practices to prevent infection
  Bo-Young Kim, Ji-Man Park, Eun-Jin Park
  The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics.2014; 52(4): 287.     CrossRef

Background
Many children and adolescents are exposed to the risk of cardiovascular diseases because of increase in obesity and obesity-related metabolic derangements in children and adolescents. The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome is useful to identify these children with high cardiovascular risk. In 2007, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) presented a new defi nition of the metabolic syndrome for children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the IDF pediatric defi nition in Korean children and adolescents.Methods: We used data from 931 participants aged 10-19 years in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by the new IDF pediatric defi nition.Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents aged 10-19 years was 2.0 ± 0.5% (boys: 3.1 ± 0.8%, girls: 0.8 ± 0.4%). Approximately 95% of children and adolescents with the metabolic syndrome was classifi ed with obesity and none of the normal-weighted participants were diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome.Conclusion: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents was 2.0 ± 0.5%. It is expected that the new IDF pediatric defi nition will help to detect children with high cardiovascular risk early and to manage them properly. However, whether the IDF pediatric defi nition of the metabolic syndrome and cut-off points of its components are appropriate for Korean children and adolescents should be answered through future research.

Citations

• Association between mothers’ working hours and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016–2020
  Myoung-hye Lee, Joo-Eun Jeong, Hoon-Ki Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Kye-Yeung Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 84.     CrossRef
• Prevalence Trends of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Children and Adolescents from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
  Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Sub Lim
  Life.2022; 12(9): 1404.     CrossRef
• The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome According to Grip Strength in Teenagers
  Duk Han Ko, Young Kyun Kim
  Children.2021; 8(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in High‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Observational Studies
  Zebenay Workneh Bitew, Ayinalem Alemu, Zelalem Tenaw, Animut Alebel, Teshager Worku, Ermias Getaneh Ayele, Ali Abbara
  BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation
  Seonho Kim, Wi-Young So
  Nutrients.2016; 8(10): 588.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in Korea Children and Adolescents and Nutrient intakes: Using 2008 the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Hang-Me Nam, Mi-Ja Choi
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(2): 133.     CrossRef
• An analysis of long-term occurrence of renal complications following pediatric pyeloplasty
  Hahn-Ey Lee, Kwanjin Park, Hwang Choi
  Journal of Pediatric Urology.2014; 10(6): 1083.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Metabolic Syndrome among Adolescents
  Hanju Lee
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2014; 28(2): 270.     CrossRef
• Relationships between the Change in Obesity Rate and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Middle School Students in Ulsan
  Soon-Ho Choi, Song-Woo Shin, Cheol-In Yoo
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(11): 5271.     CrossRef
• Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Hypertension in Korean Adolescents -Based on 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
  Killye Kim, Sook Mee Son, Hye-Kyeong Kim
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(4): 439.     CrossRef
• Association of Visceral Fat and Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
  Jeong-Hyeon Kwon, Han-Yun Jang, Min-Jin Oh, Jun-Seung Rho, Ju-Hye Jung, Keun-Sang Yum, Ji-Whan Han
  Yonsei Medical Journal.2011; 52(1): 39.     CrossRef
• The metabolic syndrome and sports medicine
  Yun Jun Yang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2011; 54(7): 697.     CrossRef
• Association with Self-Perception for Obesity and Mental Health among Korean Adolescent
  In-Cheol Hwang, Kyoung-Shik Lee, Dong-Kyun Park, Eun-Young Jung, Chung-Hyun Choi, Seong-Jin Cho, Seung-Min Bae
  Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.2011; 22(2): 112.     CrossRef
• Lifestyle Habits Related to Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adolescents
  Won-Chin Chung, Young-Gyu Cho, Jae-Heon Kang, Hyun-Ah Park, Kyoung-Woo Kim, Joo-Ho Kang, Nu-Ri Kim, Hye-Jin Kim, Ok-Hyun Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2010; 31(7): 547.     CrossRef
• Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
  Young Mi Hong
  Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2009; 52(7): 737.     CrossRef

Background
Incidentally discovered gallbladder polyp in health check-up has been increasing in numbers due to extended use of ultrasonography. Past researches have reported on the relationship between body mass index and gallbladder (GB) polyp. As there has been a recent rise in the prevalence of obesity, this research attempted to study GB polyp prevalence and the trend according to time elapse in Korea. Methods: Retrospective cross sectional research was carried out with the data of Korean Association of Health Promotion, between 2nd. Jauary. 2003 to 3rd. Aug. 2007, for subjects who received abdominal ultrasonography. Those excluded were,below 20 years of age, non-asian and who have received cholecystectomy. The number of eligible subjects were 137,135, where 69,493 were male and 67,642 were female. Results: Out of 137,135 subjects, the number of subjects with GB polyp were 5,278, where 3,163 were male and 2,115 were female. According to 2005 census, the age adjusted prevalence was 3.7% (3,656 per 100,000). The prevalence for men was 4,403 per 100,000 (4.4%) and for women 2,943 per 100,000 (2.9%). The prevalence has been increasing for the past five years. Conclusion: The prevalence of GB polyp in Korea is found to be higher than the pre-existing reports and the prevalence is higher in male than female. The prevalence is on the increase and there is a need to be more attentive to the issue in the future.

Citations

• Are there modifiable risk factors affecting the prevalence of gallbladder polyps or those 5 mm or larger? A retrospective cross-sectional study
  Oh-Sung Kwon, Young-Kyu Kim
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• Factors Affecting Smoking Cessation Success during 4-week Smoking Cessation Program for University Students
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Background
Neck shoulder pain (NSP) was highly prevalent even among the adolescents in previous Western studies. However, the prevalence among Korean adolescents was seldom studied and the factors associated with NSP were controversial. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire asking the presence of NSP, restriction in daily activities due to NSP, behavioral characteristics, and psychological factors was given to 1,232 adolescent enrolled in high schools. Finally, 1,194 providing adequate responses to the questionnaire were included. NSP occurring once a week or more over the last 6 months was defined as a significant NSP and the association between the significant NSP and the studied variables was estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of NSP and the significant NSP were 82.9% and 33.4%, respectively. The girls (40.6%) were experiencing the significant NSP more than the boys (26.0%). Restriction in daily activities due to NSP was very common and 74.8% of the girls and 65.2% of the boys reported study disturbance. The factors associated with higher risk significant NSP in the boys were higher BMI (25≥ kg/m²), moderate stress, and fairly poor or poor self-assessed physical condition with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.86 (1.02∼3.40), 1.74 (1.03∼2.97), and 2.30 (1.26∼4.19), respectively. In the girls, a longer (＞75% of total sitting time) time of sitting in desk/chair of the inadequate height was associated with a higher risk of the significant NSP (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.05∼2.39). Conclusion: The prevalence of NSP in Korean adolescents was very high, suggesting that active efforts to prevent NSP in Korean adolescents would be needed with a consideration of different risk factors between girls and boys. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:595-603)

Background
There are few studies about association between the metabolic syndrome and smoking status (onset of smoking, duration, number of cigarettes per day, pack-years) in long-term smokers. And CRP level, a risk factor of the metabolic syndrome, is known to be higher in smokers than in non-smokers. This study was done to assess the association of smoking status and CRP level with the metabolic syndrome in long-term smokers. Methods: Healthy men aged 40 years old or more who visited the Samsung Medical Health Promotion Center were selected. We examined the participants' clinical characteristics by using self-reporting questionnaires, laboratory data, and Bruce treadmill test. We estimated the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and identified the association between smoking status, CRP, and the metabolic syndrome by multiple logistic regression method. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in the long-term smokers (21.4%) than in the non-smokers (17.5%). The odds ratios of developing the metabolic syndrome were 2.46 (95% CI 1.31∼4.62) and 2.57 (95% CI 1.20∼5.50) in men who smoked 20∼29 and 30 or more cigarettes, respectively, compared with those who smoked 1∼9 cigarettes. And the odd ratio was 1.41 (95% CI 1.01∼1.97) in men who had high CRP level (≥0.3 mg/dl) compared with the normal CRP group. The number of cigarettes had statistically positive association with the CRP level (coefficient Ղ=0.059; P＜0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in the long-term smokers than in the non-smokers, and proportional to the number of cigarettes in the long-term smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was correlated positively to the CRP level in the middle-aged Korean men. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:94-101)

Background
: Renal function in patients, who undergo medical examination, is usually evaluated by the serum creatinine level. However this numerical value does not always represent the entire renal function because the values increases only when the renal function has decreased more than 50%. The purpose of this study was to find the prevalence of renal diseases through the GFR (Glomerular filtration rate) using MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) equation and to analyze the risk factors related to renal diseases.

Methods : We reviewed all the clinical records of 440 patients who had visited for medical examination between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2004. We have calculated the GFR for each group using the MDRD equation and then figured out the correlation between the GFR and its risk factors.

Results : Patients haing GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² were 19 (7.2%), 60∼90 mL/min/1.73 m² were 123 (46.4%) and more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m² were 123 (46.2%). The correlation between the GFR and age, obesity, hypertension and diabetes melitus were observed as negative results in univariate analysis of variance (P＜0.05). Age and diabetes melitus were independent factors affecting the GFR (OR=3.1, 2.2 respectively, P＜0.05) in multiple logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion : It is a well known fact that the declined renal function is related to the aging process and diabetes melitus. Therefore, the mortality rate caused by renal failure and its complications should be decreased through the control of diabetes melitus, aging process and other risk factors.

Background
: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are believed to be common in the general population, and constipation is one of the most representative GI symptoms. However, the prevalence and risk factors of functional constipation are not well known in Korea. We aimed to study the prevalence of, and risk factors for, constipation in the elderly.

Methods : We randomly selected 852 among 854 (excluded by cancer and dementia) subjects, ages 65 yr and older, in three different geriatric welfare facilities in December, 2003. The prevalence of functional constipation was based on the Rome II criteria and the survey on risk factors for constipation was performed.

Results : Functional constipation had a prevalence of 26.6% and there was no difference between men and women. Exercise, fluid·fruit·vegetable intake, anal diseases and age related risk factors were associated with constipation.

Conclusion : In the elderly, constipation is a common complaint. Further studies are now required for risk factors of constipation.

Background
: To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Chuncheon city in those ages 45 and over and to evaluate the association between risk factors and the risk of the metabolic syndrome.

Methods : The subject of this study included 662 adults (males 276, females 386) aged 45 years or over who lived in Chuncheon city. The metabolic syndrome was defined as having 3 or more conditions including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, high triglyceride, and high fasting glucose. The association between the metabolic syndrome and its life-style related factors, such as smoking, exercise, and drinking, was examined, using multiple logistic regression.

Results : The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome from ATP III criteria was 30.1% in men, and 37.9% in women. The prevalence increased with age in women. In men, however, the prevalence increased to 55∼64 age group and then it gradually decreased. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome from Asia-Pacific criteria was 48.2% in men, and 46.6% in women. The prevalence increased with age in men and decreased in women. The highest prevalence among the individual components of diagnostic criteria of the metabolic syndrome in men was hypertension, followed by abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterolemia, and high fasting blood glucose. And in women, it was abdominal obesity, followed by hypertension, low HDL cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high fasting blood glucose. After adjusting for potential covariates, current smoker was 1.93 times at a greater risk for the metabolic syndrome than non-smokers (95% confidence interval 1.06∼3.51).

Conclusion : The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher than previously reported in Korea. Further studies are strongly needed to elucidate the factors which are related to the syndrome and to develop effective prevention guidelines, especially among the elderly.

Background
: Obesity in adolescence is a serious health problem because it may proceed to adulthood, cause metabolic complications, and thereby increase mortality. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity and other metabolic complications related to obesity among Korean adolescents.

Methods : The subjects of the study were 3,615 adolescents recruited from 12 middle schools nationwide. We measured their height, weight, obesity indices, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL- cholesterol, ALT, AST, and uric acid levels. The risk factors of obesity were assessed by self-administered questionnaires.

Results : Obesity was evident in 16.2% of the subjects (20.7% in boys, 11.0% in girls). Adolescent obesity was closely related to parental obesity (Odds Ratio 2.9, 95% CI (Confidence Interval) 1.7∼2.5). Obese adolescents were at higher risk of elevated AST (OR 10.2, 95% CI, 5.2 ∼19.9), elevated ALT (OR 12.9, 95% CI, 6.9∼24.2), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.5 95% CI, 1.2∼1.8, P＜0.05), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 4.0, 95% CI, 3.1∼5.3), and hyperuricemia (OR 2.2, 95% CI, 1.7∼3.0). More than 70% of obese adolescents had one or more metabolic complications related to obesity.

Conclusion : Adolescent obesity was closely related to parental obesity and metabolic complications related to the obesity were common among both obese boys and girls.

Background
: Recently, childhood obesity has been increased and has resulted in serious health problems. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity and its risk factors in elementary students.

Methods : One thousand nine hundred and eleven children were selected from an elementary school in Seoul. We measured children's height, weight, waist to hip ratio, and the obesity rate (%). The risk factors associated with childhood obesity were assessed by a self-written questionnaire answered by their parents. In moderate and severe obese children, we checked their blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, ALT, AST, uric acid, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Results : The prevalence of childhood obesity was 14.0%. We found that the factors associated with childhood obesity were the number of siblings, class, parent's obesity, and the preference for fish and meat (P=0.030, 0.022, ＜0.001, 0.003, respectively). In moderate and severe obese children, the prevalence of obesity related diseases was 77.6% and 92.3%, respectively.

Conclusion : The childhood obesity was strongly associated with parent's obesity and the preference for fish and meat. The prevalence of obesity related diseases were very high in moderate and severe obese children.

Background
: Recently, various effective and rapid acting treatment modality for depression have been massively developed. Thus, early detection and treatment of depression is vitally important to improve community mental health. Using BDI, primary practitioner can easily find depressive symptoms that can complicate other physical diseases. Finding and treating depression early can improve general prognosis of physical diseases. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms and their correlates among residents in Jeju and to provide baseline data.

Methods : The study subjects were 1,086 residents consisting of 531 males and 555 females of 10-Li in rural Jeju island and the data was gathered from trained interviewer using BDI and questionnaire about sociodemographic factors and health behavior. Depression was defined as BDI total score over 23 in males and over 24 in females. Depressive symptom was defined as BDI STEN score over 7.

Results : The prevalence of depression in rural Jeju island was 5.8% in total, 4.9% among males, 6.5% among females. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 16.7% in total, 14.9% among males, 18.4% among females. The risk factors of depressive symptoms were self-assessed living standard, education years, perceived health status, self-assessed level of stress, perceived social support, body image, breakfast intake, and sleep. Sex, marital status and drinking habit were not statistically significant risk factors.

Conclusion : The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in rural Jeju island was very low, especially among females. With intensive mental health service for those who are in low socioeconomic class and low education level and those who have poor health behavior, early detection of depressive symptoms from community will be important to improve general health status.

Backgrounds: The Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) has newly introduced the clinical diagnosis guideline of the metabolic syndrome which is characterized by clustering of the CHD risk factors. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults by the newly introduced guideline and to evaluate possible risk factors with the syndrome.

Methods : The subject of this study included 3,873 adults (males 2,144, females 1,729) aged 20 years or older who visited the Health Promotion Center of SNUH. Among the subjects, we excluded those who did not have records of physical parameters, blood test results and who were on current medications except antihypertensives and oral hypoglycemic agents. We estimated the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults according to the ATP III waist-circumference guideline, Asia-Pacific waist- circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI), respectively, and calculated the age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the direct standardized method. While applying the Asia-Pacific waist circumference, we estimated the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by age group and the prevalence of the individual abnormalities of the metabolic syndrome. To identify variables associated with the metabolic syndrome, we used the multiple logistic regression method to estimate the prevalence odds ratios for the metabolic syndrome vs. the non-metabolic syndrome.

Results : The age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults was 9.3% when ATP III waist-circumference was applied, 15.4% for Asia-Pacific waist-circumference, and 18.6% for body mass index (BMI). The highest prevalence of the individual criteria among the metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria in men was hypertension, followed by hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, high fasting blood glucose, and low HDL-cholesterolemia. And in women, it was also hypertension, followed by abdominal obesity, low HDL- cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high fasting blood glucose. The prevalence increased from 3.8% among participants aged 20 through 29 years to 27.1% for ages 60 through 69 years and 31.6% for ages above 70 years. Females, increasing age, increased BMI, current smoking, physical inactivity were higher risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, but mild drinking was a lower risk factor for the metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion : These results show that the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent although less prevalent than in American adults. The family physician should focus on the screening and comprehensive management of the metabolic syndrome.

Background
: It was known that the prevalence of reflux esophagitis in Korea was below 5% and there were few epidemiological data on reflux esophagitis in Korea. It was reported that the associated factors of reflux esophagitis were sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, drugs, exercise, diet habits, but the number of systematic studies on these factors was small. Thus, we studied to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of reflux esophagitis in Korea.

Methods : We examined 5,487 subjects (male 3,450, female 2,037, age;18-82 year) visiting health promotion center for routine check-up including esophagogastroduodenoscopy. All of them were given a questionnaire about past medical history, use of drugs, smoking, alcohol consumption, social history, diet habits. We recruited 275 cases with reflux esophagitis and 550 controls without reflux esophagitis on esophagogastroduodenoscopy. We estimated the prevalence of reflux esophagitis and performed retrospectively a cross-sectional study to evaluate the associated factors of reflux esophagitis.

Results : The prevalence of reflux esophagitis was 5.01%, 7.10% in male, 1.47% in female. The prevalence in male was significantly higher than that in female(p<0.05). The associated factors of reflux esophagitis were smoking, alcohol consumption, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (p<0.005). It was investigated that the cases with reflux esophagitis in relation to diet habits ate more frequently fried foods in oil, Chinese dishes than controls (p<0.05)

Conclusion : The prevalence of reflux esophagitis in routine check-up subjects was 5.01%. The associated factors of reflux esophagitis were smoking, alcohol consumption, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride.

Background
: Recently, childhood obesity has increased and became a major health concern in Korea. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of childhood obesity in rural city and to explore the risk factors of obesity including obesity of parents.

Methods : We made 13 convenience samples of elementary school and attached kindergarten located in Asan-city, ChungNam, in 2001. We surveyed children's height, weight, and risk factors of childhood with a self-recorded questionnaire answered by parents. Children's obesity was evaluated by ideal body weight which is defined as the 50th percentile of weight for Korean children of the same height and sex in 1998. The criteria of parents' obesity was over 25of BMI.

Results : The subjects were 1,558 children among 1870 respondents. The prevalence of childhood obesity was 9.4% and that of male children was 11.0% and that of female children was 7.9%. The older in both male and female, the higher the obesity prevalence was. Mother's age were significantly higher in obese children. Birth weight and family income were also significantly higher in obese children. Birth weight and family income were also significantly higher in obese children. There was a higher family history of obesity in obese children. Risk factors associated with childhood obesity were gender, age of child, mother's age, birth weight, number of siblings, family income, and family history of obesity.

Conclusion : The prevalence of childhood obesity in Asan-city was 9.4%. Children whose father, mother, or parents were obese tended to be obese.

Background
: Sigmoidoscopy reduce colorectal cancer mortality by identifying both cancer and adenomatous polyp for treatment. However, this screening technique, sigmoidoscopy is extremely limited to family physician. We performed sigmoidoscopy and attemped to analyze colon polyps.

Methods : The authors performed rectosigmoidoscopy from January 2000 to January 2001 at ulsan university hospital health promotion center. We reviewed and analyzed all subjects at which time all polyps were biopsied.

Results : In total, 1107 case sigmidoscopy examination were performed without complication. Polyps were found in 11.5%. 44.5% were neoplastic adenoma and 33.6% were hyperplastic polyps. Cancer was detected in 2 subjects. All case of neoplastic and 33.6% were hyperplastic polyps. Cancer was detected in 2 subjects. All case of neoplastic polyps were refered to colonoscopist. The difference of polyp incidence rate was significant in age and sex group(p<0.01).

Conclusion : The prevalence of colon polyps was 11.5%. This data is simillar to colonoscopist's data. These results suggest that screening sigmoidoscopy can be performed usefully by family physicians.

Background
: Thyroid diseases is common in adult and frequently has significant clinical consequences. But, Prevalence have not been accurately estimated before performance of sensitive TSH and high resolution ultrasound devices on thyroid gland in practice. The objective of the study was to obstain prevalance rate of thyroid dysfunciton and structural abnormality by sensitive TSH, Free T4 and high resolution ultrasound.

Methods : The subjects were 10,543(5,638 male and 4,815 female) individuals who visited a health care center of a general hospital in Kangnung city during the period of Jun. 1st, 1997 through May 31st, 2000. For thyroid dysfunction, serum TSH(Thyroid Stimulation Hormone)and Free T4 concentration of those were measured by RIA or IRMA. During the period of Dec. 1St, 1997 through May 25th, 1998, 1,316 individuals were examined by radiology specialists using high resolution ultrasonography with 7.5 MHz linear array. Consequently 21 patients who showed thyroid nodule were performed ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Accordingly medical records containing results of physical examination made by 3 specialists in family medicine before thyroid ultrasonography were investigated in association with other diagnostic modalities.

Results : The measurements of thyroid function revealed that 10,090(96.5%) were normal, 240(2.3%) low(below 0.39 mU/L) and 123(1.2%) high (above 5.1 mU/l) in TSH. In terms of prevalence rate per 1,000 population, 15.2 cases were with subclinical hyperthyroidism, and 9.0 cases with subclinical hypothyroidism, 7.7 cases with hyperthyroidism and 3.3 cases with hypothyroidism. Among 94 individuals(7.1%) with structural abnormality on thyroid gland by ultrasonography, 60(4.6%) showed solitary solid nodule, 12(0.9%) multiple solid nodules, 18(1.4%) cystic nodules and 3(0.3%) diffuse parenchymal lesions. Physical examination found only 13.3% of 91 nodules found by high-resolution ultrasongraphy, and nodules as large as above 1.0 cm in size were palpable only in 22.2%. 21 Of 91 thyroid nodules was received ultrasound-guided FNA and 4(19%) were found to have malignant nodules.

Conclusion : The study results showed the relatively high rate of thyroid diseases among general population, with the prevalence rate of thyroid dysfunction 3.6%, thyroid nodule 6.9%, malignant incidentaloma among thyroid nodules 4.4%. Physical examination was relative ineffective in detection for thyroid nodules in routine health examinations.