Cancer, or malignancy, continues to be one of the most serious health problems in the world, leading to death and disability. Unlike in previous years, where new cases of cancer were predominant in developed nations, the number of cases of cancer and the resultant deaths are increasing in low- and middle-income countries. This is partially attributable to the current trend of adopting a Western lifestyle, substantial urbanization, and the rise in infections, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), which together account for over 30% of cancer cases in underdeveloped and developing nations. The deleterious impact of cancer, as cases multiply worldwide, is multi-dimensional. Cancer exerts serious physical, psychological, and monetary burdens, not only on cancer patients but also on their family members, close friends, health care systems, and society at large. Importantly, over half of all cancer types can be prevented globally by mitigating the risk and causative factors as well as prompt adherence to scientifically recommended prevention measures. This review provides various scientifically based and people-centered strategies that every individual could adopt to reduce their risk of developing cancer in the future. It is recommended that, for these cancer prevention strategies to be effective, there should be a strong political will from the governments of individual countries to enact specific laws and implement policies that will significantly reduce sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating among the general public. Likewise, HPV and HBV vaccines, as well as cancer screenings, should be made available, affordable, and accessible on a timely basis for those who are eligible to take them. Finally, intensified campaigns and numerous informative and educational programs that promote cancer prevention should be initiated globally.
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Methods In this randomized control study, 120 women referred to Neyshabur Health Services Centers were randomly selected and divided into two groups: an intervention group (60 subjects) and a control group (60 subjects). An educational intervention was carried out over five sessions, based on protective motivation theory constructs. Participants completed a researcher-designed questionnaire immediately and again 2 months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 19.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results The results revealed a significant difference between the mean scores of participants exposed to protective motivation theory, awareness, and physical activities immediately and also 2 months after the intervention (P<0.05). Although the healthy diet scores of the two groups differed significantly immediately after the educational intervention (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the groups 2 months after the intervention (P<0.05).
Conclusion Given the effective role of education in protective motivation theory and the physical activity levels of the women who participated in this research, it seems clear that the women’s financial status shaped their ability to consume more fruits and vegetables. As this social element impacts the health of individuals, training programs alone cannot succeed.
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Background This study was designed to find out the effect of school based obesity prevention intervention by considering the changes of BMI during both at the time of intervention and post-intervention. Methods: The research was conducted at an elementary school located in Busan metropolitan city, where we measured the height and weight of 260 students at baseline, 6 months after the initiation, and 6 months after the intervention. The students were classified into three weight groups of normal, overweight and obesity according to the age and sex-specific BMI. Results: The BMI decreased or maintained in 60% of the boys and 65% of the girls after the initial six months of the intervention, while after six months from the end of the intervention, BMI increased in 91% of the boys and 83% of the girls. The children's BMI significantly decreased during the intervention (P＜0.01), whereas it significantly increased post intervention (P＜0.05). In the logistic regression model including age, sex, initial BMI, and the follow-up status after the intervention, the increase of BMI by 1 unit was associated with 11% lower odds (95% CI 0.83∼0.98) for BMI decrease and maintenance. Likewise, the increase of age by 1 year was associated with 24% lower odds (95% CI 0.59∼0.98) for BMI decrease and maintenance. However, there was no significant predictors for BMI decrease and maintenance after the intervention. Conclusion: As the positive effect of this intervention for children is not consistent, the research should be more focused in finding out the effective method for prevention of obesity among elementary school children, as a better solution in the longrun. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:572-578)
Background : Childhood and adolescent obesity are major health concern impacting on short and long-term health. Prevention programs for obesity through school channel are essential. With the increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight among children and adolescence since 1990's, obesity prevention and management have been pursued in Korea. Schools, where students spend much of their daytime, are in a unique position to play a pivotal role in performing obesity prevention and management programs. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of school-based interventions designed to prevent or manage obesity among elementary, middle, and high school students in Korea.
Methods : Electronic database were searched using the following key words; obesity, obesity prevention, obesity prevention program, child, adolescence, and effectiveness. In this systematic review, school-based programs were evaluated with the assessment items.
Results : Thirteen studies were included in the study. Most programs include at least one of the following components: dietary changes, physical activity, behavioral modifications, and parental participation. Studies that involved multidisciplinary measures including dietary education, increased physical activity, parental involvement and behavioral modification and studies focused on increased physical activity among subjects showed positive results. But the majority of studies were short-term and secondary prevention among children, not adolescents, not randomized, and without control. Few studies used validated questionnaires and process evaluation.
Conclusion : The development and application of evidence-based and feasible strategies in support of communities and families to the school-centered obesity prevention program are needed in the near future.
Background : Although smoking hazards are acknowledged worldwide, recent study of Korean teenage smokers shows that students' first smoking experiences are occurring at younger ages. Therefore, we have developed an internet-based smoking prevention program, and assessed the effectiveness of the self-administered internet program by comparing with traditional lecture.
Methods : Between April and June of 2004, 463 female eighth-grade students at a middle school were divided into two groups. One group (n=252) received the lecture-based smoking prevention education by an expert, while the other group (n=212) learned themselves via the internet program. Prior to both smoking prevention programs, the students filled out questionnaires about their basic information. One month after their education, the students were tested on the information included in the programs without prior notice and filled out another questionnaire on the level of comprehension, satisfaction and other factors.
Results : According to the pre-education questionnaire, the percentage of current smoking rate was 2.8%, and the first smoking experience was largely between the sixth and seventh grades. When comparing the scores of self-administered internet education with that of the lecture, the mean scores were 56.7 and 57.8, respectively, which was not significantly different (P=.267). The survey on comprehension, satisfaction, and other factors did not show any significant difference between the two groups.
Conclusion : There was no significant difference between the internet-based program and the lecture-based one, in terms of effectiveness as well as comprehension, satisfaction, and other factors. Considering that the internet-based program is not restricted by time or location, it will no doubt be an effective tool in teenage smoking prevention programs.
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