Background
Men with low testosterone levels are at an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, irrespective of age or obesity. However, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and testosterone levels in women remains unclear. We compared the total testosterone concentrations between premenopausal obese women with and without metabolic syndrome and identified the factors affecting these concentrations.
Methods
A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted using the medical records of 580 premenopausal women with obesity. The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome were established using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines.
Results
The mean±standard deviation age, weight, and body mass index were 38.8±8.4 years, 78.0±11.8 kg, and 30.0±4.1 kg/m², respectively. The mean total testosterone concentration was lower in the metabolic syndrome group than in the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=385 vs. n=195; 0.22±0.10 ng/mL vs. 0.24±0.11 ng/mL; P<0.001). In a model adjusted for age, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and body fat percentage, the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome with respect to the total testosterone level was 0.128 (P=0.028). Testosterone concentration was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.334), systolic blood pressure (r=-0.084), and triglyceride concentration (r=-0.093) but positively correlated with weight (r=0.144), body mass index (r=0.140), waist circumference (r=0.133), body fat mass (r=0.167), and body fat percentage (r=0.167). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age (β=-0.004, P<0.001), body mass index (β=0.003, P=0.004), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (β=0.001, P=0.019) were independently associated with total testosterone concentration (adjusted R2=12.6%).
Conclusion
Metabolic syndrome and obesity may be independently associated with testosterone levels in premenopausal women with obesity.

Citations

• The Interconnected Nature of Smoking, Depression, and Obesity in Behavioral Medicine
  Joung Sik Son
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(4): 181.     CrossRef

Background
Given that the role of serum testosterone on incident cardiovascular disease has been uncertain, it is necessary to find out the relationship between serum testosterone and carotid atherosclerosis.
Methods
The study participants included 1,302 Korean adults (873 men and 429 postmenopausal women) who participated in the Healthy Twin Study and were not receiving androgen deprivation therapy. The participants were classified into three groups: men aged <40 and ≥40 years and postmenopausal women. Total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays, and free testosterone (cFT) levels were calculated using Vermeulen’s method. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured at three levels using a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound equipped with a 7-MHz linear transducer. The associations between sex hormone concentrations and carotid IMT were evaluated using a mixed linear regression analysis.
Results
After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, TT was found to be inversely associated with common carotid IMT in men aged ≥40 years, with a 4.5% decrease in common carotid IMT for every one-standard deviation increase in TT concentration (P=0.0063). In contrast, TT was not significantly associated with carotid IMT in all segments in men aged <40 years and postmenopausal women. Additionally, SHBG and cFT were not associated with carotid IMT in any segment.
Conclusion
The significant association between TT level and common carotid IMT in men aged ≥40 years suggests that decreased testosterone levels are involved in the development of atherosclerosis in men.

Citations

• Refined metabolite profiling in the collateral circulation of chronic total occlusion of coronary arteries: Insights from a metabolomics investigation
  Hu Sigan, Li Min, Cheng Zengwei, Gao Shiyi, Kang Pinfang, Gao Dasheng
  Atherosclerosis Plus.2024; 55: 63.     CrossRef

Background
This study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and total testosterone deficiency based on facial flushing among Korean men.
Methods
A total of 314 men were included in this study and divided into non-drinkers (n=78) and drinkers (n=236). Drinkers were also divided into flushers (n=96) and non-flushers (n=140). Flushers and non-flushers were separated into two groups based on the amount of alcohol consumed: moderate drinkers (≤8 standard drinks per week) and heavy drinkers (>8 standard drinks per week). Total testosterone <3.5 ng/mL was defined as testosterone deficiency.
Results
The risk of testosterone deficiency was significantly higher in heavy drinkers who flushed than in nondrinkers (odds ratio, 4.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.20–15.88; P=0.025). However, no significant difference was observed in the risk of testosterone deficiency in non-flushers, regardless of the amount of alcohol consumed.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the risk of testosterone deficiency increases in heavy drinkers (>8 drinks per week) who flush compared to that in non-drinkers.

Citations

• The chronic alcohol consumption influences the gonadal axis in men: Results from a meta‐analysis
  Daniele Santi, Angelo Cignarelli, Matteo Baldi, Andrea Sansone, Giorgia Spaggiari, Manuela Simoni, Giovanni Corona
  Andrology.2024; 12(4): 768.     CrossRef
• The relationship between physical performance and alcohol consumption levels in Russian adults
  Nikita A. Mitkin, German E. Kirilkin, Tatiana N. Unguryanu, Sofia Malyutina, Sarah Cook, Alexander V. Kudryavtsev
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Positive association between serum bilirubin within the physiological range and serum testosterone levels
  Cunbao Ling, Yadong Liu, Meiling Yao, Libing Tian
  BMC Endocrine Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Understanding the Role of Alcohol in Metabolic Dysfunction and Male Infertility
  Valentina Annamaria Genchi, Angelo Cignarelli, Andrea Sansone, Dimitri Yannas, Leonardo Dalla Valentina, Daniele Renda Livraghi, Giorgia Spaggiari, Daniele Santi
  Metabolites.2024; 14(11): 626.     CrossRef
• The role of anti-aging approaches in managing hypogonadism in sedentary older males
  Khaled A. Abdel-Sater
  Frontiers in Aging.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between Alcohol Consumption and Body Composition in Russian Adults and Patients Treated for Alcohol-Related Disorders: The Know Your Heart Cross-Sectional Study
  Nikita A. Mitkin, Tatiana N. Unguryanu, Sofia Malyutina, Alexander V. Kudryavtsev
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 2905.     CrossRef
• Current Status of Korean Alcohol Drinking in Accordance with the Korean Alcohol Guidelines for Moderate Drinking Based on Facial Flushing
  Sami Lee, Jihan Kim, Jong Sung Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(3): 129.     CrossRef
• Alcohol and Testosterone Deficiency in People Who Experience Facial Flushes
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(6): 345.     CrossRef

Citations

• Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Linked to Dietary Supplement Use in a Bodybuilder: A Case Report
  Sondos K. Khalil, Zahra B. Yousif, Jawaher Baraka, Israa Al‐Hashimi, Moaz O. Moursi, Abdalla Fadul, Wanis Ibrahim
  Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Testosterone Levels in Adult Males: A Systematic Review
  Neetha R Monson, Nimra Klair, Utkarsh Patel, Ayushi Saxena, Dhara Patel, Ismat E Ayesha, Tuheen Sankar Nath
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Serum vitamin D level correlates with disease activity and health-related quality of life in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis
  T. Yoon, S. S. Ahn, J. Y. Pyo, J. J. Song, Y.-B. Park, S.-W. Lee
  Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie.2022; 81(1): 77.     CrossRef
• Seasonal variations in overactive bladder drug prescription rates in women: a nationwide population-based study
  Jong Won Kim, Hyun Kyu Ahn, Jongcheol Ko, Dongu Lee, Jee Soo Ha, Jae Hwan Kim, So Jeong Park, Kang Su Cho
  World Journal of Urology.2021; 39(3): 877.     CrossRef
• Relationship of Vitamin D status with testosterone levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  S. D’Andrea, A. Martorella, F. Coccia, C. Castellini, E. Minaldi, M. Totaro, A. Parisi, F. Francavilla, S. Francavilla, A. Barbonetti
  Endocrine.2021; 72(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Monthly and seasonal variations in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
  Junhui Jeong, Tae Seong Eo, Jangwon Oh, Hyang Ae Shin, Hyo Jin Chung, Hyun Seung Choi
  Journal of Vestibular Research.2021; 31(2): 101.     CrossRef
• Seasonal Variation of Drug Prescription Rate for Overactive Bladder in Men Based on National Health Insurance Claims Data, 2012–2016
  Jong Won Kim, Hyun Kyu Ahn, Jongcheol Ko, Dongu Lee, Jee Soo Ha, Jae Hwan Kim, So Jeong Park, Kang Su Cho
  International Neurourology Journal.2020; 24(3): 278.     CrossRef
• Recent Advances in Anti-Aging Medicine
  Da-Hye Son, Woo-Jin Park, Yong-Jae Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(5): 289.     CrossRef
• Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Abdominal Fat Accumulation According to Vitamin D Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (J Obes Metab Syndr 2018;27:53-60)
  Juchul Hwang, Joon Young Kim
  Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2018; 27(2): 125.     CrossRef
• Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Haematological Values and Muscle Recovery in Elite Male Traditional Rowers
  Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Julio Calleja-González, Aritz Urdampilleta, Patxi León-Guereño, Alfredo Córdova, Alberto Caballero-García, Diego Fernandez-Lázaro
  Nutrients.2018; 10(12): 1968.     CrossRef

Citations

• Effects of diabetes mellitus on sperm quality and fertility outcomes: Clinical evidence
  Francesco Lotti, Mario Maggi
  Andrology.2023; 11(2): 399.     CrossRef
• Upcoming Aging Society and Men's Health: Focus on Clinical Implications of Exercise and Lifestyle Modification
  Byoungjin Park, Yong-Jae Lee
  The World Journal of Men's Health.2020; 38(1): 24.     CrossRef
• A cross-sectional study on the associations of insulin resistance with sex hormone, abnormal lipid metabolism in T2DM and IGT patients
  Xiaoxia Wang, Tongzhang Xian, Xiaofan Jia, Lina Zhang, Li Liu, Fuli Man, Xianbo Zhang, Jie Zhang, Qi Pan, Lixin Guo
  Medicine.2017; 96(26): e7378.     CrossRef
• Pre‐diabetes and serum sex steroid hormones among US men
  R. Arthur, S. Rohrmann, H. Møller, E. Selvin, A. S. Dobs, N. Kanarek, W. Nelson, E. A. Platz, M. Van Hemelrijck
  Andrology.2017; 5(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Testosterone and type 2 diabetes in men
  Allan Mazur, Ronny Westerman, Andrea Werdecker, Ulrich Mueller
  The Aging Male.2014; 17(1): 18.     CrossRef

Background
Recently, in our ageing society, the change in dietary pattern and increase in obesity have caused the metabolic syndrome to increase in Korea. Because of the association of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, the metabolic syndrome must be prevented and well managed. We examined the association between the metabolic syndrome and the serum testosterone and DHEA-S concentration. Methods: The subject of this study included 231 men aged more than 40 years old who visited the health promotion center of a university hospital from March 2004 to March 2006. We excluded the subjects who were currently on medications except for antihypertensive and hypoglycemic agents. We defined the metabolic syndrome according to the ATP III with Asia-Pacific waist circumference. To examine the association between the metabolic syndrome and the serum testosterone concentration, we used the method of multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in our subjects was 32.9%. Decreased serum testosterone concentration was significantly associated with large waist circumference and high fasting blood sugar. Men with testosterone values in the upper tertile had a significantly lower risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=0.34, P=0.018). Conclusion: After statistical adjustment for age, smoking, income, exercise, alcohol intake, and body mass index, the serum testosterone concentration was negatively associated with the metabolic syndrome. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:705-711)

Background
: Bone mass changes in men is related to age, BMI, sex hormones and other factors. In prior studies, bone markers were negatively correlated with bone mineral density, free testosterone, and estrogen and was positively correlated with SHBG. In a study of sex hormones and bone markers in Korean men estradiol was negatively correlated with deoxypyridinoline. In this study, the relationship of testosterone, estradiol, calculated free testosterone, FEI and SHBG to bone turnover markers in adult men were investigated.

Methods : This was a cross-sectional study of 184 men who had undertaken a health screening program in one general hospital in Bundang from November, 2001 to February, 2003. We surveyed information concerning the past medical history, current medication, alcohol consumption amount per week and smoking amount by means of self questionnaire records. Serum total testosterone, estradiol, SHBG and osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase were measured at a fasting state. Urine was tested for deoxypyridinoline. Free testosterone was calculated using albumin, SHBG, and total testosterone level.

Results : Deoxypyridinoline adjusted by age, BMI was negatively correlated with FEI (r=-0.17, P=0.020) and was positively correlated with smoking amount (r=0.20 P= 0.007). Osteocalcin was negatively correlated with calculated free testosterone and ethanol consumption amount (r=-0.186, P=.0.12, r=-0.186, P=0.012). Multiple regression analysis showed that the most powerful factor influencing deoxypyridinoline was smoking amount (R²= 0.046), followed by FEI, BMI, and the one influencing osteocalcin was BMI (R²=0.050), ethanol amount and calculated free testosterone. After adjusting for age, BMI, drinking amount and smoking amount FEI shown to be a predictor of deoxypyridinoline (β=-0.08, p＜0.01, R²=0.101). After adjusting for age, BMI, and drinking amount calculated free testosterone was shown to be a predictor of osteocalcin (β=-0.570, P＜0.01, R²=0.130) in multiple regression model.

Conclusion : In adult men, FEI shown to be a predictor of deoxypyridinoline and calculated free testosterone to be a predictor of osteocalcin as an independent variable.

Background
: With the population aging, osteoporosis is becoming a major health issue. Although not as common as women, osteoporosis and its clinical end point of fracture are significant health care concern in men. Despite the considerable public health burden, our understanding of their pathogenesis is incomplete, and several factors known to affect bone metabolism in men are still controversial. So this study was made to investigate relationship between testosterone and bone mineral density in men.

Methods : This was a cross-sectional study of 432 men undertaken health screening program in Pundang CHA General Hospital from January 2000 to December 2000. We surveyed information concerning exercise and consumption of alcohol and smoking by means of self questionnaire records. Serum total testosterone, SHBG, and osteocalcin were measured at a fasting state. Second morning urine was tested for deoxypyridinoline. BMD was assessed using pQCT.

Results : FTI (free testosterone index) was positively correlated with BMD (r=0.265, P＜0.01). Age, osteocalcin, SHBG, and urine deoxypridinoline were negatively correlated with BMD (r=-0.397, P＜0.01, r=-0.121, P＜0.05, r=-0.214, P＜0.01, and r=-0.126, P＜0.01). BMI and total testosterone had no significant correlation with BMD, and there were no apparent association among the level of alcohol and tobacco use, regular exercise and BMD. FTI was not independently correlated with BMD after age, BMI and urine deoxypyridinoline were adjusted, but showed a trend to significantly predict BMD (β=0.10, P=0.052).

Conclusion : These data suggest that FTI may play a role in determination of BMD in men, allowing the potential for clinical intervention. But further investigation of the role of testosterone in bone metabolism in men is necessary.

Background
: The age-related increase in fat mass seems related to decrease in hormone level. Few studies have been done in Korea concerning the association between testosterone, GH (growth hormone) and fat mass. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship among testosterone, IGF-1 and fat mass.

Methods : The study was performed from February to October 2001 in the Health Screening Center of Pundang CHA Hospital with 243 men as subjects. Fat intake was measured through interview with diet therapist and other data were obtained by self-questionnaire. Fat mass was measured using Inbody 3.0 and the level of total testosterone, SHBG and IGF-1 in serum were measured.

Results : Smoking was negatively correlated with fat mass and WHR (waist to hip ratio) (P＜0.05) and fat intake was positively correlated with fat mass (P＜0.05). Fat mass was negatively correlated with total testosterone, calculated free testosterone, and SHBG (r=-0.26; P＜0.01, r=-0.15; P＜0.05, r=-0.31; P＜0.01). WHR was positively correlated with age (r=0.26; P＜0.01) and negatively correlated with total testosterone, calculated free testosterone, and IGF-1 (r=-0.24; P＜0.01, r=-0.20; P＜0.01, r=-0.16; P＜0.05). After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, and fat intake, the calculated free testosterone and IGF-1 were independently negatively correlated with fat mass (β=-0.072; P＜0.01, β=-0.0035; P＜0.05) and WHR (β=-6.9E-04; P＜0.05, β=-4.0E-05; P＜0.05) but, total testosterone and SHBG were not independently correlated with fat mass and WHR.

Conclusion : The results indicate that the calculated free testosterone and IGF-1 can be independent determinants of fat mass and WHR in middle-aged men.

Background
: The prevalance of coronary heat disease is significantly higher in men than in premenopausal women of the same age. Impact that endogenous androgens have on serum lipid has many arguments and few researches were made in Korea. So this study was made to investigate correlation between total testosterone and serum lipid known as effect on cardiovascular disease.

Methods : This was a cross-sectional study on 560 middle aged men undertaken health screening program in Pundang General Hospital. Korea for June 1999 to June 2000. We surveyed informations concerning exercise, consumption of alcohol and smoking by means of self questionnaire records and total testosterone and serum lipid were measured at fasting state.

Results : Body mass index was positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides(r=2.023;P<0.01, r=0.229;P<0.01) but negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.284;P<0.001). Total testosterone concentrations were negatively correlated with total cholesterol and triglyceride(r=-0.096; P<0.05, r=-0.145; P<0.01) but positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol(r=0.155; P<0.001). Total testosterone concentrations were independently correlated with HDL-cholesterol after age and body mass index were adjusted(B=0.734; P<0.05). And after statistical adjustment for age, body mass index, exercise, smoking and alcohol, total, testosterone concentrations were significantly correlated with triglyceride(B=-10.467; P<0.05).

Conclusion : The result indicate that total testosterone can be a independent determinant of HDL-cholesterol and we expect that appropriate maintenance of total tetosterone concentrations will have a protective effect for cardiovascular disease.