Background Physical activity (PA) is associated with a favorable metabolic risk profile in adults. However, its role in adolescents remains unclear. In this study, using data (2019–2021) from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we investigated the optimal exercise type for preventing metabolic complications in adolescents.
Methods A total of 1,222 eligible adolescent participants (12–18-year-old) were divided into four groups as follows: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), combined aerobic and resistance exercise (CE), and no exercise (NE). Daily PA was assessed using the international PA questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to measure lipid, glucose, and insulin levels. Additionally, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) indices were measured. Multivariate regression analysis was used to compare the metabolic risk factors across the PA groups before and after propensity score matching (PSM) adjustment for confounding variables.
Results The CE group exhibited improved fasting glucose levels, lower TyG index, reduced white blood cell count, and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels than the NE group. The RE group exhibited lower mean blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, TyG index and a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome than the NE group. The AE group had higher total and HDL cholesterol levels. In detailed comparison of the AE and RE groups, the RE group consistently exhibited favorable metabolic parameters, including lower blood pressure and total and low-density cholesterol levels, which persisted after PSM.
Conclusion These findings highlight the positive effects of PA on cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Thus, RE may have a more favorable metabolic effect than AE. Further studies are needed to validate the benefits of exercise according to the exercise type.
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Background It has been reported that cardiovascular factors such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes and obesity are related to decrease in heart rate variability (HRV). This study purposed to examinate the association of HRV with Framingham risk score in non-obese males and the affecting factors of HRV. Methods: The study was carried out in 323 males who visited a health care center from June to August, 2004, None had previous cardiovascular and cerebral diseases, diabetes, or obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2). The subjects were divided into three groups by Framingham risk score and we compared the means of HRV parameters including the Mean Heart Rate (MHR), Standard Deviation of NN interval (SDNN), the Square Root of the Mean Squared Differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD), Total Power (TP), Very Low Frequency (VLF), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio in these three groups. Results: There were significant differences among the groups by age. Among HRV parameters, SDNN (P＜ 0.001), RMSSD (P=0.001), TP (P=0.008), LF (P=0.024), and HF (P=0.003) are inversely associated with the risk score group. Multiple regression analysis revealed age, systolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein as independent explanatory variables of HRV. Conclusion: SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF and HF were decreased in the higher risk group, we can suggest that autonomic function is impaired as the cardiovascular risk increases. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:330-335)
Background : As recent studies show that pulse pressure (PP) is the most potent predictor of cardiovascular diseases, many studies focus on the non-invasive methods to evaluate arterial stiffness influencing on pulse pressure. This study attempted to show the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a classical factor of arterial stiffness in Korean adults.
Methods : The subjects were 305 adults who had visited a health care center of a university medical center in Suwon from December, 2003 to April, 2004. We had measured the aortic pulse wave velocity through auto PWV analyzer (PP-1000, Hanbyul Meditech, Korea) and had compared the relationships with smoking, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, body mass index, sex, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, and fasting glucose.
Results : There were positive correlation between aortic pulse wave velocity and age (P=0.001), fasting blood sugar (P=0.013), systolic blood pressure (P=0.007), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.038), mean blood pressure (P=0.012), pulse pressure (P=0.035), total cholesterol (P=0.009), low density lipoprotein (P=0.023). There were significant differences of the groups by sex (P=0.029).
Conclusion : The estimation of the aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) using the auto PWV analyzer (PP-1000, Hanbyul Meditech, Korea) seems to be a useful diagnostic method of early detection of atherosclerosis for management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In future more data about correlations between cardiovascular risk factors and pulse wave velocity and methods managing these factors, and more studies for determining the meaningful values of pulse wave velocity, in larger cases are needed.
Background : Sullivan has suggested that higher incidence of coronary heart disease in men and postmenopausal women is due to higher levels of stored iron in these two groups. A few epidemiologic studies in humans have reported the association between iron stores and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. But there is conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between iron and cardiovascular diseases. The present study evaluated the relationship between ferreting and well established cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods : There were 288 healthy subjects who visited a health promotion center of a general hospital. We collected data by means of self-reported questionnaire and measured height, weight and blood pressure. Serum ferritin, fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles, and C-reactive protein were measured at a fasting state.
Results : Mean serum ferritin values were 150.1±82.2 ng/mL in men and 61.7±38.2 ng/mL in women (P＜0.001). Serum ferritin level in current smoker was higher than in non-smoker (157.6±111.8 ng/mL versus 100.5±64.2 ng/mL, P=0.006). Serum ferritin was significantly and positively correlated with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride. There was no statistical significance in age, C-reactive protein, high- density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In multiple regression analysis, there was association between ferritin and sex (β=-80.333, P＜0.001) and triglycerides (β=0.182, P=0.030).
Conclusion : The serum ferritin level in men is higher than in women in healthy adults. Serum ferritin is positively associated with triglycerides.
Background : To investigate the relationship between adiposity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in normal weight individuals.
Methods : The study subjects were those over 19 years old, less than 23 kg/m2 of body mass index (BMI). They were examined in a health promotion center of a general hospital from June to November, 2001 (309 men and 369 women). Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure (BP), serum lipids and fasting blood glucose (FBS) were checked. Percent body percent (%BF) was obtained by bioelectrical method. Normal weight subjects were divided into two groups according to their %BF; then, the groups were evaluated for the presence of CVD risk factors.
Results : The average age of the study subjects was 43.66±11.26 years old in men and 41.11±10.90 years old in women. The average BMI was 21.15±1.47 kg/m2 in men and 20.68±1.53 kg/m2 in women. High %BF group showed significantly increased frequency of higher BP, FBS, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and LDL- cholesterol (LDL-C) compared with low %BF group in both sexes. In men, odds ratios (ORs) of the high %BF group with respect to the low %BF group were significantly high for BP and TG elevation. ORs of the high %BF group were significantly high for FBS, TC, LDL-C and TG elevation in women. ORs for more than one CVD risk factor was 2.46 (1.38∼4.38) in men and 1.50 (0.95∼2.36) in women.
Conclusion : Increased %BF was related to cardiovascular risk factors in normal weight subjects. The result was more significant for normal weight men than normal weight women.
Background : Obesity has been generally diagnosed by 'Body Mass Index (BMI)' in primary care. Recently the use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer' has become popular in Korea to evaluate body fat rate (BFR), as cost is inexpensive and the method to use is simple. As a result, the opposed finding of normal BMI and elevated BFR vice versa in same individuals are being encountered frequently. We designed this study to find out the characteristics and cardiovascular risk of people in these groups.
Methods : The medical records of health promotion center were obtained and 22,704 applicants visitor who undeerwent health risk questionnaire, screening tests and physical examination for cardiovascular disease were reviewed.
Results : After adjusting for age, sex, exercise and education level, cardiovascular risk such as hypertension, DM, and hypercholesterolemia, LDL tended to increase linearly and HDL tended to decrease linearly with increase of BFR or BMI. In comparison with normal BMI and BFR group, the odds ratios of normal BMI and elevated BFR group or vice versa were increased.
Conclusion : If either one of BMI or BFR of a person was elevated, even though the other was within normal range, the cardiovascular risk of that person was shown to be high.
Background : Few studies have been done regarding the level of DHEA which is influenced by age, and their effect on cardiovascular disease and prevention of cancer. It is a well known fact that the level of DHEA is decreased with age and the aging is not a correctable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify plasma DHEA-S change by age and to find out if there was any correlation with serum DHEA-S and cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods : The author collected blood from 85 males and 80females who had no particular disease history and no specific findings on physical examination. If there were any changes of DHEA according to age, we analyzed the correlation of DHEA with cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and obesity index (body mass index, waist/hip ratio).
Results : In both males and females, plasma DHEA-S level peaked at third decade and the concentration of DHEA was significantly decreased according to age (p<0.01). In males, DHEA-S showed no correlations with cardiovascular risk factors. In females, DHEA-S showed negative correlations with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein. Also, high density lipoprotein positively correlated with DHEA-S. These correlations in female subjects, however, disappeared after multiple regression analysis.
Conclusion : In both males and females, plasma DHEA-S was significantly decreased with advancing age. There was no significant correlation between DHEA-S and cardiovascular risk factors in both men and women.
Background : Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. It has been reported that metabolically obese is common even in normal weight individuals. In this study, we analysed characteristics of cardiovascular risk factors in normal and overweight men using waist-to-height ratio to find out whether it reflects such risks.
Methods : Study subjects were 516 men.(18.5≤BMI<30.0) According to BMI and waist-to-height ratio(W/Ht), they were divided into four group: Group 1; 18.5≤BMI<25.0, W/Ht<0.5, Group 2;18.5≤BMI<25.0, W/Ht≥0.5, Group 3; 25.0≤BMI<30.0, W/Ht<0.5, Group 4; 25.0≤30.0, W/Ht≥0.5. The prevalence, Odds ratio for cardiovascular risk factors were compared.
Results : In normal weight group, the prevalence of hypertension(P<0.01), high blood glucose(P<0.01), hypercholesterolemia(P<0.05), hypertriglyceridemia(P<0.01) was significantly higher in group 1 than gorup 2. In overweight group, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia(P<0.01), low HDL(P<0.01) was significantly higher in group 4 than group 3. When compared Odds ratio for each groups with reference to group 1, adjusted for age, smoking status and regular exercise, high blood glucose(4.48), hypertriglyceridemia(5.91) in group 2, hypertension(3.54), hypertriglyceridemia(3.44) in group 3, hypertension(2.90), hypertriglyceridemia(3.81), low HDL(2.60) in group 4 were significantly higher.
Conclusion : Waist-to-height ratio may be a useful method for early detection of abdominal obesity and it's related risk factors in normal and overweight individuals.
Background : Obesity in adolescents has been shown to be significantly associated with long-term mortality and morbidity. Leptin serceted by adipose tissue regulates body weight, and obese people show high leptin levels as well as as leptinresistance. The objective of this study was to ex-amine the relationships of leptin concentration with various indices of obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and diet in adolescents.
Methods : We conducted cross sectional study with sixty-eight obese (28 male and 40 female)and 80 normal weight adolescents (40 male and 40 female), aged 12-18y, from and urban area in South Korea. Weight, height, body fat, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, and fasting serum glucose, total, LDL, and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and leptin were measured, and a 24 dietary recall obtained.
Results : Females had, on average, two-times higher leptin concentrations per fat mass than males. Circulating leptin was strongly associated with body fat (male:r=0.69, p<0.01; female:r=0.67, p<0.01), and waist circumference (male:r=0.65, p<0.01; female:r=0.64, p<0.01). The correlations between log.leptin and some cardiovascular risk factors were weakly positive. None of the association between log.leptin and nutrient intakes were significant. In a multiple regression model, body fat, gender, and waist circumference were found to be significant independent determinants of leptin concentration.
Conclusion : These results show that female adolescents have higher leptin levels compared to male adolescents, independent of the concomitant variation in total body fat mass. Although leptin concentration did not have direct association with intakes, there was significant correlations with obesity and several cardiovascualr risk factors in Korean adolescents.
Background : Diseases related with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia and cerebrovascular disease are increasing according to the change of dietary patterns with economy growth and other causes such as low physical activity. Many studies showed the effects and benefits of exercise in people who had diseases related to cardiovascular risk factors, but there are few studies on the effects of exercise in healthy people. Therefore this study investigated the influence of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults.
Methods : 2,413 people who participated in periodic health examinations at Taegu medical center from May to July, in 1998 were assessed with respect to height, weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and subjects responded to the self-administered questionnaires. We reviewed 881 subjects. Subjects were classified as exercise group if they reported exercising for at least 30 minutes, 5 or more days of the week, and as control group if they reported exercising once a week or less. We observed the difference in Body Mass Index(BMI), fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and the prevalence of overweight, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia between study groups.
Results : There were no differences in sex, age, education, economic status, occupation between the study groups. Serum total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and BMI were significantly lower for the exercise group. The prevalence of overweight, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were significantly lower for the exercise group. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was lower for the exercise group, but was not statistically significant.
Conclusion : In healthy peoples, they who were regularly exercised were significantly lowered in cardiovascular risk factors and diseases related with cardiovascular risk factors than non-exercising peoples. It is considered that regular exercise may be reducing cardiovascular risk factors and may be effective in prevention of cardiovascular risk related diseases.
Background : Cardiovascular risk factors have been divided into 2 categories, modifiable risk factors, and nonmodifiable risk factors. Clustering of risk factors may increase the risk of CAD more than any of the factors alone and often related to each other. We conducted this study to examine clustering of modifiable risk factors, to analyse associated factors with the clustering of metabolic risk factors, and to evaluate the risk of CAD according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods : The case series comprised of 166 patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease, who were admitted to the Division of Cardiology of a Medical Center in Seoul. The controls were 137 persons composed of patients with normal coronary arteriogram or patients with normal myocardial SPECT for chest pain. We surveyed their life style habits, measured anthropometric variables, and analyzed biochemical markers among CAD patients and controls.
Results : Modifiable risk factors, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and low HDL-C were clustering each others among middle-aged Korean. Clustering of metabolic risk factors, hypertension, diabetes, hyperchesterolemia, and low HDL-C were associated with white-collar group, low physical activity, non-exercise, high BMI(body mass index) and high WHR(waist-hip ratio). The odds ratios for CAD in men with 3, 4, more than 5 risk factors were 2.0(95% CI:0.9-4.5), 2.9(95% CI:1.2-6.7), and 12.2(95% CI:3.5-42.0) respectively, compared with men with less than 2 risk factors. The corresponding odds ratios in women were 3.4(95% CI:1.3-9.0), 4.1(95% CI:1.2-13.5), and 4.5(95% CI:1.0-21.5) respectively.
Conclusion : There findings show that modifiable cordiovascular risk factors cluster among middle-aged Korean. The more the cardivascular risk factors, the higher the CAD risk in men and not only for clustering cardiovascular risk factors but also for CAD risk.
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