Background Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) was reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes, many cardiovascular disease risk factors, and individual components of metabolic syndrome. We performed a cross-sectional study to elucidate the relations between GGT and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Methods: The subject of this study included 693 adults (males 272, females 421) aged 45 years or over who have lived in Chuncheon, suburban small-sized city. IFG was defined by an elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration (≥100 and < 126 mg/dl). Results: The risk of IFG appeared to increase with increasing levels of serum GGT even after adjusting for other covariates, such as body mass index and inflammatory markers among men only: Adjusted odds ratios of IFG across GGT categories (<25th, <50th, <75th and ≥75th) were 1.0, 0.56, 1.57, 2.79. (p-value for trend 0.022). In women, the association between the risk of IFG and GGT was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study suggests that elevated level of GGT within the normal range is a independent predictor of impaired fasting glucose in middle-ages or older men but not in women.
Background: In these days the metabolic syndrome threatens many people of Korea. Several studies have suggested that the dietary habits are associated with the risk of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to find out relations between the components of the metabolic syndrome and the dietary habits. Methods: The subjects of this study included 1,005 non- smoking premenopausal females aged from 20 to 49 years old who visited the health promotion center of a university hospital. Dietary questionnaire was composed of dietary habits and specific food intake frequency during the past 3 months. Results: The subjects who had more than one metabolic components were 361 (36%), and those who had the metabolic syndrome was 35 (3.5%). After multivariate logistic analysis adjusted with age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, and exercise, the abdominal obesity risk was significantly increased in those who had irregular meals (P for trend= 0.049), skip meals (P for trend=0.050), faster meal time (P=0.017), and intake of saturated fat more frequently (P=0.043). The abdominal obesity risk was significantly increased in those who overate or binged eating ≥3 times/week than <1 time/week {OR (95% CI), 2.49 (1.07∼5.80)}, intake fruit <1 time/week than 6∼7 times/week {OR (95% CI), 4.46 (1.20∼16.54)}. A risk for high blood pressure was significantly increased in those who had breakfast 1∼2 times/week than those had it 6∼7 times/week {OR (95% CI), 1.91 (1.07∼3.42)}. The risk for impaired fasting glucose was significantly increased in those had breakfast <1 time/week than those who had 6∼7 times/week {OR (95% CI), 2.27 (1.20∼4.28), P for trend=0.018}. Conclusion: There was a correlation between dietary habits and metabolic syndrome components. Among the dietary habits, irregular meals, skipping breakfast, skipping meals, fast meal time, overeating or binge eating tendency, low intake of fruits and high intake of saturated fat were associated with the risk of the metabolic syndrome components. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008; 29:746-761)
Background: We assessed the state of diabetes control in Korean adults from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Methods: A total of 271 adult diabetes patients (125 males, 146 females) were identified from the health interview survey. Diabetes control status was assessed by the American Diabetic Association (ADA) recommendations. Socioeconomic characteristics and the health status were assessed by an interview and the health- related behavior was assessed by self-questionnaire. A one-day 24-hour recall was used for the dietary assessment. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were done. Fasting blood was drawn for glucose, HbA1c, and lipids profile. Results: The proportions of patients reaching the recommended goals for fasting plasma glucose (≤130 mg/dl), HbA1c (＜7%), blood pressure (＜130/80 mmHg), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (＜100 mg/dl), triglyceride (＜200 mg/dl), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (＞45 mg/dl for males, ＞55 mg/dl for females) were 57.2%, 19.9%, 24.4%, 27.8%, 64.5% and 20.7%, respectively. Body mass index, and smoking in males and age, and diabetes duration in females were associated with HbA1c level. Conclusion: This study shows that diabetes in Korean adult is not adequately controlled. National effort is needed to achieve the recommended treatment goals and to manage modifiable risk factors such as obesity and smoking. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:658-667)
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