Background
Sleep disorders and insomnia are prevalent worldwide, with negative health outcomes. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used self-report assessment tool for evaluating sleep quality, comprising seven subdomains. The Korean version of the PSQI (PSQI-K) has been tested for reliability and validity in small sample sizes but lacks large-scale validation using objective measures.
Methods
This study was conducted with 268 Korean adults attending health check programs. Participants completed the PSQI-K questionnaire and wore Fitbit devices (Fitbit Inc., USA) to ascertain sleep parameters. Reliability was analyzed using the Cronbach’s α coefficient, and construct validity was determined through factor analysis. Criteria validity was assessed by correlating their index scores with Fitbit sleep parameters. We identified the optimal cutoff for detecting sleep disorders.
Results
The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.61, indicating adequate internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed three factors, explaining 48.2% of sleep quality variance. The index scores were negatively correlated with Fitbit sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and number of awakenings (P<0.05). The optimal cutoff point for identifying sleep disorder groups was ≥6.
Conclusion
The PSQI-K demonstrated good reliability and validity when correlated with Fitbit sleep parameters, offering a practical screening tool for identifying sleep disorders among Korean adults. Cutoff scores can help identify patients for sleep interventions. However, further large-scale studies are required to validate these findings.

Citations

• Association of work ability with job burnout and sleep quality among biosafety laboratory personnel in Xinjiang, China: a cross-sectional study
  Keke Ju, Ruikai Wu, Jing Yu, Lei Ding, Mengjie Xia, Jiwen Liu, Yaoqin Lu
  Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validation of the Korean version of the Sleep Hygiene Practice Scale in a Non-Clinical Population
  Dongyeop Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hye Ah Lee, Pamela Song, Heeyoung Ahn, Chien-Ming Yang, Jee Hyun Kim
  Behavioral Sleep Medicine.2024; 22(6): 791.     CrossRef
• The relationship between sleep quality and happiness among preclinical students in a medical school
  Rusdiah Ruzanna Jusoh, Kavimitha G Krishnasamy, Saila Dharishinee Alagu, Pretha Mohan, Jeslyn Tan Guan Qian, Elayevenee Elanthevan, Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan, Haryati Ahmad Hairi
  Journal of Education Technology in Health Sciences.2024; 11(3): 92.     CrossRef

Background
Childbearing is the most important determinant of population fluctuations, and its study is more important than other population phenomena. Owing to the lack of a valid questionnaire based on the extended theory of planned behavior, this mixed-method study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to examine related belief-based factors on the intention to bear children in Iranian society.
Methods
This study was conducted in two phases in Hamadan city, western Iran, in 2021. Phase 1 consisted of an extensive literature review and a qualitative study using a directed content analysis approach to generate an item pool. Psychometrics were measured in phase 2, including content, face, and construct validity. Reliability was assessed based on internal consistency and stability. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS and AMOS ver. 24.0.
Results
Mean content validity ratio and content validity index were 0.7 and 0.85, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis of the 32 items identified an eight-factor solution. These factors jointly accounted for 79.1% of the observed variance in the outcome variables. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. The internal consistency based on Cronbach’s α was 0.85 (0.71–0.93). In addition, stability was confirmed using the test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.74–0.94).
Conclusion
The designed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating related belief-based factors on the intention and behavior of childbearing among married men and women in Iran.

Citations

• An integrated theory based-educational intervention to change intention to have a child: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial
  Maryam Moridi, Maryam Damghanian, Sedigheh Keshaverz
  Reproductive Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Does fiscal expenditure contribute to increasing fertility intentions of rural households?
  Zhongyi Gong, Mei Ge
  Finance Research Letters.2024; 63: 105286.     CrossRef

Background
Family function is a necessary factor that influences older people’s health. The Family APGAR has been widely used to study family functions. However, there has been no Persian version of this instrument to assess family function in older people. The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Family APGAR Scale to evaluate the perception of family functions.
Methods
The “forward-backward” procedure was applied to translate the scale from English into Persian. The translated version was checked in terms of validity and reliability, with a sample of 281 older people selected from retirement centers. The factor structure of the scale was also tested using a confirmatory factor analysis. To test reliability, internal consistency and test–retest analyses were performed.
Results
The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good structural model. Criterion-related validity was strongly supported by the pattern of association between the APGAR Scale and the social support survey. Cronbach’s α of the scale was 0.88 and test–retest reliability ranged from 0.96 to 0.98, indicating a good range of reliability.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that the Iranian version of the Family APGAR is a valid and reliable scale to evaluate family functions in health intervention programs.

Citations

• Advance care planning readiness among older adults in aged service centers: A cross-sectional study
  Kalok Wong, Haobin Yuan, Stephen Tee, Sinkei Cheong
  International Journal of Nursing Sciences.2025; 12(1): 59.     CrossRef
• Psychosocial distress in people with overweight and obesity: the role of weight stigma and social support
  Vladimira Timkova, Pavol Mikula, Iveta Nagyova
  Frontiers in Psychology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• ‘Let the System Do Its Job and Families Handle the Rest’? Protective and Risk Factors Contributing to Pandemic Crisis Parental Burnout
  Roman Ryszard Szałachowski, Wioletta Tuszyńska-Bogucka, Jacek Bogucki
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(2): 617.     CrossRef
• Homogeneity, dimensionality, convergent and nomological validity of the family APGAR among primary care users in Bucaramanga, Colombia
  Julián Andrés Jaimes-Grimaldos, Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda, Andrés Felipe Tirado-Otálvaro, German Díaz Buitrago, Adalberto Campo-Arias, Sandra Milena Velásquez-Vergara, Andrea Carolina Duran-Bedoya
  Journal of Family Social Work.2025; 28(2): 72.     CrossRef
• Risk factors and a nomogram for predicting cognitive frailty in Chinese patients with lung cancer receiving drug therapy: A single‐center cross‐sectional study
  Jinping Li, Yan Wang, Minfeng Zhai, Mengyuan Qin, Dandi Zhao, Qian Xiang, Zaoyuan Shao, Panrong Wang, Yan Lin, Yiting Dong, Yan Liu
  Thoracic Cancer.2024; 15(11): 884.     CrossRef
• Psychometric adequacy of the persian adapted version of the tilburg frailty indicator (P-TFI)
  Maryam Safarnavadeh, Leili Salehi
  BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Risk Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Students of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, URSE
  Iván Antonio García-Montalvo, Diana Matías-Pérez, Silvia Lois López-Castellanos, Enrique López-Ramírez, Moisés Martínez-López
  Psychiatry International.2024; 5(3): 544.     CrossRef
• Relación de la capacidad funcional y la funcionalidad familiar con la fragilidad en adultos mayores con riesgo cardiovascular en el suroccidente colombiano
  Clara Inés Paz , Betsy Mercedes Ledezma , Diana María Rivera, Mabel Lorena Salazar , María Verónica Torres , Franklin René Patiño, Andry Yasmid Mera-Mamián
  Biomédica.2024; 44(4): 537.     CrossRef
• Analysis of the Functioning of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychometric Study of the Family APGAR Scale
  Laura Serrano, Esther Vela, Laura Martín
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(23): 7106.     CrossRef
• The family dynamics of children on the streets of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria
  Abimbola M. Obimakinde, Moosa Shabir
  South African Family Practice.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nomogram reliability for predicting potential risk in postgraduate medical students with anxiety symptoms
  Zewen Huang, Lejun Zhang, Junyu Wang, Tingting Wang, Lu Xu, Xialing Yang, Heli Lu
  Heliyon.2022; 8(10): e10803.     CrossRef
• Riesgo familiar total y funcionalidad familiar en hogares de una agrupación familiar de San Juan de Lurigancho, 2021.
  Rocio Miriam Bravo Rojas, Cecilia Olga Martinez Ramos
  Revista Cuidado y Salud Pública.2022; 2(1): 22.     CrossRef

Background
The need for client feedback in assessing healthcare services is widely recognized. However, little is known about the satisfaction of adolescent clients utilizing healthcare services in Malaysia. To the best of our knowledge, there is no validated instrument to measure the satisfaction of adolescent clients attending health clinics in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the reliability of the Malay version of the Malaysian Ministry of Health’s Adolescent Client Satisfaction Questionnaire among adolescents attending health clinics in northeastern Malaysia.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2019 among adolescents aged 10–19 years attending four designated health clinics in the northeastern state of Peninsular Malaysia. The test for Cronbach’s α was performed to determine the internal consistency reliability.
Results
There were a total of 85 adolescent clients involved in this study. The mean age of respondents was 15.6 years. The majority of respondents were female, Malay, students, and had attained a secondary level of education. The mean total satisfaction score was 78.35. The internal consistency reliability according to the Cronbach’s α of the domain was 0.854, which is considered highly reliable. The corrected item-total correlation for the domain was acceptable as it was ≥0.4.
Conclusion
The Malay version of the Malaysian Ministry of Health’s Adolescent Client Satisfaction Questionnaire has excellent internal consistency reliability. Therefore, it may be recommended as a tool to measure the satisfaction level among adolescents attending health clinics in Malaysia.

Citations

• “Aren’t They Supposed to Be Healthy?”: A Qualitative Exploration of Healthcare Providers on Adolescent Health Services in Malaysia
  Hafizuddin Awang, Azriani Ab Rahman, Surianti Sukeri, Noran Hashim, Nik Rubiah Nik Abdul Rashid
  Child & Youth Services.2022; 43(3): 237.     CrossRef

Citations

• Childhood adversity and late-life depression: moderated mediation model of stress and social support
  Jin-kyung Lee, Jinhee Lee, Moo-Kwon Chung, Ji Young Park, Taeksoo Shin, Kyoung-Joung Lee, Hyo-Sang Lim, Sangwon Hwang, Erdenebayar Urtnasan, Yongmie Jo, Min-Hyuk Kim
  Frontiers in Psychiatry.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Non-Cognitive Adaptive Resourcefulness: Scrutiny of Its Multidimensionality and Nomological Validity
  Andrew Denovan, Neil Dagnall, Kenneth Drinkwater
  Psychological Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Psychological Stress Management in Primary Care
  Eon Sook Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Practice.2021; 11(2): 90.     CrossRef
• Perceived stress and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in apparently healthy men and women
  Danbee Kang, Di Zhao, Seungho Ryu, Eliseo Guallar, Juhee Cho, Mariana Lazo, Hocheol Shin, Yoosoo Chang, Eunju Sung
  Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Influence of the Perception of Aging Symptoms as a Mediator and Moderator on the Relationship between Family Function and Stress in Middle-Aged Adults
  Hyun-E Yeom, Kyoung Ok Ju
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(2): 175.     CrossRef
• Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Incident Depression in Young and Middle-Age Adults
  Ji Sun Kim, Yiyi Zhang, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu, Eliseo Guallar, Young-Chul Shin, Hocheol Shin, Se-Won Lim, Juhee Cho
  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2018; 103(5): 1827.     CrossRef

Background
Korean versions of Fat Phobia Scale (short form) (F-scale), Beliefs About Obese Persons Scale (BAOP), and Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale (ATOP) which are scales of rating weight bias were assessed to find out the reliability and validity.Methods: Korean versions of F-scale, BAOP, and ATOP were completed twice by 165 adults (85 males, 80 females; 73 hospital staffs, and 92 teachers). Validity was tested using Spearman correlation and factor analysis. Reliability was analyzed using test-retest analyses (Spearman Rho value).Results: Using factor analyses, F-scale comprised of three factors explaining 55.20% of the total variance, BAOP two factors explaining 53.3% of the total variance, and ATOP six factors explaining 61.61% of the total variance. Spearman correlation between F-scale and ATOP was -0.28 to -0.36 (P < 0.05), suggesting that people who worried about being obese tended to have negative attitudes against obesity. The correlation between F-scale and BAOP was -0.25 to -0.27 (P < 0.05), meaning that people who worried about being obese had a tendency to blame obesity on environmental factors. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.79 to 0.90 for F-scale, 0.34 to 0.38 for BAOP and 0.82 to 0.87 for ATOP. Spearman Rho values were 0.47 for F-scale, 0.50 for BAOP, and 0.47 for ATOP (P < 0.05). The scores of each scale were not related to subjects' sex, BMI, body perception, and weight control efforts, while for ATOP scores older subjects were more likely to have a negative view for obesity (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The Korean version of F-scale, ATOP and BAOP could be considered as a tool to evaluate weight-bias however, further study is needed for appropriate application.

Citations

• From flab to fab: A cross-sectional study for cultural adaptation and validation of the Fat Phobia Scale-Short Form in India
  Kumari Rina, Rosali Bhoi, Anubhav Vindal, Pawanindra Lal
  Journal of Minimal Access Surgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ-K)
  Seyoen Park, Kawoun Seo
  Nursing Reports.2023; 13(2): 835.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Obesity Stress, Weight Bias, and Heath Care on BMI in Soldiers of Non-combat Area
  Kyeng Jin Kim, Yeon Kyung Na
  Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2016; 25(3): 199.     CrossRef
• Teachers' Influence on Weight Perceptions in Preschool Children
  Jin Suk Ra, Hyun Jung Yun, Yoon Hee Cho
  Applied Nursing Research.2016; 31: 111.     CrossRef

Background
Over the past decade, considerable evidence has been accumulated showing that social networks infl uence health. However few valid and reliable instruments exist for assessing social networks among elderly population. Therefore, we translated the Lubben social network scales (LSNS) and tested the validity and reliability of Korean version.Methods: Ten items, self-administered questionnaires were translated by multidisciplinary committee members. Also they were reverse translated by bilingual and modifi ed from pretest procedure. Reliability was tested by 4 weeks test-retest reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). Validity was tested by factor analysis and construct validity comparison with the Korean version of Duke-UNC and Korean Health Related Quality of Life Scale (KQOLS) were tested for validity testing. Results: Cronbach's alpha was 0.75. Four weeks test-retest Pearson coeffi cient was 0.78 (P < 0.0001). Correlation coeffi cient with the Korean version of Duke-UNC was 0.58 (P < 0.0001). Correlation coeffi cient with social function domain of KQOLS was 0.40 (P < 0.0001). Principal components analysis identified 3 factors. Three contents areas are family and friends networks, interdependent social support and living arrangements. Conclusion: Korean version of LSNS is both valid and reliable instrument, but fi ne refi nements will be needed to adapt for use in practical settings.

Citations

• Review of the Health of the Elderly on the Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Focusing on the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic
  Kayoung Kim
  Korean Journal of Geriatrics & Gerontology.2024; 25(1): 13.     CrossRef
• Frailty: Assessment and Intervention
  Hana Moon, Geon Ho Lee, DaeHyun Kim
  Keimyung Medical Journal.2024; 43(2): 100.     CrossRef
• A Study on Social Support of the Elderly with Normal Hearing and Elderly Wearing Hearing Aids
  Do-Yun Kim, Junghwa Bahng
  Audiology and Speech Research.2022; 18(2): 102.     CrossRef
• Validation of Expanded form of Lubben Social Network Scale among Community-Dwelling Geriatric Population in India
  K. Bincy, Muthunarayan Logaraj, V. V. Anatharaman
  Indian Journal of Community Medicine.2022; 47(2): 244.     CrossRef
• Independent predictors of depressive symptoms and social isolation on 2-year all-cause mortality among the Korean elderly in a population-based cohort study: gender differences
  Hyunsuk Jeong, Hyeon Woo Yim, Beom-Woo Nam
  Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022012.     CrossRef
• Association between Psychological Suffering and Suicidal Thinking in Patients with Urologic Cancer Using Real-World Data
  Kounseok Lee, Gyoohwan Jung, Na Yeon Choi, Sunhae Kim, Jung Ki Jo
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(24): 7336.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with the Quality of Life of Patients with Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy
  Ki Ho Seol, Su Hyun Bong, Dae Hun Kang, Jun Won Kim
  Psychiatry Investigation.2021; 18(1): 80.     CrossRef
• Impact of Social Network Size and Contact Frequency on Resilience in Community-Dwelling Healthy Older Adults Living Alone in the Republic of Korea
  Sangmi Park, Tae-Hui Kim, Tae-Rim Eom
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(11): 6061.     CrossRef
• Social Isolation, Loneliness and Their Relationships with Mental Health Status in South Korea
  Myung Hyun Kim, Ji Hyun An, Hye Rin Lee, Seo Hyun Jeong, Soo Jin Hwang, Jin Pyo Hong
  Psychiatry Investigation.2021; 18(7): 652.     CrossRef
• The health status, aging anxiety, social networking, generativity, and happiness of late middle-aged adults
  Hae Kyung Chang
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2021; 27(4): 392.     CrossRef
• Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Frailty in Community-Dwelling Korean Elderly Adults in Primary Care Settings
  Hyo-Sun You, Yu-Jin Kwon, Sunyoung Kim, Yang-Hyun Kim, Ye-seul Kim, Yonghwan Kim, Yong-kyun Roh, Byoungjin Park, Young Kyu Park, Chang-Hae Park, Joung Sik Son, Jinyoung Shin, Hyun-Young Shin, Bumjo Oh, Jae-woo Lee, Jae Yong Shim, Chang Won Won, Ji Won Yoo
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(6): 413.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of a village-based intervention for depression in community-dwelling older adults: a randomised feasibility study
  In Mok Oh, Maeng Je Cho, Bong-Jin Hahm, Byung-Soo Kim, Jee Hoon Sohn, Hye Won Suk, Bu Young Jung, Hye Jung Kim, Hyeon A. Kim, Ki Bok Choi, Da Hye You, Ah. Reum Lim, In Ok Park, Jeung Hyuck Ahn, Hee Lee, Yeon Hee Kim, Mi Ra Kim, Jee Eun Park
  BMC Geriatrics.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of a Self-Care Reinforcement Program for Socially Vulnerable Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome in Korea
  Mikyung Park, Kiwol Sung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(3): 271.     CrossRef
• EEG correlates associated with the severity of gambling disorder and serum BDNF levels in patients with gambling disorder
  Kyoung Min Kim, Sam-Wook Choi, Jaewon Lee, Jun Won Kim
  Journal of Behavioral Addictions.2018; 7(2): 331.     CrossRef
• Psychopathological, temperamental, and characteristic factors in adults with remaining childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms
  Kyoung Min Kim, Sojeong Nam, Soo Yeon Kim, Soo Min Lee, Jae-Won Choi, Taewoong Kang, Jun Won Kim
  International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice.2017; 21(3): 236.     CrossRef
• The Association between Hopelessness, Social Support and Community Integration and Depression among Elderly Living Alone
  Hyun ok Kim, Yeun Soon Choi, Jin Hyang Lee, Ae-Rim Seo, Ki Soo Park
  Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2016; 41(4): 195.     CrossRef
• The Effect of the BeHaS Exercise Program on Closeness, Self-esteem and the Intention of Exercise Maintenance in Elderly
  Jong Im Kim, Hyo Jin Won, Sun Ae Kim, Ji Hyun Lee
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(3): 206.     CrossRef
• Risk factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation in a rural population
  Yosub Joo, Sangchul Roh
  Environmental Health and Toxicology.2016; 31: e2016018.     CrossRef
• Social Network Analysis Reveals the Negative Effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms on Friend-Based Student Networks
  Jun Won Kim, Bung-Nyun Kim, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Young Sik Lee, Kyung Joon Min, Hyun-Jin Kim, Jaewon Lee, Mark Bellgrove
  PLOS ONE.2015; 10(11): e0142782.     CrossRef
• Physical disability, perceived dependence and depression in women with osteoarthritis
  Ki-Soo Park, Hyeon-Su Yang, Bokyoung Kim, Hye-Ji Jeon
  Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2015; 40(4): 221.     CrossRef
• Questionnaires for Assessing Stress and Mental Health
  In Hwan Hwang, Dong Hoon Oh
  Hanyang Medical Reviews.2014; 34(2): 91.     CrossRef
• Social Support According to Temperament and Character in College Students
  Sung-Hwan Song, Hye-Kyung Lee, Jun Won Kim, Kounseok Lee
  Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2013; 52(3): 157.     CrossRef
• The effects of care management on depression treatment in a psychiatric clinic: a randomized controlled trial
  Hyunsuk Jeong, Hyeon Woo Yim, Sun‐jin Jo, Beomwoo Nam, Soon‐Mo Kwon, Jin‐Yong Choi, Sang‐Kuk Yang
  International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.2013; 28(10): 1023.     CrossRef
• Influence of Malnutrition and Social Network on Health-related Quality of Life in Elders
  Hee Kyung Kim, Hae Kyung Chang, Mi-Ra Lee, Youn-Jung Son, Su Jeong Han, Nam Young Yang, Myoung-Ran Yoo, Seon Young Choi, Youn Mi Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2013; 20(2): 98.     CrossRef
• Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 (ISEL-12)
  Do Hyun Kim, Hye-Kyung Lee, Jun Won Kim, Kounseok Lee
  Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2012; 51(6): 416.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with depressive symptoms in low‐income, older Korean women with hypertension
  Kiwol Sung
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2011; 13(3): 309.     CrossRef
• Standardization for a Korean Version of Chronic Ear Survey: Translation and Verification of Validity and Reliability
  Jae Yong Byun, Yang-Sun Cho, Hosuk Chu, Shi-Nae Park, Gyu Cheol Han, Byung Chul Cheon, Jung Eun Shin, Jong Woo Chung, Sung Won Chai, Jae Young Choi
  Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2011; 54(11): 755.     CrossRef

Background
This study was performed to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Korean version of IPAQ short form. Method: Sixty-nine volunteer adults completed the questionnaires twice at 1 week interval, and the second one was compared to the results of Actical^Ⱂ in order to test validity. Results: The Korean version of IPAQ was accepted as a proper one by the IPAQ developers. Spearman Rho coefficients and Kappa values of test-retest reliability were 0.427∼0.646 (median 0.542) and 0.365∼0.620 (median 0.471), respectively. The Kappa values were above 0.4 in 5 out of 7 questionnaires. The more physically active by the short form questionnaire, the higher the measured value of the Actical^Ⱂ (P=0.039). Spearman Rho coefficient was 0.267 for the correlation between the results of the questionnaire and measured values by Actical^Ⱂ. Conclusion: The reliability and the validity of the IPAQ short form were proven. Follow-up studies are needed. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:532-541)

Background
: The study was aimed to examine the validity and the reliability of self-report of gastric cancer screening (endoscopy or upper GI), mammography, and Pap smear.

Methods : The study subjects for validity included those who had undergone 276 endoscopies or UGIs, 127 mammograms, and 125 Pap smears performed at a health promotion center of P and I university hospital during January 1, 1999 to June 30, 1999 and January 1, 2002 to June 30, 2002. The study subjects for reliability included those who had undergone 86 endoscopies or UGIs, 31 mammograms, and 33 Pap smears who went through two surveys. The data was collected by mail or telephone interview. We calculated the sensitivity of self-reports by comparing the self-report and the laboratory results as a gold standard, and the agreement between repeated reporting.

Results : The sensitivities based on the test year were 49.3% for gastric cancer screening, 56.7% for mammography, and 53.6% Pap smear, and the sensitivities on the test month were 39.1%, 45.7%, and 46.4%, respectively. The agreement between the two self-reporting on the test year were 59.6% for gastric cancer screening, 67.7% for mammography, and 63.6% Pap smear, and the agreement on the test month were 82.3% for gastric cancer screening, 74.2% for mammography, and 72.7% for Pap smear.

Conclusion : Self-report alone may not provide accurate or reliable data on the cancer screening compliance. It is recommended to utilize other objective data for cancer screening. And it would be helpful to utilize a memo- book as a reminder to screen for cancer in order to enhance the validity and the reliability of self-report.

Background
: The functional status of elderly has been measured by many different methods including Karz ADL index, Bathel ADL index and physical self- maintenance scale. Among them, Bathel ADL index has been widely used in many countries because of easiness to scoring and administration. Therefore, we translated the Bathel ADL index and tested the translation validity and psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of Korean version of Bathel ADL index.

Methods : The Bathel ADL index was translated by multidisciplinary committee members. The quality of translation was rated by committee members using three criteria (clarity, use of common language, conceptual equivalence). Reliability was tested by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), two weeks test-retest reliability, and intraobserver agreement. Clinical validity and construct validity comparison with brain disability grade were tested for validity testing.

Results : Cronbach's alpha was 0.97. Two weeks test-retest correlations coefficient was 0.95 (P=0.00). Interrator agreements were high in all 10 items (κ=0.82∼1.0). Normal control group had lower scores than the patient group (P=0.000). Correlation coefficients between the Korean version of Bathel ADL index score and brain- disability grade was -0.58 (P=0.000).

Conclusion : The Korean version of Bathel ADL index is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring functional status of the elderly.

Background
: Currently, the high quality of life associated with women's rights is strongly supported and has become an important social issue. As a result, there is an increasing need for studies concerning female sexual function. The objectives of this study was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate sexual function evaluation in Korean women.

Methods : A total of 100 married women, who visited an outpatient clinic of family medicine department of a university hospital in Seoul, were studied. After filling out the self-administered questionnaire, a face-to- face interview was done on all study subjects. The items of this questionnaire were adopted from questionnaires with proven validity and reliability. Factor analysis was done and Crohnbach's alpha was calculated.

Results : The items of this questionnaire were classified into 5 parts: Drive, Excitement, Sexual activity, Satisfaction, and Spouse. The total variance was 51.5%. The total Crohnbach's alpha was 0.82. The internal consistency was high. Study subjects were able to complete this questionnaire within 10 minutes.

Conclusion : The validity and reliability of this female sexual function questionnaire was found to be acceptable. This questionnaire can be utilized as a diagnostic adjunctive tool and feedback for treatment through further studies.

Background
: Although the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), which are the tools to measure Nicotine Dependence, have a high internal reliability and a high test-retest reliability, they have not been tested domestically. A Korean-Version Questionnaire for Nicotine Dependence was assessed to find out the internal reliability, test-retest reliability and validity.

Methods : The research subjects were adult smokers of ages between 19 and 77 among hospital visitors, hospital staffs, inpatients and outpatients. The smokers had their carbon monoxide measured after responding to the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of Nicotine Dependence (FTQ & FTND), the history of smoking, the variables related to Nicotine Dependence, and factors that influence carbon monoxide(CO) measurement. Micro II smokerlyzer (Bedfont Instruments Ltd, England) was used to analyze CO concentration in expired air. The method used for measuring CO concentration was to deeply inhale and hold one's breath for 15 seconds and measure CO concentration while exhaling.

Results : The total number of subjects was 205 (199 males, 6 females) consisting of 124 hospital visitors, 67 hospital staff, 8 inpatients, and 6 inpatients. The average FTQ was 4.68 and the average FTND was 3.95. Cronbach's alpha, which indicates the internal reliability, was 0.6679 for FTQ and 0.6913 for FTND. The correlation coefficient which indicates test-retest reliability was 0.783 for FTQ and 0.880 for FTND. The correlation coefficient which indicates the relationship between the level of Nicotine Dependence and expired air CO concentration was 0.484 for FTQ and 0.563 for FTND. The correlation coefficient of the smoking period was 0.247 for FTQ and 0.252 for FTND.

Conclusion : This Korean-Version Questionnaires for Nicotine Dependence (FTQ & FTND) were both satisfactory from the aspects of reliability and validity. It was concluded that the Korean-Version of FTND was a reliable method to reflect the level of nicotine dependence of smokers from the fact that the reliability and validity of FTND was higher than that of FTQ.

Background
: We developed Korean Family Function Assessment Tool(KFFAT). In order to confide in the results of the KFFAT, it was necessary to verify the psychometric properties(validity and reliability).

Methods : To evaluate the reliability of the KFFAT, internal consistency and scale-item correlation was carried out with 800 middle and high school students and their 800 parents. A three-week interval test-retest was also carried out with 50 high school students and their 50 parents.
In addition, the KFFAT was compared to the family APGAR and the FACES III to evaluate the validity with 800 middle and high school students and their 800 parents.

Results : Cronbach alpha of each scale was 0.55-0.88 and overall scale-item correlation coefficient was believed to be appropriate. Pearson's correlation coefficient of test-retest was 0.49-0.79 in each scale. There is little correlation between the Family APGAR and the FACES III with the KFFAT. However, the KFFAT shows similar results in the function of family with the Family APGAR and the FACES III.

Conclusion : From this reliability and validity test results, the Korean Family Function Assessment Toll(KFFAT) could be used as a assessment tool of Korean family function.

Background
: Anxiety is a common disorder, but its diagnosis is often overlooked. Although there are several evaluating instruments, they are difficult to use in busy outpatient clinics because of its length. Furthermore, scales developed for screening are insufficient in the standardization. The purpose of this study is to measure reliability and validity of scale that can efficiently detect the anxiety patients in busy primary care setting.

Methods : With translation and assistance from psychiatrist, the questionnaire was developed. From March to July 2000, anxiety and control group at the department of family medicine in Seoul Joongang Hospital were tested with the questionnaire. After one week later, test was retaken. Reliability was verified by calculating Kappa value. Also validity was validity was verified by comparing the scores between the anxiety group and the control group. Then sensitivity and specificity were evaluated, and the cutoff point was determined.

Results : Kappa values were ranging from 0.65 to 0.88. For each cutoff point 3,4,5 and 6 in validity. As the purpose was screening, we determined score 5 as the best cutoff points.

Background
: Means to measure death anxiety, death depression and sense of symbolic immortality with approved validity and reliability does not yet exist in Korea.

Methods : Existing English questionnaires such as Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS), Death Depression Scale (DDS), Sense of Symbolic Immortaligy Scale (SSIS) were translated into Korean by 5 translators, and then reviewed by 3 non-participants of translation for collegial summary and this summary was counter-translated again by another 2 non-participants. Another 3 non-participants of translation and counter-translation were chosen to examine the two sentences of each item. Then reexamination was done by retranslating and counter-translating the parts with errors. After pretest on ordinary people. The completed questionnaires were given to medical students, residents and nurses of a university hospital. Pastors and missionaries were selected as comparison group.

Results : Kuder-Richardson or Cronbach-α that represent internal consistency of TDAS, DDS and SSIs was 0.69, 0.84 and 0.78. The three sentences that lowered internal consistency of SSIS was deleted. BDI and DDS showed a positive correlation (0.32, P=0.02), suggesting proved construct validity. Correlation coefficient that proves construct validity of TDAS and DDS was 0.54 (P<0.01), of SSIS and TDAS -0.23(P=0.04), of SSIS and DDS -0.29(P=0.01). The TDAS and DDS(P<0.01), DDS and BDI(P=0.02) have shown a positive correlation were shown. There was significant difference in the score of SSIS(P<0.01). The same results in cases where the 3 sentences was deleted.

Conclusion : Korean versions of TDAS, DDS and SSIS were reliable and valid.

Background
: Because of many physical, psychological, and social stresses, adolescence is a vulnerable period to psychiatric disorders. But in Korea, there is actually not enough time for primary care physicians to screen such patients during ordinary medical interviews. Therefore this research was done to develop and validate a brief screening questionnaire for the detection of adolescent patients with psychiatric problems.

Methods : Three family physicians in charge of their own adolescent clinics developed a five-item questionnaire for screening adolescents with psychiatric problems by reviewing related literature with consultation by a psychiatrist. After performing a pretest and gathering second opinions from other psychiatrists and nurse-teachers, final questionnaire was redeveloped. Verification of its reliability by using test-retest method and internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient was done. Also inspection of its validity by comparing the scores of psychiatric patient group to normal group was done. And finally the discrimination point was obtained.

Results : For reliability Kappa value or new questionnaires ranged from 0.33 to 0.63. One item was dropped because of its negative influence to the internal consistency and the discrimination power. With the four final items, we estimated the validity for distinguishing psychiatric patients from the normal group by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of each cutting point of scores. For the each cutting point 1, 2, and 3, sensitivity was 85%, 75%, 40%, respectively, and specificity was 27%, 62%, 84%, respectively. We considered score 1 as the best cutting point because the purpose of the questionnaire was screening rather than diagnosis.

Conclusion : A brief four-item screening questionnaire(SAPPO. Screening method of Adolescent Psychiatric Problems in Outpatient clinic) was developed and its reliability and validity was estimated.

Background
: A standard questionnaire is usually characterized by a set of questions, a scoring method, and psychometric properties. But many studies suggested that previously translated standard questionnaire in Korea had bee used without testing translation validity, scoring system and psychometric properties.

Methods : After developing a preliminary delphi questionnaire from references by a researcher, it was modified from pretest procedure, which was performed to 6 family physicians who had experiences in translating standard questionnaires. Some experts were chosen among authors of standard questionnaire, translation articles in four questionnaire related journals and others were recommended by other experts.

Results : The total number of experts was 53 including 22 family physicians, 15 psychiatrists, 2 psychologists, 8 faculties of preventive medicine and 6 faculties of nursing. The response rates were 85%, 87%, 92% on 1st, 2nd, 3rd delphi round, respectively, and the total response rate was 69%. According to Delphi surveys, minimal requirements for a standard questionnaire translation were translation by two translators, pretest techniques, consideration of age·sex·education level in pretest procedure, reliability validation, validity validation and 0.5 or more of correlation coefficient level in convergent validity validation. Minimal requirement for reliability coefficients was 0.7 or more, but the results did not reach adequate consensus.

Conclusion : Developing minimum requirement guidelines for standard questionnaire translation using Delphi method can be done.

Background
: Korean health related Quality of Life Scale(KQOLS) was developed to measure the quality of life reflecting Korean’s own language expression and culture. In order to confide in the results of KQOLS, it is necessary to establish verification of the psychometric properties(reliability, validity, responsiveness).

Methods : KQOLS’s final 46 items and item option responses were established by expert panels. Reliability was tested by 2 weeks test-retest method and internal consistency methods. Validity was tested by factor analysis and clinical validity. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting treatment-related changes were also tested.

Results : A high degree of internal consistency was observed for each of domains(Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.77 or higher). Two weeks test-retest reliability correlation coefficients scores were highly significant except health perception domain. A principal components analysis identified 9 factors with eight values greater than 1.0 which were approximately the same as intended domains. Normal control group had statistically significant higher scores than patients group except in spiritual health and social function domains. Improved group of patients had statistically significant higher scores than non-improve group of patients after treatment except in spiritual health and health status perception domains.

Conclusion : Korean health related Quality of Life Scale(KQOLS) is both a valid and a reliable instrument, but fine refinements such as items revision and item response options modification will be needed.

Background
: Unlike that of adults, depression of adolescents need screening because learning ability, physical growth and social adaptation are seriously affected. But Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), the assessment tool for adults, is generally used for adolescents as well because only few are available. The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability of a Korean version of BDI(K-BDI) as a screening instrument of adolescent depression.

Methods : From May 1, 1998 to June 1, 1998 we visited two high schools (one male, one coeducation) in Sungnam city and K-BDI questionnaires were given. The subjects were 1,107 high school students. This study was to evaluate the reliability of BDI and to find out factor structure through analysis.

Results : The sex distribution of subjects was 929(83.9%) males and 178(16.1%) females. Cronbach's internal consistency and Spearman-Brown split half correlation coefficient was 0.85, 0.86, respectively, in the male group, 0.74, 0.86, respectively, in the female group and 0.85, 0.86, respectively, in the total group. By principal axis factoring, 4 factors were extracted. Which were factor I: Negative Self Attitude, factor II: Performance Difficulty, factor III: Guilty and Psychomotor Retardation, and factor IV: Somatic Symptom. All of the correlations between total BDI score and the individual items showed positive correlation(P<0.001).
Average BDI score and prevalence rate was 11.7±7.24, 11.4%, respectively, in the male group, 18.51±6.65, 34.8%, respectively, in the female group and 12.85±7.56, 15.2%, respectively, in the total group.

Conclusion : The results suggest that the K-BDI is a reliable tool in adolescence. Therefore, it may be used as a screening tool for adolescent depression.

Background
: FACES III is a useful instrument for the evaluation of family function. It was translated with evaluation of it's validity and reliability and used in many researches in Korea. But following studies for validity and realiability of FACES III didn't show consistent results. And for the evaluation of family function of middle school students, FACES III can be a useful tool. But it is important to reinvestigate the validity and reliability of FACES III to apply this instrument to them.

Methods : In 1997, self-report instrument FACES III questionnaires were distributed to all members of one boys' middle school students in Inchon. The 1150 questionnaires except incomplete questionnaires form 1249 students were analyzed.

Results : The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for internal consistency reliability were 0.71 for adaptability and 0.80 for cohesion. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between cohesion and adaptability for construct validity was 0.59. Correlations between total scores and each item scores were moderate to strong, cor-relations between items in subcategory were weak. In factor analysis, there were many items that were not compatible with factors according to concept of FACES III.

Conclusion : The validity and reliability of FACES III can not be guaranteed when applied to the evaluaton of middle school students' family function.