Increased mechanization and technological advances have simplified our lives on the one hand and increased sedentary behaviors on the other hand, paving the way for emerging global health concerns, i.e., sedentarism, which could be the leading cause of all major chronic health problems worldwide. Sedentarism is a habitual behavior of choosing and indulging in low-energy expenditure activities (≤1.5 metabolic equivalents), such as chairtype (sitting, studying, traveling) or screen-type activities (TV, computers, mobile). With technological advancements, there is a significant transition in the lifestyles of people from being active (walking) to being more deskbound (sitting). Prolonged sitting can have unintended consequences for health with sitting time >7 h/d, leading to a 5% increase in all-cause mortality with each additional hour spent sitting (i.e., +7 h/d), while considering physical activity levels. This review will highlight how sedentarism is emerging as a major risk factor for the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases, especially among young adults and adults. Chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cancer, are the leading causes of death worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for collective action to mitigate the burgeoning public health crisis posed by sedentarism in the 21st century. This paper intends to set in motion a call for all policymakers and public health professionals placed nationally or internationally to reach a consensus on ending sedentarism and provide viable resolutions for effective management of excessive sedentary behaviors and healthy adoption and maintenance of active lifestyles among individuals of all age groups.

Citations

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  Tsu-Ming Yeh, Hsiao-Yuan Lu, Fan-Yun Pai
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  Jardel Nimet, Aline Rosa Marosti, Carmem Patrícia Barbosa
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• Assessment of cardiac outcomes of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review
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  Anwar Al-Nuaim, Ayazullah Safi
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(5): 813.     CrossRef
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• Primary Care Physicians’ Important Role: Lifestyle Modification for Chronic Disease Management
  Su-Min Jeong
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(5): 237.     CrossRef

Background
Sleep duration is associated with hearing loss, especially presbycusis, which is the most common type of hearing loss; however, there is limited evidence regarding this association among the Korean population. We aimed to determine the relationship between sleep duration and high-frequency hearing loss in Korean adults aged ≥40 years.
Methods
We examined 5,547 Korean adults aged ≥40 years who completed audiometric tests and questionnaires regarding sleep duration during the 2010–2012 cycle of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mild presbycusis was defined as >25 decibels (dB) and <40 dB, whereas moderate-to-severe presbycusis was defined as >40 dB pure tone averages at high frequencies (3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz) for both ears. Additionally, the sleep duration was divided into quartiles. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable logistic regression after adjusting for covariates.
Results
The prevalence of presbycusis in South Korean adults was 62.1%, of which 61.4% showed moderate to severe presbycusis. The incidence of moderate-to-severe, but not mild, presbycusis showed a significant positive correlation with sleep duration.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that sleep duration is associated with the prevalence of presbycusis.

Citations

• Joint association of sleep duration and depression with new-onset hearing loss: a national cohort study
  Fang Wang, Yu-Jun Xiong, Da-Ming Shao, Tian Lv, Shiqin Chen, Qian-Yuan Zhu
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sleep characteristics and hearing loss in middle-aged and older adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2018
  Kening Jiang, Adam P. Spira, Nicholas S. Reed, Frank R. Lin, Jennifer A. Deal
  Sleep Epidemiology.2024; 4: 100082.     CrossRef
• Age-related hearing loss and its potential drug candidates: a systematic review
  Shiyu Hu, Qingru Sun, Fei Xu, Ninghua Jiang, Jianli Gao
  Chinese Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between near work time and depression.
Methods
Data of 1,551 workers aged 19–49 years from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. The Patient Health Questionaire-9 scores were used to screen for depression. Participants who scored a total of 10 or above, which is suggestive of the presence of depression, were classified as the depression group; the rest were classified as normal. The correlation between daily near work time and depression was analyzed using multivariate logistic analysis after adjusting for other sociodemographic and health behavior-related variables.
Results
Multivariate logistic analysis found that workers with 3 or more hours of near work were more likely to report depression compared to the reference group who had 2 or fewer hours per day of near work (adjusted odds ratio, 2.471; 95% confidence interval, 1.062–5.747).
Conclusion
Longer near work time was associated with depression among South Korea’s workers. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce near work time to prevent depression.

Citations

• Low Vision Rehabilitation and Eye Exercises: A Comprehensive Guide to Tertiary Prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy
  Tibor Rák, Andrea Kovács-Valasek, Etelka Pöstyéni, Róbert Gábriel, Adrienne Csutak
  Life.2025; 15(6): 857.     CrossRef

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• Association of demographic variables and smoking habits with the severity of lung function in adult smokers
  Arash Toghyani, Somayeh Sadeghi
  Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2022; 27(1): 18.     CrossRef
• Association between Time to First Cigarette and Health-Related Quality of Life of Middle-Aged Male Current Smokers: A Nationwide Representative Study in Korea
  Sung Eun Jo, Hye Rim Hwang, Yun Jin Kim, Sang Yeoup Lee, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Young Hye Cho, Young Jin Tak, Seung Hun Lee, Eun Ju Park, Youngin Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(3): 225.     CrossRef
• Time to First Cigarette and Self-Reported Health Among US Adult Smokers
  Baksun Sung
  Tobacco Use Insights.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of smoking on the lower respiratory tract microbiome in mice
  Rui Zhang, Ling Chen, Lei Cao, Kang-jie Li, Yao Huang, Xiao-qian Luan, Ge Li
  RESPIRATORY RESEARCH.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef

Citations

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  Acta Ophthalmologica.2024; 102(1): 25.     CrossRef
• Comparative efficacy of cyclosporine 0.1%, rebamipide 2%, and carboxymethylcellulose-cyclosporine 0.05% combination eye drops in the management of dry eye disease among the Indian population
  Abhinav Goyal, Khushboo Bansal
  Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.2024; 10(1): 89.     CrossRef
• Artificial Tears: A Systematic Review
  David A Semp, Danielle Beeson, Amy L Sheppard, Debarun Dutta, James S Wolffsohn
  Clinical Optometry.2023; Volume 15: 9.     CrossRef
• Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Use in Ocular Surface Diseases Including Dry Eye
  Jinu Kim, Jae Woong Koh, Hyuk Jin Choi, Yong-Soo Byun, Ji Won Jung, Sang-Mok Lee
  Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.2023; 64(2): 170.     CrossRef
• Novel carboxymethyl cellulose based nanocomposite: A promising biomaterial for biomedical applications
  Mehrab Pourmadadi, Erfan Rahmani, Amin Shamsabadipour, Amirmasoud Samadi, Javad Esmaeili, Rabia Arshad, Abbas Rahdar, Fariborz Tavangarian, Sadanand Pandey
  Process Biochemistry.2023; 130: 211.     CrossRef
• Comparing the efficacy of sodium hyaluronate eye drops and carboxymethylcellulose eye drops in treating mild to moderate dry eye disease
  Sreelakshmi Salim, Sumana J Kamath, Sangeetha Jeganathan, Shobha G Pai, Teena Mariet Mendonca, Ajay R Kamath
  Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2023; 71(4): 1593.     CrossRef
• Dry eye syndrome: comprehensive etiologies and recent clinical trials
  Ruojing Huang, Caiying Su, Lvjie Fang, Jiaqi Lu, Jiansu Chen, Yong Ding
  International Ophthalmology.2022; 42(10): 3253.     CrossRef
• Short-term Efficacy and Safety of Biological Tear Substitutes and Topical Secretagogues for Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
  Passara Jongkhajornpong, Thunyarat Anothaisintawee, Kaevalin Lekhanont, Pawin Numthavaj, Gareth McKay, John Attia, Ammarin Thakkinstian
  Cornea.2022; 41(9): 1137.     CrossRef
• Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Corneal Wound Repair by Regulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis
  Gabriele Saccu, Valeria Menchise, Chiara Gai, Marina Bertolin, Stefano Ferrari, Cristina Giordano, Marta Manco, Walter Dastrù, Emanuela Tolosano, Benedetta Bussolati, Enzo Calautti, Giovanni Camussi, Fiorella Altruda, Sharmila Fagoonee
  Cells.2022; 11(23): 3892.     CrossRef
• Hyaluronan and its derivatives for ophthalmology: Recent advances and future perspectives
  Gloria Huerta Ángeles, Kristina Nešporová
  Carbohydrate Polymers.2021; 259: 117697.     CrossRef
• A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Eye Drops for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome
  Yun-Jung Yang, Won-Young Lee, Young-jin Kim, Yeon-pyo Hong
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(5): 2383.     CrossRef
• Establishment of functional epithelial organoids from human lacrimal glands
  Sang Yun Jeong, Woo Hee Choi, Seong Gyeong Jeon, Sookon Lee, Jong-Moon Park, Mira Park, Hookeun Lee, Helen Lew, Jongman Yoo
  Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Autologous Serum Eye Drops versus Artificial Tear Drops for Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
  Leying Wang, Kai Cao, Zhenyu Wei, Christophe Baudouin, Antoine Labbé, Qingfeng Liang
  Ophthalmic Research.2020; 63(5): 443.     CrossRef
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  M. Labetoulle, A. Rousseau, A. Labbé, C. Baudouin
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• Preparation of carboxy-methyl cellulose-capped nanosilver particles and their antimicrobial evaluation by an automated device
  Prasanta Kumar Maiti, Archi Ghosh, Rehana Parveen, Arpit Saha, Mahua Ghosh Choudhury
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  Ian J. Saldanha, Kristina B. Lindsley, Flora Lum, Kay Dickersin, Tianjing Li
  JAMA Ophthalmology.2019; 137(7): 775.     CrossRef
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  B. Çakır, E. Doğan, E. Çelik, T. Babashli, T. Uçak, G. Alagöz
  Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie.2018; 41(5): 407.     CrossRef
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Background
Breakfast consumption is related not only with foods and nutrients intake, but also obesity, chronic diseases, school performance, and cognitive function. This study is to assess factors associated with breakfast skipping and its effects on food and nutrients intake in 5th grade children from the obesity and metabolic disorders cohort. Methods: BMI percentile was used as an obesity index. Overnight fasting blood was collected to measure blood lipids, and glucose level. Dietary habits and physical activity levels were assessed with a self-fi lled questionnaire. If a student said "yes" to the question, "Have you taken all breakfast during previous seven days?," he or she was considered as 'breakfast consumer,' if a respondent said "no," he or she was considered as 'breakfast skipper.' Nutrients intake was estimated from a three-day 24-hour recall including two weekdays and one weekend. Results: Among 1,536 students, 30.1% (n = 235) of boys and 31.3% (n = 231) of girls were the breakfast skipper. The breakfast skippers were more obese (P = 0.011), from families with lower household income (P = 0.037), went to bed late (P = 0.001), had a longer screen time (P = 0.003) than breakfast consumers. All macronutrients intake and the adequacy of micronutrients (iron, zinc, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C, niacin, and folate) intake were lower in breakfast skipper. Conclusion: The breakfast skipping was associated with a lower socioeconomic state and a longer screen time. We confi rmed breakfast skipping is a risk factor of nutrients defi ciency (quantity) and is also related with food intake quality.

Citations

• Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Children and Adolescent According to the Meal Frequency: The 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Yonghoon Ji, Junhee Park, Jun-Hyun Yoo
  Korean Journal of Family Practice.2022; 12(3): 158.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Factors Affecting Middle School Students’ Breakfast
  Ha Jin Park, Ho Kyung Ryu
  The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2021; 32(1): 41.     CrossRef
• Nutritional status and related parental factors according to the breakfast frequency of elementary school students: based on the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  So Young Yu, Yoon Jung Yang
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(1): 73.     CrossRef
• The Relation between the Frequency of Family Gathered Meals and the Body Mass Index-Standard Deviation Score in Elementary Students
  Sunyoung Ma, Hyejin Park, Eunhee Kong
  The Korean Journal of Obesity.2015; 24(1): 51.     CrossRef
• Correlations between Poor Micronutrition in Family Members and Potential Risk Factors for Poor Diet in Children and Adolescents Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
  Hye Lee, Hyesook Park
  Nutrients.2015; 7(8): 6346.     CrossRef
• Variation in Meal-skipping Rates of Korean Adolescents According to Socio-economic Status: Results of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
  Seri Hong, Hong Chul Bae, Hyun Soo Kim, Eun-Cheol Park
  Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health.2014; 47(3): 158.     CrossRef
• Dietary Habits and Nutrition Knowledge of Children Using Community Food Service Centers according to Family Type
  Joo Hee Lee, Eun Young Son, Yeonsoo Kim, Yunsook Lim
  The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(3): 255.     CrossRef
• Breakfast Skipping and Related Factors in Children in Poverty
  Kyung Ja June, Jin-Young Kim, Seungmi Park, Ji Yun Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(2): 204.     CrossRef

Background
It has been reported that the abdominal obesity can cause various metabolic abnormalities not only in adults but also in adolescents. This study was conducted to investigate lifestyle habits related to abdominal obesity in Korean adolescents. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study on 561 adolescents (305 boys and 256 girls) aged 12-18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005. The abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference at or above the 90th percentile for each age and gender based on the 2007 growth chart for Korean children. The frequency of physical activity, screen time, and the intake amount of energy and macronutrients were investigated as lifestyle habits. Results: The prevalence of abdominal obesity in Korean adolescents aged 12-18 years was 9.1% (Boys, 9.4%; Girls, 8.7%). The mean of daily screen time was 4.3 ± 0.1 hours (Boys, 4.4 ± 0.2 hours; Girls, 4.2 ± 0.2 hours). The subjects with daily screen time ≥ 5 hours had a 3.0 times increased risk of abdominal obesity compared to subjects with daily screen time < 3 hours (P-value = 0.004). The adjusted odds ratio of fat intake ≥ 35% of energy was 2.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 5.68; P-value = 0.020) with fat intake < 25% of energy as reference. The relationship between long screen time and abdominal obesity was observed in girls and high fat intake was related to abdominal obesity in boys. Conclusion: This study shows that abdominal obesity in Korean adolescents is associated to long screen time and high fat intake.

Citations

• Analysis of risk factors affecting obesity in Korean adolescents: based on the 2017–2020 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey
  Joon Young Kim, Kyungchul Song, Youngha Choi, Byung-Sun Choi, Hyun Wook Chae
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Macronutrients modified dietary intervention in the management of overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review
  Jihyun Park, Oh Yoen Kim
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2024; 67(4): 191.     CrossRef
• Association between sedentary behavior, screen time and metabolic syndrome among Chinese children and adolescents
  Xue Cheng, Qiya Guo, Lahong Ju, Weiyi Gong, Xiaoqi Wei, Xiaoli Xu, Liyun Zhao, Hongyun Fang
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between Obesity and Lifestyle Factors in Young Korean Women: the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016
  Jeon Won Kwak, Chan Hee Jeon, Min Ho Kwak, Jeong Hyeon Kim, Yong Soon Park
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2019; 19(1): 9.     CrossRef
• Is it Time to Adopt Information Technology in Play Therapy?
  Aram Lee, Mi Ae Oh, Jin Cheol Park, Se Young Jin, Ram Hwangbo, Seong Woo Cho, Geon Ho Bahn
  Psychoanalysis.2017; 28(2): 28.     CrossRef
• The Role of Uncontrolled Eating and Screen Time in the Link of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Weight in Late Childhood
  Joung-Sook Ahn, Seongho Min, Min-Hyuk Kim
  Psychiatry Investigation.2017; 14(6): 808.     CrossRef
• Eating habits, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, and self-efficacy by obesity status in upper-grade elementary school students
  Seong Ah Ha, Seo Yeon Lee, Kyung A Kim, Jung Sook Seo, Cheong Min Sohn, Hae Ryun Park, Kyung Won Kim
  Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(6): 597.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Metabolic Syndrome among Adolescents
  Hanju Lee
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2014; 28(2): 270.     CrossRef
• Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive population
  So-Ryoung Lee, Myung-Jin Cha, Do-Yoon Kang, Kyu-Chul Oh, Dong-Ho Shin, Hae-Young Lee
  International Journal of Cardiology.2013; 166(3): 633.     CrossRef
• A Study of Body Composition, Dietary Behavior, and Exercise among Students at Women's Colleges
  Ji-Yon Eom, Duk-Yoo Jung
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Obesity Index and Related Factors among Elementary School Students Visiting Pediatric Department of General Hospital
  Hwan-Hee Lee, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
  Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2012; 18(2): 186.     CrossRef

Korean Lifetime Health Maintenance Program (KLHMP) represents one of several efforts to take a more evidence-based approach to the development of recommendations on a wide range of preventive services. This paper summarizes the methods of the third KLHMP developed by Korean Academy of Family Medicine. The review process of KLHMP was mainly based on trans contextual guideline adaptation of United States preventive service Task force (USPSTF) recommendation. The method of review process was done according to categories of recommendation (adotion of USPSTF's recommendation, adatation of USPSTF's recommendation, development of new recommendation). If the recommendation done by USPSTF is up to date and acceptable in Korean context, it was translated and adopted. If the USPSTF recommendation was not up to date, nor applicable, the recommendation was drawn by adaptation process. If the condition has not been reviewed by USPSTF, the recommendation was drawn by de novo development process, forming key question, literature search (primary researchs, systematic reviews, guidelines), literature evaluation, evidence systhesis, considering of applicability and acceptability of evidence.

Citations

• Tobacco cessation: screening and interventions
  Yoo-Bin Seo, Sang-Wook Song, Sung-Goo Kang, Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(1): 12.     CrossRef
• Effects of Green Tea Powder on Bone Markers in Female Rats Fed High Fat Diet
  Yun-Jung Jung
  Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(3): 183.     CrossRef
• Experience of Lifetime Health Maintenance Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital: Patients Satisfaction and Associated Factors
  Seung Woo Lee, Na Ra Cho, Seung Hyun Yoo, Sung Sunwoo
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2017; 17(3): 176.     CrossRef
• Evidence Base Medicine and Pre-Appraised Resources
  Hyun Ah Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2010; 31(12): 897.     CrossRef

Periodic Health Examination and Prevention Guidelines for Koreans were first proposed since 1988. Based on that guideline, clinical preventive services has been applied to clinic population in a few University Hospitals since 1991. In 1995, LHMP development committee in Korean Academy of Family Physician Society first published evidence based clinical practice guidelines and updated the guidelines in 2003. Lifetime Health Maintenance Program (LHMP) committee represents efforts to take a more updated evidence-based approach to the development of the third updated clinical practice guideline in 2009. We focused on approaches that can reliably assess the extent of updating required, a model of limited literature searches with modest expert involvement to reduce the cost and time.

Citations

• Experience of Lifetime Health Maintenance Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital: Patients Satisfaction and Associated Factors
  Seung Woo Lee, Na Ra Cho, Seung Hyun Yoo, Sung Sunwoo
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2017; 17(3): 176.     CrossRef

Background
Short-term measurement of heart rate variability is known to be a non-invasive technique to examine autonomic nerve system. Heart rate variability exhibits circadian rhythm according to work/sleep cycle and biological clock. In primary practice, short-term measurement of heart rate variability is usually used during the day. Therefore the aims of this study were to investigate the possibility of differences in heart rate variability between morning and afternoon and also to examine the relationship among associated factors. Methods: Sixty-eight healthy volunteers underwent short- term measurement of heart rate variability on two occasions: in the morning (08：30∼11：00) and in the afternoon (13：30∼16：00). A structured questionnaire was used to access general characteristics, emotion, fatigue and sleeping hours. Results: The mean heart rate was significantly increased and SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF and VLF were significantly decreased in the afternoon compared to the morning. LF and LF/HF were not changed. The anxiety group, the depression group and the fatigue group showed significantly greater reduction in TP and RMDDS than the control group. Conclusion: In the afternoon, parasympathetic activity and total power were decreased significantly compared to the morning. Short-term heart rate variability should be measured in the same time zone and need to consider food intake effect. Those who complained of anxiety, depression or fatigue were related to much decrease in TP and RMSSD in the afternoon. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:579-584)

Background
As of 2006, the residents of family medicine occupies about 9 percent among the total. However, expansion of more general practice doctors is in demand to conduct desirable general practice. Accordingly, this study was conducted to survey the motivation to apply for family medicine residency and the actual situation. Methods: A questionnaire survey of 862 residents of nationwide family medicine from June 2006 to July 2006 was performed via e-mails. Hospital, size, years, gender, age, university, career, time and motivation to apply, and existence and nonexistence of lecture in medical school or clinical practice of family medicine for students were reviewed. Results: Among the total, 415 (48.14%) residents from 72 training hospitals answered. For the motivation, 'the necessity to diagnose and treat various patients' was 53.49%, 'advantageous to start practice' was 21.93%, and 'relatively short training period' was 11.33%. For the time, during 'intern' was 49.40%, 'on getting a job' 16.63%, and as a 'student' 15.42%. When they had lectures of family medicine in medical school, decision made as a student was 19.93%, and during clinical practice was 21.61%. Conclusion: Among the reasons that motivated to apply for family medicine, 'the necessity to diagnose and treat various patients' was the biggest, which conforms to the training goal of Academy of Family Physicians. Since there is a tendency to select family medicine residency earlier when they are exposed to lectures of family medicine or clinical practices in medical school, the effort to expand substantial lectures and clinical practices is needed. (J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:931-936)

Background
: Recently, physicians have been challenged to see more patients per office session while maintaining patient satisfaction. We examined the variables related to patient satisfaction with the time spent with physician during office visit.
Methods
: In the department of family medicine of an university hospital, a trained researcher observed patient visits by VTR and collected additional data using medical record reviews and patient exit questionnaires from July 1 to July 31, 2002 The data was analyzed statistically by SPSS ver11.0/PC+.
Results
: Visits by 103 patients were observed in this study. Age, functional health status, time of Dr.'s talking to patients and the ratio of Dr.'s talking time to visit length were significantly associated with patient satisfaction (P＜0.05). Sex, marital status, education level, new vs. established patient, reason for visit, visit length, number of problems, number of medications, body mass index, and satisfaction for time spent were not significantly associated with patient satisfaction. According to logistic regression analysis, greater patient satisfaction were associated with better perceived health status, with more ratio of Dr.'s talking time to visit length and with age younger than 40 years.
Conclusion
: Physician can enhance patient satisfaction during an office visit by spending sufficient time to talk with patients during each visit and should take an interest in elderly patients and patients with multiple problems.

Background
: Recent advances have been made in the treatment of acute stroke, but the effectiveness of the new therapies is highly time dependent. Patients with acute stroke often arrive at the hospital too late to receive the maximum benefit from these new stroke therapies. Efforts to reduce delay time of therapy for acute stroke may be more effective if the factors that delay hospital arrival are identified and targeted for specific intervention. So we studied about reason of delay of hospital presentation in patients with acute stroke.

Methods : The 85 acute stroke patients group who admitted to the Young-dong severance hospital from April to August 1999 were enrolled in this study. We collected clinical data from the medical record, including demographic characteristics, date and time of symptom onset, date and time of presentation to the hospital, medical history, and symptoms at stroke onset. And informants about stroke, method of transportation, the patient's interpretation of the symptoms were interviewed. We defined early arrival as within 3 hours of awareness of symptoms.

Results : The 85 patients were interviewed, early arrival were more likely to arrive by ambulance (P<0.001), admit via emergency department(p=0.001), interpret their symptoms as a stroke(P=0.005) and use readings as a informants about stroke(P=0.027) than late arrivals. Also they were younger than late arrivals(P=0.027). Main reason of delay of hospital presentation was because they expect spontaneous improvement(43%), mistake as other disease(23.3%), arrive via other medical institute(20%).

Conclusion : Late arrivals expected spontaneous improvement, misinterpreted their symptoms as those of other disease and didn't choose proper medical institute for acute management. Considerable education is needed to increase the knowledge about stroke and proper acute management.

Background
: Stress is found to have influence on physical and mental disorders, and also to healthy life habits related to physical health mental stress. Job holders are groups that have suffered from chronic stressful condition. Consider medical people of job-holders to received exessstress. So, we tested this investigation to know the relationship between health habits and stress amounts about nurse.

Methods : This study was performed on nurses who worked on one hospital in Pusan Metropolitan city for one months(from April, 1, to April, 30, 2000). We used 128 results. Health habits were investigated about 5 articles out of “Breslow’s 7 health habits” and stress amounts were measured by Korean-translated BEPSI(Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument) and Bae Jong- Myun’s 30-items SRRQ(Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire).

Results : There were differences in amounts of stress of subjects according to marital state(P<0.05), job department(P<0.05), BMI(Body Mass Index) (P<0.05), sleeping time(P<0.05).

Conclusion : This investigation has showed that having excess stress in nurses. Body Mass Index, sleeping time appeared to be health habits related to amounts of stress.

Background
: For diagnosis of hypertension, prompt, blood pressure measurement is necessary. In a clinical setting, increased blood pressure is often recorded during urine-holding. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of urine-holding on blood pressure.

Methods : We analyzed 172 subjects who visited a hospital in Pusan for examination of pelvic ultrasonography. We measured urine-holding time, blood pressure in a urine-holding stat, and blood pressure immediately after urination when pelvic ultrasonography was examined. Paired t-test was performed to compare the pre-voiding blood pressure. The relationship between urine holding time and difference in blood pressure were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficients.

Results : In subjects who held urine for no less than 3hours, mean pre-voiding systolic blood pressure was 124.2±20.8 mmHg, mean pre-voiding diastolic blood pressure was 78.3±13.3 mmHg. Mean difference in systolic blood pressure was 4.2±10.7 mmHg, and mean difference in diastolic blood pressure was 2.8±7.7 mmHg(P<0.05). The correlation between urine holding time and differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not significant(P>0.05)

Conclusion : Urine-holding for no less than 3 hours made systolic and diastolic blood pressure rise. However, the rise in blood pressure was not proportional to urine-holding time.