Korean Journal of Family Medicine

"uric acid"

Original Articles

The Association between Serum Uric Acid and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Nationwide CrossSectional Study: Wisit Kaewput, Charat Thongprayoon, Ram Rangsin, Sarawut Jindarat, Ploypun Narindrarangkura, Tarun Bathini, Michael A. Mao, Wisit Cheungpasitporn; Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(3):189-194. Published online May 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.18.0205

Abstract
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Background
The role of uric acid in the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between uric acid and peripheral neuropathy among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods
We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study based on the diabetes and hypertension study of the Medical Research Network of the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools. Adult T2DM patients from 831 public hospitals in Thailand were evaluated. The serum uric acid level was categorized into five groups based on quintiles (<4.4, 4.4–5.3, 5.3–6.2, 6.2–7.3, and >7.3 mg/dL). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the independent association between serum uric acid level and peripheral neuropathy.
Results
In total, 7,511 T2DM patients with available data about serum uric acid levels were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 61.7±10.9 years, and approximately 35.6% were men. The prevalence rate of peripheral neuropathy was 3.0%. Moreover, the prevalence rates of peripheral neuropathy stratified according to uric acid levels <4.4, 4.4–5.3, 5.3–6.2, 6.2–7.3, and >7.3 mg/dL were 2.5%, 2.8%, 2.4%, 2.5%, and 4.7%, respectively. A serum uric acid level ≥7.3 mg/dL was found to be associated with an increase in odds ratio (1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.32) for peripheral neuropathy compared with a serum uric acid level <4.4 mg/dL.
Conclusion
Serum uric acid level is independently associated with peripheral neuropathy in T2DM patients, and elevated serum uric acid levels should be considered a risk factor for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in clinical practice.

Citations

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Uric acid in diabetic microvascular complications: Mechanisms and therapy
Xin Li, Bo Huang, Yue Liu, Meng Wang, Jing-Qiu Cui
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2025; 39(2): 108929. CrossRef
An overview of the role of serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in type 2 diabetes mellitus and in other inflammatory and metabolic conditions
Gulali AKTAS
Minerva Medica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Systemic inflammatory markers and epicardial fat volume as predictors of cardiometabolic risk in type 2 diabetes
Mehmet Cosgun, Zeliha Cosgun, Melike Elif Kalfaoglu, Gulali Aktas
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Causality between serum uric acid and diabetic microvascular complications - a mendelian randomization study
Hongli Wu, Xuefeng Li, Wenning Zhang, Huifang Peng, Hongwei Jiang
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between serum uric acid levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xieyu Zhang, Xinwen Zhang, Xiaoxu Li, Xin Zhao, Guangcheng Wei, Jinjie Shi, Yue Yang, Su Fan, Jiahe Zhao, Ke Zhu, Jieyang Du, Junyi Guo, Wei Cao
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Serum Uric Acid-to-HDL Ratio and Triglyceride Glucose Index in Relation to Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hafiza Farah Masood, Qurratul Ain, Hifza Noor Lodhi, Bilal Rafique Malik, Faheem Usman Sulehri, . Khushbakht, Mirza Zeeshan Sikandar, Sharoona Fatima
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2024; : 130. CrossRef
Serum uric acid and diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-edged sword
Yong Zhuang, Huibin Huang, Xin Hu, Jinying Zhang, Qingyan Cai
Acta Neurologica Belgica.2023; 123(3): 857. CrossRef
The Ratio of Serum Uric Acid to Glycosylated Haemoglobin as a Predictor of All-Mortality in Elderly Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Xiuxian Huang, Licai Deng, Jianhao Huang, Jingxia Sun, Qiu Wang, Jiacheng Mo, Zhenwei Zhai, Yuechou Nong, Wensheng Lu
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2023; Volume 16: 2779. CrossRef
Uric acid and diabetes mellitus: an update
Shailendra K Singh, Rina Singh, Santosh K Singh, Mir A Iquebal, Sarika Jaiswal, Pradeep K Rai
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2023; 99(1178): 1220. CrossRef
Serum uric acid and risk of diabetic neuropathy: a genetic correlation and mendelian randomization study
Youqian Zhang, Zitian Tang, Ling Tong, Yang Wang, Lin Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The relation between serum uric acid levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes in Guilan, north of Iran
Haniye Sadat Fayazi, Maryam Yaseri, Seyyede Sahere Mortazavi, Zahra Sharifhassan, Ali-Sina Assadinia
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Peripheral Neuropathy in Chinese Patients With Gout
Kaifeng Guo, Nan Liang, Mian Wu, Lihui Chen, Haibing Chen
Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetic corneal neuropathy as a surrogate marker for diabetic peripheral neuropathy
WeiZheng So, NatalieShi Qi Wong, HongChang Tan, MollyTzu Yu Lin, IsabelleXin Yu Lee, JodhbirS Mehta, Yu-Chi Liu
Neural Regeneration Research.2022; 17(10): 2172. CrossRef
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Protects Against Diabetic Neuropathy and Nephropathy in Modestly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: Follow-Up Study
Fukashi Ishibashi, Aiko Kosaka, Mitra Tavakoli
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between serum uric acid and diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by gender: a cross-sectional study
Yimeng Hu, Qinge Li, Rui Min, Yingfeng Deng, Yancheng Xu, Ling Gao
PeerJ.2021; 9: e10691. CrossRef

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Association between Serum Uric Acid and Oxidative Stress in Korean Adults: Eun Jeong Ok, Kiyoung Kim, Sat Byul Park; Korean J Fam Med 2018;39(5):295-299. Published online September 10, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.17.0034

Abstract
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Background
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis and development of lifestyle-related diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the correlation between the serum uric acid (UA) levels and oxidative status in Korean adults.
Methods
The subjects were 5,093 individuals (2,041 women and 3,052 men) who underwent a health checkup between June 2012 and December 2016. Oxidative stress levels (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites [d-ROMs]) and antioxidant potential (biological antioxidant potential [BAP]) were measured. Metabolic markers, including UA, were also examined.
Results
Higher serum UA levels were associated with decreased levels of d-ROMs (P<0.05). The UA levels were positively associated with BAP levels (P<0.001).
Conclusion
Serum UA is related to oxidative status, especially antioxidant capacity, in Korean adults; UA may play a role in antioxidant defense systems in humans.

Citations

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Oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes: the development and the pathogenesis, Jordanian cross-sectional study
Khalid M Abu Khadra, Mohammad Izzat. Bataineh, Ahmad Khalil, Jumana Saleh
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The relationship between anemia and hyperuricemia and hypertension in Korean adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018
Sang Muk Park, Mi Young Gi, Ju Ae Cha, Hyun Ho Sung, So Young Park, Cho Hee Park, Hyun Yoon
Current Medical Research and Opinion.2023; 39(6): 819. CrossRef
Evidence for the effect of soluble uric acid in augmenting endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Reyhane Ebrahimi, Parvin Pasalar, Hajar Shokri, Maryam Shabani, Solaleh Emamgholipour
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry.2022; 78(2): 343. CrossRef
Oxidative Balance Scores (OBSs) Integrating Nutrient, Food and Lifestyle Dimensions: Development of the NutrientL-OBS and FoodL-OBS
Ángela Hernández-Ruiz, Belén García-Villanova, Eduardo J. Guerra-Hernández, Cayetano Javier Carrión-García, Pilar Amiano, María-José Sánchez, Esther Molina-Montes
Antioxidants.2022; 11(2): 300. CrossRef
Association between RAC1 gene variation, redox homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Iuliia Azarova, Elena Klyosova, Alexey Polonikov
European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Uric acid shown to contribute to increased oxidative stress level independent of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in MedCity21 health examination registry
Masafumi Kurajoh, Shinya Fukumoto, Shio Yoshida, Seigo Akari, Takayo Murase, Takashi Nakamura, Haruka Ishii, Hisako Yoshida, Yuki Nagata, Tomoaki Morioka, Katsuhito Mori, Yasuo Imanishi, Kazuto Hirata, Masanori Emoto
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Usefulness of routine blood test-driven clusters for predicting acute exacerbation in patients with asthma
Ji Hyun Oh, Kyung-Min Ahn, Soo Jie Chung, Ji-Su Shim, Heung-Woo Park
Respiratory Medicine.2020; 170: 106042. CrossRef
The Postprandial Effect of Anthocyanins on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: a Systematic Literature Review of High-Fat Meal Challenge Studies
Vinicius Andre do Rosario, Jaclyn Spencer, Katrina Weston-Green, Karen Charlton
Current Nutrition Reports.2020; 9(4): 381. CrossRef
Nephrotoxic effects caused by co-exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand white rabbits: A biochemical and histopathological study
Amirreza Abouee-Mehrizi, Yahya Rasoulzadeh, Mehran Mesgari-Abbasi, Ahmad Mehdipour, Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
Life Sciences.2020; 259: 118254. CrossRef
Association of sleep quality and sleep duration with serum uric acid levels in adults
Yu-Tsung Chou, Chung-Hao Li, Wei-Chen Shen, Yi-Ching Yang, Feng-Hwa Lu, Jin-Shang Wu, Chih-Jen Chang, Xianwu Cheng
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(9): e0239185. CrossRef

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Uric Acid Level Has a J-Shaped Association with Arterial Stiffness in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Hyungbin Lee, Young-Hyo Jung, Yu-Jin Kwon, Byoungjin Park; Korean J Fam Med 2017;38(6):333-337. Published online November 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.6.333

Abstract
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Background

Uric acid has been reported to function both as an oxidant or antioxidant depending on the context. A previous study in the Korean population reported a positive linear association between serum uric acid level and arterial stiffness in men, but little is known about how serum uric acid level is related to the risk of increased arterial stiffness in Korean postmenopausal women.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study of 293 subjects who participated in a health examination program run by the health promotion center of Gangnam Severance Hospital between October 2007 and July 2010. High brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was defined as a brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity of more than 1,450 cm/s. The odds ratios (ORs) for high brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis across uric acid quartiles after adjusting for other indicators of cardiovascular risk.

Results

The 293 postmenopausal women were divided into quartiles according to uric acid level. The mean brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity values of each quartile were as follows: Q1, 1,474 cm/s; Q2, 1,375 cm/s; Q3, 1,422 cm/s; Q4, 1,528 cm/s. The second quartile was designated as the control group based on mean brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity value. Multivariate adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) for brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity across the uric acid quartiles were 2.642 (Q1, 1.095–6.3373), 1.00, 4.305 (Q3, 1.798–10.307), and 4.375 (Q4, 1.923–9.949), after adjusting for confounding variables.

Conclusion

Serum uric acid level has a J-shaped association with arterial stiffness in Korean postmenopausal women.

Citations

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Serum uric acid: an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Pakistani Punjabi patients
Misbah Hussain, Muhammad Umer Ghori, Muhammad Naeem Aslam, Shahid Abbas, Muhammad Shafique, Fazli Rabbi Awan
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
U-shaped association of uric acid to overall-cause mortality and its impact on clinical management of hyperuricemia
William T. Crawley, Cyprien G. Jungels, Kurt R. Stenmark, Mehdi A. Fini
Redox Biology.2022; 51: 102271. CrossRef
U-shaped relationship between serum uric acid level and decline in renal function during a 10-year period in female subjects: BOREAS-CKD2
Kazuma Mori, Masato Furuhashi, Marenao Tanaka, Keita Numata, Takashi Hisasue, Nagisa Hanawa, Masayuki Koyama, Arata Osanami, Yukimura Higashiura, Masafumi Inyaku, Megumi Matsumoto, Norihito Moniwa, Hirofumi Ohnishi, Tetsuji Miura
Hypertension Research.2021; 44(1): 107. CrossRef
Association between uric acid and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients and in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Paola Rebora, Anita Andreano, Nicola Triglione, Enrico Piccinelli, Matteo Palazzini, Lucia Occhi, Guido Grassi, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Cristina Giannattasio, Alessandro Maloberti
Blood Pressure.2020; 29(4): 220. CrossRef

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Case Report

Advanced Erosive Gout as a Cause of Fever of Unknown Origin: Mikiro Kato, Yuta Oishi, Makoto Inada, Yasuharu Tokuda; Korean J Fam Med 2015;36(3):146-149. Published online May 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.3.146

Abstract
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A 61-year-old man was referred to our hospital due to a 3-month history of fever of unknown origin, and with right knee and ankle joint pains. At another hospital, extensive investigations had produced negative results, including multiple sterile cultures of blood and joint fluids, and negative autoantibodies. His serum uric acid level was not elevated. However, after admission to our hospital, we performed right knee arthrocentesis, which revealed uric acid crystals. These findings, combined with the results of imaging tests, which showed joint degeneration, led to a diagnosis of advanced erosive gout. After receiving a therapeutic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a maintenance dose of colchicine for prophylaxis against recurrence, the patient's symptoms subsided and did not return. Advanced erosive gout should be considered a possible cause of fever of unknown origin and diagnostic arthrocentesis should be performed in patients with unexplained arthritis.

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Association of HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 with the Development of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Recently Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Life.2025; 15(8): 1187. CrossRef
[Retracted] Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Fever in Acute Gouty Arthritis
Yan Huang, Meiju Zhou, Fang Yuan, Zhijun Liao
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Autopsing history: The mummy of Charlemagne (c. 747 – 814 AD), father of Europe
Joachim H. Schleifring, Francesco M. Galassi, Michael E. Habicht, Frank J. Rühli
Economics & Human Biology.2019; 32: 11. CrossRef
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Fangfang Zhu, Lian Yin, Leilei Ji, Fan Yang, Guangji Zhang, Le Shi, Li Xu
International Immunopharmacology.2016; 30: 36. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Relationship between Serum Uric Acid Level and Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study.: Sunjin Hwang, Kyung Eun Lee, Byoung Hun Lee, Jung Im Gwak, Jun Hyun Yoo, Yoon Ho Choi; Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(9):672-678. Published online September 20, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.9.672

Abstract
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Background
Many epidemiological studies suggest the pathogenic role of serum uric acid level in development of hypertension. Several cross-sectional studies have shown the relationship between uric acid and development of hypertension in Korea. We investigated whether uric acid associates with the development of hypertension in a retrospective cohort study. Methods: We included 2,353 people who did not have hypertension initially and underwent general medical examination between 1997 and 1998 and were re-examined after 10 years later. Study people divided into three groups according to serum uric acid level tertiles. Results: The incidences of hypertension in tertile groups were 14.1% (108/764), 22.0% (175/769), and 24.3% (193/793) and they showed statistically significant difference. We performed multivariable logistic regression with serum uric acid and other risk factors of hypertension. The incidence of hypertension in second and third tertile group were significantly higher than first tertile group (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 2.10; P = 0.009 in second tertile group and OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.37; P = 0.005 in third tertile group). Conclusion: Serum uric acid level is associated with the development of hypertension.

Citations

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Uric acid can be a true cause of hypertension, not a simple bystander
Ki Dong Ko
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(5): 373. CrossRef
Serum Uric Acid Level as a Prognostic Marker in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Hyun Woo Lee, Sun Mi Choi, Jinwoo Lee, Young Sik Park, Chang-Hoon Lee, Jae-Joon Yim, Chul-Gyu Yoo, Young Whan Kim, Sung Koo Han, Sang-Min Lee
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine.2019; 34(5): 404. CrossRef

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Predictors Related to the Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.: Ha Young Na, Deok Ju Baek, Sang Hyun Lee, Young Eun Choi, Kyung Hee Cho, Sung Bae Park, Young Sung Kim, Seung Soo Kim; Korean J Fam Med 2010;31(2):94-100. Published online February 20, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.2.94

Abstract
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Background
As the metabolic syndrome is increased, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increased. In recent studies, metabolic syndrome is related to serum uric acid. And some authors reported the association of uric acid and NAFLD. We have studied the association of serum uric acid and NAFLD. Methods: The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 3,430 subjects out of 6,731 individuals who had visited the Health Promotion Center at the National Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital for the purpose of a regular check-up from January 2005 to April 2008. We excluded who showed evidence of more than moderate alcohol consumption, hepatitis B or C, or severe hepatic dysfunction. Results: Among 3,430 participants, 1,775 subjects (51.7%) were diagnosed with NAFLD and 1,655 subjects (48.3%) were control. Age, BMI, triglyceride, fasting glucose, uric acid were greater in the patients with NAFLD than in the controls. The severity of NAFLD is related to uric acid. When uric acid is divided in 4 groups, elevation of uric acid is associated with risk for NAFLD. This relationship is showed in similar pattern when adjusting for age, sex, BMI, triglyceride, fasting glucose. The uric acid elevation of 1mg/dL is associated with the increase of 1.11 fold in risk for NAFLD. Conclusion: The risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is related to uric acid. And the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with uric acid.

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Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Korean Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Ki Hyun Kim, Yoonhong Kim, Kwang Il Seo, Kyung Won Seo
Journal of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.2022; 11(2): 63. CrossRef
Systematic review on the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korea
Hwi Jin Im, Yo Chan Ahn, Jing-Hua Wang, Myung Min Lee, Chang Gue Son
Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology.2021; 45(4): 101526. CrossRef
Subclinical steatohepatitis and advanced liver fibrosis in health examinees with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in 10 South Korean cities: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Eun-Hee Nah, Seon Cho, Hyeran Park, Dongwon Noh, Eunjoo Kwon, Han-Ik Cho, Daisuke Tokuhara
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(11): e0260477. CrossRef

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Review

Clinical Implication of Plasma Uric Acid Level.: Young Tae Shin, Kyoung Kon Kim, In Cheol Hwang; Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(9):670-680. Published online September 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.9.670

Abstract
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The debate over the clinical meaning of plasma uric acid level is still a very hot issue. As the interest in health grows larger in the general public, the number of having a regular health check-up is increasing rapidly. Most of the health care centers routinely check the plasma uric acid level but it is not simple to interpret and explain the appropriate meaning of that. Over the past decade, there have been several studies on clinical implication of plasma uric acid level but the question still remains. However the clinical signifi cance of the results might be different according to the severity of cardiovascular risk among subjects studied, and the fi ndings for correlation with the established risks have enough proof to be applied to clinical practice. Additionally, the uric acid-lowering agents should not be used in general population even though it has reason to be prescribed in a specifi c high risk patient. Thus, this review seeks to be helpful in clinical practice by examining the preexisting related studies in a different perspective.

Citations

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Uric acid can be a true cause of hypertension, not a simple bystander
Ki Dong Ko
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(5): 373. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of the efficacy of angiotensin II receptor blockers for uric acid level change in asymptomatic hyperuricaemia
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A 12-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial for Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of DKB114 on Reduction of Uric Acid in Serum
Yu Hwa Park, Do Hoon Kim, Jung Suk Lee, Hyun Il Jeong, Kye Wan Lee, Tong Ho Kang
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Original Articles

Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome according to the Level of the Uric Acid.: Seong Keol Kim, Hyun Ah Park, Ok Yeon Nam, Seung Ho Beck, Dong Hee Whang, Ue Kyong Hwang, Cheol Hwan Kim, Sung Hee Lee, Jae Heon Kang; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(6):428-435. Published online June 10, 2007

Abstract
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Background
Many epidemiological studies have reported that hyperuricemia was related to cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. However, there are few studies on the relationship between serum uric acid concentration and the metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. We performed this study to assess the relationship between serum uric acid level and the factors of the metabolic syndrome among healthy Korean men. Methods: We consecutively selected 206 male subjects who underwent health screening examination from February 2005 to April 2005 at the Health Promotion Center of Seoul Paik Hospital. Insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR and the metabolic syndrome factors were assessed by the quartiles of serum uric acid level. Results: Body mass index (P＜0.001), systolic blood pressure (P=0.015), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.015), fasting insulin (P=0.038), and triglyceride (P=0.005) level increased and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.008) decreased significantly from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile of seum uric acid level. The proportions of the metabolic syndrome in each quartile were 13.7%, 15.7%, 18.9%, and 36.0%, respectively (P=0.007). However, insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR was not associated with serum uric acid. When compared with the lowest quartile group, the odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome of the second, the third, and the highest quartile groups were 1.42 (0.39∼5.14), 1.14 (0.33∼3.92), and 4.00 (1.15∼13.89), respectively. Conclusion: We found that high uric acid level was significantly related to the factors of the metabolic syndrome and increased the risk of the metabolic syndrome. Further prospective studies with large sample size are necessary to establish whether uric acid level can pose as a risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome.

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Relationship between Serum Uric Acid and Metabolic Syndrome.: Hyun Ju Oh, Sang Hoon Moon, Ji Won Lee, Hye Youn Hyun, Duk Chul Lee, Hye Ree Lee; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2006;27(9):699-705. Published online September 10, 2006

Abstract
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Background
: Although many studies have focused on the association of hyperuricemia with components of metabolic syndrome, there are only few studies of independent relation between uric acid and metabolic syndrome itself. In this study, we evaluated healthy subjects and assessed the relationship of serum uric acid with metabolic syndrome.

Methods : Between January and February of 2005, we evaluated 164 healthy patients who visited a health evaluation center. Patients were evaluated for metabolic syndrome and risk factors were assessed using a questionaire, blood test and physical examination.

Results : Metabolic risk factors significantly increased as uric acid level markedly increased (P＜0.05). Even after limiting the variables such as age, sex, smoking, exercise, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and LogCRP, the group with metabolic syndrome had markedly increased uric acid levels than those without metabolic syndrome [Odds ratio 1.494 (95% CI, 1.072∼2.084)].

Conclusion : The number of components of metabolic syndrome increased according to serum uric acid level. Uric acid level was significantly higher in metabolic syndrome than normal. Even after considering health behavior variables such as smoking, alcohol status, and exercise, they showed an independent relationship. Further massive prospective studies on whether collecting serum uric acid level can be used as a screening test or predictor of mortality for early metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease will be needed.

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Effects of changes in lifestyle and biological parameters on blood lipid levels in middle aged men.: Hoon Il Kang, Young Ho Youn, Jin Yi Kang, Jung Jin Cho; J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000;21(6):782-791. Published online June 1, 2000

Abstract
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Background
: Death form coronary heart disease is increasing and this study is to evaluate the effect of longitudinal changes of lifestyle and biological parameters on the blood lipid levels, as the risk factor of the coronary heart disease.

Methods : Total cholesterol and total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio (atherosclerogenic index) as an indicator for risk of coronary heart disease were examined longitudinally in sample(n=463) of middle-aged men by 2 years. The independent variables were body mass index, smoking, alcohol, exercise, diastolic blood pressure, uric acid. All data was drawn form questionnaire, blood chemistry, and review of chart.

Results : ANOVA test according to categorized variables revealed that for total cholesterol, uric acid (P<0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.01), and for atherosclerogenic index, and body mass index (P<0.001) were significant. In correlation analysis, total cholesterol was associated with uric acid (r=0.20, P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure(r=0.15, P<0.001) and body mass index(r=0.30, P<0.05). and for atherosclerogenic index so was body mass index (r=0.18, P<0.001). In regression, uric acid(β=6.07, P<0.001), diastolic blood pressre(β=0.36, P<0.01) for total cholesterol, and body mass index(β=0.22, P<0.001) for atherosclerogenic index were significant. But changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, and exercise were not statistically significant.

Conclusion : In order to reduce risks of coronary heart disease, the more aggressive medical intervention for the uric acid, DBP, and BMI, would be essential. This study was done without medical intervention. So, further study with intervention, adequate duration and intensity for parameters modification is required.