1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
2Cancer Resource & Education Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
Copyright © 2022 The Korean Academy of Family Medicine
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Characteristic |
Baseline comparison |
Baseline comparison among completer (n=122) (included in primary analysis) |
Baseline comparison among completer and non-completer |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention group (n=85) | Control group (n=85) | P-value | Intervention group (n=63) | Control group (n=59) | P-value | Non-completer (n=48) | P-value | ||
Age (y)* | 30.3±5.1 | 30.9±5.3 | 0.429 | 31.0±4.6 | 31.3±5.5 | 0.782 | 29.4±5.5 | 0.046 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 25.7±5.6 | 27.5±6.2 | 0.049 | 26.2±5.5 | 27.4±6.4 | 0.256 | 26.1±5.9 | 0.482 | |
Gestational (wk)* | 18.8±2.2 | 18.8±2.0 | 0.912 | 18.7±2.2 | 18.9±1.8 | 0.434 | 18.7±2.3 | 0.870 | |
Salary (RM)* | 2,760.0±1,415.9 | 2,804.9±1,407.5 | 0.864 | 2,820.6±1,342.8 | 2,793.2±1,412.8 | 0.926 | 2,695.4±1,542.1 | 0.704 | |
Ethnicity† | 0.133 | 0.448 | 1.00 | ||||||
Malay | 75 (88.2) | 67 (78.8) | 55 (87.3) | 46 (78.0) | 41 (85.4) | ||||
Chinese | 3 (3.5) | 5 (5.9) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (6.8) | 2 (4.2) | ||||
Indian | 4 (4.7) | 12 (14.1) | 4 (6.3) | 8 (13.6) | 4 (8.3) | ||||
Others | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Education‡ | 0.093 | 0.025 | 0.463 | ||||||
Primary | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 0 | 2 (1.6) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Secondary | 26 (30.6) | 38 (44.7) | 17 (27.0) | 26 (44.1) | 21 (43.8) | ||||
College/university | 58 (68.2) | 45 (52.9) | 46 (73.0) | 31 (52.5) | 26 (54.2) | ||||
Occupational† | 0.251 | 0.131 | 0.222 | ||||||
Public sector employed | 31 (36.5) | 24 (28.2) | 27 (42.9) | 17 (28.8) | 11 (22.9) | ||||
Private sector employed | 24 (28.2) | 24 (28.2) | 17 (27.0) | 19 (32.2) | 12 (25.0) | ||||
Self-employed | 5 (5.9) | 3 (3.5) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.7) | 3 (6.3) | ||||
Housewife | 23 (27.1) | 34 (40.0) | 14 (22.2) | 22 (37.3) | 21 (43.8) | ||||
Others | 2 (2.4) | - | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | ||||
Parity‡ | 0.752 | 0.701 | 0.022 | ||||||
Nulliparous | 33 (38.8) | 31 (36.5) | 19 (30.2) | 20 (33.9) | 25 (52.1) | ||||
Multiparous ≥1 | 52 (61.2) | 54 (63.5) | 44 (69.8) | 39 (66.1) | 23 (47.9) | ||||
History of delivery‡ | 0.612 | 0.938 | 0.065 | ||||||
SVD | 35 (41.2) | 39 (45.9) | 31 (49.2) | 29 (49.2) | 14 (29.2) | ||||
LSCS | 9 (10.6) | 11 (12.9) | 8 (12.7) | 7 (11.9) | 5 (10.4) | ||||
Both SVD & LSCS | 8 (9.4) | 4 (4.7) | 5 (7.9) | 3 (5.1) | 4 (8.3) | ||||
Nil | 33 (38.8) | 31 (36.5) | 19 (32.0) | 20 (33.9) | 25 (52.1) | ||||
Pre-pregnancy UI‡ | 0.679 | 0.649 | 0.251 | ||||||
Yes | 15 (17.6) | 13 (15.3) | 13 (20.6) | 10 (16.9) | 5 (10.4) | ||||
No | 70 (82.4) | 72 (84.7) | 50 (79.4) | 49 (83.1) | 43 (89.6) | ||||
History of smoking† | 0.682 | 0.366 | 0.322 | ||||||
Yes | 4 (4.7) | 2 (2.4) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
No | 81 (95.3) | 82 (96.5) | 59 (93.7) | 58 (98.3) | 46 (95.8) | ||||
Currently smoking | - | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Health history† | |||||||||
Nil | 59 (69.4) | 57 (67.1) | 0.990 | 43 (68.3) | 41 (69.5) | 0.856 | 32 (66.7) | 0.950 | |
UTI 3× per year | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.5) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (3.4) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Heart problem | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (3.4) | 2 (4.2) | ||||
Asthma | 7 (8.2) | 8 (9.4) | 4 (6.3) | 6 (10.2) | 5 (10.4) | ||||
Depression | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) | 0 | - | ||||
Others | 14 (16.5) | 14 (16.5) | 12 (19.0) | 8 (13.6) | 8 (16.7) | ||||
Constipation‡ | 0.153 | 0.233 | 0.827 | ||||||
Never | 27 (31.8) | 34 (40.0) | 20 (31.7) | 25 (42.4) | 16 (33.3) | ||||
Seldom (less than 1× monthly) | 31 (36.5) | 27 (31.8) | 23 (36.5) | 19 (32.2) | 16 (33.3) | ||||
Sometimes (less than 2× weekly) | 17 (20.0) | 21 (24.7) | 12 (19.0) | 13 (22.0) | 13 (27.1) | ||||
Often (at least 3× weekly) | 10 (11.8) | 3 (3.5) | 8 (12.7) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (6.3) | ||||
Type of UI† | 0.486 | 0.660 | 0.064 | ||||||
Nil | 50 (58.8) | 58 (68.2) | 34 (54.0) | 37 (62.7) | 37 (77.1) | ||||
SUI | 30 (35.3) | 24 (28.2) | 25 (39.7) | 19 (32.2) | 10 (20.8) | ||||
UUI | 5 (5.9) | 3 (3.5) | 4 (6.3) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Continence status‡ | 0.200 | 0.328 | 0.022 | ||||||
Continence | 50 (58.8) | 58 (68.2) | 34 (54.0) | 37 (62.7) | 37 (77.1) | ||||
Incontinence | 35 (41.2) | 27 (31.8) | 29 (46.0) | 22 (37.3) | 11 (22.9) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number of respondents (%). P-value significant at P<0.05.
SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery; LSCS, lower segment cesarean section; UI, urinary incontinence; SUI, stress urinary incontinence; UTI, urinary tract infection; UUI, urge urinary incontinence.
Outcome measure and timepoints | IG (n=63) | CG (n=59) | Difference or OR between group (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | |||||
Baseline* | 7.27±1.57 | 7.07±1.62 | 0.20 (-0.95 to 1.35) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -7.29±0.76 | -1.25±0.62 | 6.04 (4.11 to 7.96) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -7.32±0.75 | -1.61±0.65 | 5.71 (3.77 to 7.65) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -8.14±0.69 | -1.56±0.64 | 6.58 (4.74 to 8.43) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -0.03±0.16 | -0.36±0.27 | -0.32 (-0.93 to 0.28) | 0.295 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -0.86±0.38 | -0.31±0.29 | 0.55 (-0.39 to1.49) | 0.249 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -0.83±0.34 | 0.05±0.12 | 0.88 (0.17 to 1.58) | 0.015 | |
Attitude | |||||
Baseline* | 30.73±8.83 | 30.45±8.87 | 0.28 (-0.54 to 1.10) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -3.02±0.91 | 0.58±0.67 | 3.60 (1.37 to 5.82) | 0.002 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -2.56±0.97 | 0.59±0.59 | 3.15 (0.92 to 5.3) | 0.006 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -3.43±0.94 | 0.54±0.61 | 3.97 (1.78 to 6.16) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | 0.46±0.55 | 0.02±0.42 | -0.44 (-1.81 to 0.92) | 0.524 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -0.41±0.66 | -0.03±0.46 | 0.38 (-1.21 to 1.96) | 0.639 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -0.87±0.36 | -0.05±0.14 | 0.82 (0.06 to 1.58) | 0.034 | |
Practice | |||||
Baseline* | 9.07±2.05 | 8.62±2.23 | 0.45 (-0.54 t0 1.46) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -6.40±0.74 | -1.00±0.50 | 5.40 (3.65 to 7.15) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -7.35±0.78 | -1.42±0.53 | 5.93 (4.08 to 7.78) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -7.97±0.74 | -1.39±0.52 | 6.58 (4.82 to 8.34) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -0.95±0.43 | -0.42±0.23 | 0.53 (-0.43 to -0.49) | 0.279 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -1.57±0.51 | -0.39±0.25 | 1.18 (0.07 to 2.30) | 0.038 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -0.62±0.33 | 0.03±0.08 | 0.65 (0.00 to 1.31) | 0.051 | |
Self-efficacy | |||||
Baseline* | 36.50±4.75 | 34.18±4.99 | 2.33 (-13.59 to 18.25) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -34.53±3.53 | 1.46±2.86 | 35.99 (27.08 to 44.90) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -38.51±3.48 | 0.54±3.16 | 39.05 (29.83 to 48.26) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -40.02±3.25 | 1.91±3.26 | 41.93 (32.91 to 50.96) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -3.97±2.18 | -0.92±1.88 | 3.06 (-2.59 to 8.70) | 0.289 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -5.49±2.40 | 0.46±2.03 | 5.94 (-0.22 to 12.11) | 0.059 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -1.51±1.12 | 1.38±0.77 | 2.89 (0.22 to 5.55) | 0.034 | |
Severity of urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline* | 2.97±0.67 | 2.79±0.72 | 0.18 (-0.38 to 0.74) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | 0.30±0.31 | -0.81±0.37 | -1.12 (-2.07 to -0.16) | 0.022 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | 0.81±0.34 | -1.29±0.39 | -2.10 (-3.11 to -1.09) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | 0.57±0.36 | -1.97±0.45 | -2.54 (-3.67 to -1.41) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | 0.51±0.16 | -0.47±0.21 | -0.98 (-1.50 to 0.47) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 0.27±0.24 | -1.15±0.31 | -1.42 (-2.19 to -0.66) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -0.24±0.18 | -0.68±0.25 | -0.44 (-1.04 to 0.16) | <0.001 | |
Self-reported urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline‡ | 39.7 (25) | 33.9 (20) | 0.508 | ||
Early third trimester change from baseline§ | 7.9 (5) | 13.6 (8) | 0.83 (0.48 to 1.43) | 0.499 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline§ | 14.3 (9) | 16.9 (10) | 0.63 (0.33 to 1.18) | 0.149 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline§ | 22.2 (14) | 27.1 (16) | 0.601 (0.29 to 1.24) | 0.170 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester§ | 6.4 (4) | 3.3 (2) | 0.76 (0.55 to 1.05) | 0.099 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester§ | 14.3 (9) | 13.5 (8) | 0.725 (0.44 to 1.19) | 0.206 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester§ | 7.9 (5) | 10.2 (6) | 0.961 (0.66 to 1.40) | 0.834 |
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error or % (number of respondents). P-value significant P<0.05.
IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
†the changes over time between group (expressed as Exp [β] or exponentiation of the beta coefficient) based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, and group by time interaction adjusted for baseline value and covariates.
Outcome measure and timepoints | IG (n=85) | CG (n=85) | Difference or OR between group (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | |||||
Baseline* | 6.78±0.93 | 6.52±0.96 | -0.26 (-1.19 to 0.68) | 0.590 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -7.27±0.60 | -2.96±0.55 | 4.31 (2.72 to 5.90) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -7.56±0.61 | -3.38±0.58 | 4.18 (2.53 to 5.83) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -6.39±0.67 | -5.80±0.68 | 0.60 (-1.27 to 2.46) | 0.530 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -0.30±0.16 | -0.43±0.23 | -0.13 (-0.67 to 0.41) | 0.641 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 0.87±0.43 | -2.84±0.66 | -3.71 (-5.26 to -2.17) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 1.17±0.43 | -2.41±0.66 | -3.58 (-5.14 to -2.03) | <0.001 | |
Attitude | |||||
Baseline* | 30.36±4.75 | 30.12±4.75 | -0.24 (-1.04 to 0.56) | 0.559 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -2.88±0.76 | -0.14±0.58 | 2.74 (0.87 to 4.62) | 0.004 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -2.52±0.80 | -0.15±0.55 | 2.37 (0.48 to 4.27) | 0.014 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -3.71±0.57 | -3.40±0.56 | 0.31 (-1.26 to 1.88) | 0.701 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | 0.36±0.52 | -0.01±0.39 | -0.37 (-1.64 to -0.91) | 0.570 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -0.82±0.67 | -3.26±0.63 | -2.44 (-4.24 to 0.64) | 0.008 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -1.18±0.73 | -3.25±0.62 | -2.07 (-3.93 to -0.20) | 0.030 | |
Practice | |||||
Baseline* | 8.73±1.16 | 8.33±1.26 | -0.40 (-1.09 to 0.28) | 0.249 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -6.48±0.56 | -1.83±0.46 | 4.65 (3.24 to 6.07) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -7.46±0.61 | -2.22±0.52 | 5.24 (3.68 to 6.81) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -5.20±0.55 | -5.13±0.51 | 0.07 (-1.41 to 1.55) | 0.928 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -0.98±0.33 | -0.39±0.27 | 0.59 (-2.24 to 1.43) | 0.164 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 1.28±0.48 | -3.30±0.49 | -4.58 (-5.93 to -3.24) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 2.26±0.56 | -2.91±0.62 | -5.18 (-6.81 to -3.68) | <0.001 | |
Self-efficacy | |||||
Baseline* | 34.00±3.81 | 32.79±3.77 | -1.22 (-10.14 to 7.71) | 0.789 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -34.43±3.06 | -5.83±2.91 | 28.60 (20.32 to 36.88) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | -38.91±3.11 | -6.69±3.21 | 32.22 (23.46 to 40.99) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -18.19±3.29 | 12.98±3.27 | 5.22 (-3.87 to 14.31) | 0.260 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -4.49±1.55 | -0.86±1.59 | 3.62 (-0.73 to 7.98) | 0.103 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 16.23±2.09 | -7.15±2.84 | -23.38 (-30.29 to 16.47) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 20.72±2.34 | -6.29±2.86 | -27.00 (-34.24 to -19.77) | <0.001 | |
Severity of urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline* | 2.73±0.54 | 2.39±0.55 | -0.34 (-0.92 to 0.23) | 0.238 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline† | -0.13±0.28 | -0.99±0.35 | -0.86 (-1.74 to 0.02) | 0.054 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline† | 0.17±0.35 | -1.50±0.37 | -1.67 (-2.66 to -0.68) | 0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline† | -2.00±0.43 | -3.04±0.42 | -1.04 (-2.21 to 0.14) | 0.084 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | 0.30±0.17 | -0.51±0.20 | -0.81 (-1.33 to -0.29) | 0.002 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -1.87±0.32 | -2.05±0.38 | -0.17 (-1.14 to 0.79) | 0.724 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -2.18±0.27 | -1.54±0.37 | 0.64 (-0.25 to 1.52) | 0.160 | |
Self-reported urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline‡ | 41.2 (35) | 31.8 (27) | - | 0.202 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline§ | 12.9 (11) | 17.6 (15) | 0.78 (0.37 to 1.69) | 0.535 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline§ | 15.3 (13) | 21.2 (18) | 0.77 (0.29 to 2.07) | 0.604 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline§ | 15.3 (13) | 10.6 (9) | 1.26 (0.45 to 3.55) | 0.659 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester§ | 2.4 (2) | 3.5 (3) | 0.95 (0.45 to 2.02) | 0.898 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester§ | 2.4 (2) | 7.1 (-6) | 1.59 (0.55 to 4.60) | 0.392 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester§ | 0 | 10.6 (-9) | 1.68 (0.65 to 4.39) | 0.286 |
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error or % (number of respondents). P-value significant P<0.05.
IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval.
†the changes over time between group (expressed as Exp [β] or exponentiation of the beta coefficient) based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, and group by time interaction adjusted for baseline value and covariates.
Outcome measure and timepoints | IG | CG | Parameters | Estimated mean difference or OR between groups (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | ||||||
Baseline* (n=170, IG:85, CG:85) | 6.96±1.23 | 6.88±1.25 | Early third trimester change from baseline† | 6.48 (4.53 to 8.43) | <0.001 | |
Early third trimester* (n=112, IG: 58, CG:54) | 14.85±1.30 | 8.29±1.29 | Late third trimester change from baseline† | 5.78 (3.72 to 7.83) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester* (n=82, IG:42, CG:40) | 14.65±1.31 | 8.78±1.29 | Early postnatal change from baseline† | 9.02 (6.99 to 11.05) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal* (n=21, IG:10, CG:11) | 17.18±1.23 | 8.07±1.29 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -0.88 (-2.09 to 0.34) | 0.156 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 1.72 (-1.30 to 4.75) | 0.264 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 2.52 (-0.65 to 5.69) | 0.119 | ||||
Attitude | ||||||
Baseline* (n=170, IG:85, CG:85) | 30.48±6.49 | 30.41±6.50 | Early third trimester change from baseline† | 3.92 (1.53 to 6.30) | 0.001 | |
Early third trimester* (n=112, IG: 58, CG:54) | 33.85±6.46 | 29.85±6.50 | Late third trimester change from baseline† | 2.65 (0.06 to 5.24) | 0.045 | |
Late third trimester* (n=82, IG:42, CG:40) | 32.56±6.40 | 29.84±6.53 | Early postnatal change from baseline† | 6.59 (3.81 to 9.38) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal* (n=21, IG:10, CG:11) | 37.28±6.38 | 30.61±6.55 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -2.10 (-4.24 to 0.03) | 0.054 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 1.21 (-2.32 to 4.73) | 0.503 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 3.27 (-0.41 to 6.95) | 0.082 | ||||
Practice | ||||||
Baseline* (n=170, IG:85, CG:85) | 8.82±1.74 | 8.64±1.81 | Early third trimester change from baseline† | 5.96 (4.18 to 7.73) | <0.001 | |
Early third trimester* (n=112, IG: 58, CG:54) | 15.85±1.86 | 9.71±1.77 | Late third trimester change from baseline† | 6.56 (4.49 to 8.64) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester* (n=82, IG:42, CG:40) | 16.91±1.95 | 10.17±1.83 | Early postnatal change from baseline† | 8.10 (5.83 to 10.38) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal* (n=21, IG:10, CG:11) | 17.76±2.07 | 9.48±1.82 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | 0.43 (-1.10 to -1.97) | 0.579 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 2.38 (-0.58 to 5.34) | 0.115 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 1.96 (-1.31 to 5.23) | 0.239 | ||||
Self-efficacy | ||||||
Baseline* (n=170, IG:85, CG:85) | 34.07±4.51 | 32.93±4.36 | Early third trimester change from baseline† | 45.86 (35.82 to 55.90) | <0.001 | |
Early third trimester* (n=112, IG: 58, CG:54) | 73.08±3.32 | 32.55±4.53 | Late third trimester change from baseline† | 46.66 (34.86 to 58.47) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester* (n=82, IG:42, CG:40) | 79.38±3.84 | 32.38±4.79 | Early postnatal change from baseline† | 4.89 (-2.35 to 12.12) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal* (n=21, IG:10, CG:11) | 73.47±4.24 | 25.67±5.45 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | 39.39 (30.64 to 48.12) | 0.189 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | 7.17 (-3.90 to 18.23) | 0.204 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | 6.38 (-6.47 to 19.23) | 0.330 | ||||
Severity of urinary incontinence | ||||||
Baseline* (n=170, IG:85, CG:85) | 2.83±0.60 | 2.69±0.62 | Early third trimester change from baseline† | -1.16 (-2.07 to -0.15) | 0.024 | |
Early third trimester* (n=112, IG: 58, CG:54) | 2.56±0.62 | 3.59±0.73 | Late third trimester change from baseline† | -2.40 (-3.58 to -1.23) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester* (n=82, IG:42, CG:40) | 1.98±0.66 | 4.25±0.72 | Early postnatal change from baseline† | -3.81 (-6.36 to -1.26) | 0.003 | |
Early postnatal* (n=21, IG:10, CG:11) | 3.57±1.10 | 7.24±1.10 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester† | -1.28 (-2.15 to -0.41) | 0.004 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester† | -2.14 (-4.88 to -0.60) | 0.126 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester† | -0.89 (-3.69 to 1.91) | 0.532 | ||||
Self-reported urinary incontinence | ||||||
Baseline‡ (n=170, IG:85, CG:85) | 41.2 (35) | 31.8 (27) | Early third trimester change from baseline§ | 0.81 (0.46 to 1.44) | 0.481 | |
Early third trimester‡ (n=112, IG: 58, CG:54) | 55.2 (32) | 48.1 (26) | Late third trimester change from baseline§ | 0.54 (0.26 to 1.10) | 0.090 | |
Late third trimester‡ (n=82, IG:42, CG:40) | 52.4 (22) | 57.5 (23) | Early postnatal change from baseline§ | 0.54 (0.07 to 4.13) | 0.555 | |
Early postnatal‡ (n=21, IG:10, CG:11) | 70 (7) | 81.8 (9) | Late third trimester change from early third trimester§ | 0.74 (0.42 to 1.30) | 0.297 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester§ | 0.67 (0.10 to 4.48) | 0.679 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester§ | 1.04 (0.13 to 8.53) | 0.973 |
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error or % (number of respondents). P-value significant P<0.05.
IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval.
†the changes over time between group (expressed as Exp [β] or exponentiation of the beta coefficient) based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, and group by time interaction adjusted for baseline value and covariates.
Elements of each session | Purpose | Information delivery | |
---|---|---|---|
I. Single PFME education session between 18 to 21 weeks’ gestation | |||
Introduction | To establish rapport and gain a broad understanding of respondent’s knowledge on topics to be discussed. | • Therapists’ brief introduction and ice-breaking activity. | |
• Ask the respondent what they already know about PFME. | |||
• Obtain the respondent’s permission to provide additional information. | |||
Perceived susceptibility and severity | To get respondent to consider that they are at risk and to raise awareness of the seriousness of the problem. | • Ask participant if they think that they are at risk of developing UI and whether they are concerned that having the UI carries serious consequences. | |
• Provide information on UI risk link to pregnancy and childbirth and educate the respondents on the consequence or severity of the UI. | |||
Perceived benefit of PFME | To get respondents consider of the perceived efficacy of preventive measures, PFME | • Ask the respondents to elaborate on the perceived benefits of PFME and discuss about the impact of not performing PFME. | |
Confident in performing PFME | To identify perceived ability to PFME and skill deficits and also provision of practical information on PFME. | • Ask the respondent if they are familiar with PFME and about their current ability to perform the exercise | |
• Provide practical information on PFME including instruction on how to perform the PFME correctly together with demonstrations and rehearsal with respondents | |||
• In addition, provide tips or recommended of healthy habit during and after pregnancy. | |||
Perceived barriers to adhere to PFME | Identify challenges to PFME adherence and develop a cue to assist with adherence to exercise | • Ask the respondents what is their challenges or concerns or barrier to practice and maintain PFME as recommended. | |
• Provide ideas and discuss in detail when respondents can do PFME within their busy life or day. | |||
Wrap-up | To give respondents an opportunity to seek further support and guidance | • Allow respondents to summarize the information covered in this session by asking the participants for an explicit take away message from this session. | |
• Reviewing the key takeaway message | |||
II. Text message reminder weekly for 8 weeks post-education session | |||
Text message reminders | To provide continuous support and improve adherence | • Standardized message both in Malay and English. | |
• Message focused on PFME target, benefit of PFME and motivation cue | |||
III. Booster sessions at the week 4 posteducation session and early thirdtrimester between 28 to 30 weeks’ gestation | |||
Introduction | To build rapport with the respondent and to create a comfortable environment for discussion | • Brief introduction about the session and recap the key information shared at the previous session. | |
Practice of PFME | To explore respondent commitments and motivation in practicing PFME. | • Discussion about the commitments of practicing routine PFME. | |
• Provide positive reinforcement to build motivation and confidence in practicing PFME. | |||
Wrap-up | To give respondents an opportunity to raise questions and request clarifications | • Summarizes and integrate all information by reviewing the respondent’s achievements, obstacles and specific strategies to overcome obstacles, maintain PFME and enhance self-efficacy. | |
IV. Booster session at late third-trimester between 36 to 38 weeks’ gestation | |||
Introduction | To further enhance engagement with the respondents | • Brief introduction about the session. | |
Practice of PFME | To continue exploring respondent’s ambivalence about practicing PFME | • Review prior skills and practice of PFME. | |
• Summarize the respondent’s response and encourage continuous PFME. | |||
Reinforce PFME after childbirth | To promote and encourage respondents continuously practice PFME after childbirth | • Ask participant thought of continuing PFME after childbirth. | |
• Provide information about the benefit of performing PFME and strategies to incorporate PFME into the daily routine of caring for a new baby during post childbirth. | |||
• Provides tips for protecting pelvic floor muscles during the early postnatal period and reinforce the recommended healthy bladder habit. | |||
Wrap-up | To give respondents a final opportunity to seek support and guidance | • Ask the participants to summarize what was covered in today’s sessions. | |
• Encourage and remind the participants to continue practicing PFME in daily life. |
Characteristic | Baseline comparison |
Baseline comparison among completer (n=122) (included in primary analysis) |
Baseline comparison among completer and non-completer |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention group (n=85) | Control group (n=85) | P-value | Intervention group (n=63) | Control group (n=59) | P-value | Non-completer (n=48) | P-value | ||
Age (y) |
30.3±5.1 | 30.9±5.3 | 0.429 | 31.0±4.6 | 31.3±5.5 | 0.782 | 29.4±5.5 | 0.046 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
25.7±5.6 | 27.5±6.2 | 0.049 | 26.2±5.5 | 27.4±6.4 | 0.256 | 26.1±5.9 | 0.482 | |
Gestational (wk) |
18.8±2.2 | 18.8±2.0 | 0.912 | 18.7±2.2 | 18.9±1.8 | 0.434 | 18.7±2.3 | 0.870 | |
Salary (RM) |
2,760.0±1,415.9 | 2,804.9±1,407.5 | 0.864 | 2,820.6±1,342.8 | 2,793.2±1,412.8 | 0.926 | 2,695.4±1,542.1 | 0.704 | |
Ethnicity |
0.133 | 0.448 | 1.00 | ||||||
Malay | 75 (88.2) | 67 (78.8) | 55 (87.3) | 46 (78.0) | 41 (85.4) | ||||
Chinese | 3 (3.5) | 5 (5.9) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (6.8) | 2 (4.2) | ||||
Indian | 4 (4.7) | 12 (14.1) | 4 (6.3) | 8 (13.6) | 4 (8.3) | ||||
Others | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Education |
0.093 | 0.025 | 0.463 | ||||||
Primary | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 0 | 2 (1.6) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Secondary | 26 (30.6) | 38 (44.7) | 17 (27.0) | 26 (44.1) | 21 (43.8) | ||||
College/university | 58 (68.2) | 45 (52.9) | 46 (73.0) | 31 (52.5) | 26 (54.2) | ||||
Occupational |
0.251 | 0.131 | 0.222 | ||||||
Public sector employed | 31 (36.5) | 24 (28.2) | 27 (42.9) | 17 (28.8) | 11 (22.9) | ||||
Private sector employed | 24 (28.2) | 24 (28.2) | 17 (27.0) | 19 (32.2) | 12 (25.0) | ||||
Self-employed | 5 (5.9) | 3 (3.5) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.7) | 3 (6.3) | ||||
Housewife | 23 (27.1) | 34 (40.0) | 14 (22.2) | 22 (37.3) | 21 (43.8) | ||||
Others | 2 (2.4) | - | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | ||||
Parity |
0.752 | 0.701 | 0.022 | ||||||
Nulliparous | 33 (38.8) | 31 (36.5) | 19 (30.2) | 20 (33.9) | 25 (52.1) | ||||
Multiparous ≥1 | 52 (61.2) | 54 (63.5) | 44 (69.8) | 39 (66.1) | 23 (47.9) | ||||
History of delivery |
0.612 | 0.938 | 0.065 | ||||||
SVD | 35 (41.2) | 39 (45.9) | 31 (49.2) | 29 (49.2) | 14 (29.2) | ||||
LSCS | 9 (10.6) | 11 (12.9) | 8 (12.7) | 7 (11.9) | 5 (10.4) | ||||
Both SVD & LSCS | 8 (9.4) | 4 (4.7) | 5 (7.9) | 3 (5.1) | 4 (8.3) | ||||
Nil | 33 (38.8) | 31 (36.5) | 19 (32.0) | 20 (33.9) | 25 (52.1) | ||||
Pre-pregnancy UI |
0.679 | 0.649 | 0.251 | ||||||
Yes | 15 (17.6) | 13 (15.3) | 13 (20.6) | 10 (16.9) | 5 (10.4) | ||||
No | 70 (82.4) | 72 (84.7) | 50 (79.4) | 49 (83.1) | 43 (89.6) | ||||
History of smoking |
0.682 | 0.366 | 0.322 | ||||||
Yes | 4 (4.7) | 2 (2.4) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
No | 81 (95.3) | 82 (96.5) | 59 (93.7) | 58 (98.3) | 46 (95.8) | ||||
Currently smoking | - | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Health history |
|||||||||
Nil | 59 (69.4) | 57 (67.1) | 0.990 | 43 (68.3) | 41 (69.5) | 0.856 | 32 (66.7) | 0.950 | |
UTI 3× per year | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.5) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (3.4) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Heart problem | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (3.4) | 2 (4.2) | ||||
Asthma | 7 (8.2) | 8 (9.4) | 4 (6.3) | 6 (10.2) | 5 (10.4) | ||||
Depression | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) | 0 | - | ||||
Others | 14 (16.5) | 14 (16.5) | 12 (19.0) | 8 (13.6) | 8 (16.7) | ||||
Constipation |
0.153 | 0.233 | 0.827 | ||||||
Never | 27 (31.8) | 34 (40.0) | 20 (31.7) | 25 (42.4) | 16 (33.3) | ||||
Seldom (less than 1× monthly) | 31 (36.5) | 27 (31.8) | 23 (36.5) | 19 (32.2) | 16 (33.3) | ||||
Sometimes (less than 2× weekly) | 17 (20.0) | 21 (24.7) | 12 (19.0) | 13 (22.0) | 13 (27.1) | ||||
Often (at least 3× weekly) | 10 (11.8) | 3 (3.5) | 8 (12.7) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (6.3) | ||||
Type of UI |
0.486 | 0.660 | 0.064 | ||||||
Nil | 50 (58.8) | 58 (68.2) | 34 (54.0) | 37 (62.7) | 37 (77.1) | ||||
SUI | 30 (35.3) | 24 (28.2) | 25 (39.7) | 19 (32.2) | 10 (20.8) | ||||
UUI | 5 (5.9) | 3 (3.5) | 4 (6.3) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (2.1) | ||||
Continence status |
0.200 | 0.328 | 0.022 | ||||||
Continence | 50 (58.8) | 58 (68.2) | 34 (54.0) | 37 (62.7) | 37 (77.1) | ||||
Incontinence | 35 (41.2) | 27 (31.8) | 29 (46.0) | 22 (37.3) | 11 (22.9) |
Outcome measure and timepoints | IG (n=63) | CG (n=59) | Difference or OR between group (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | |||||
Baseline |
7.27±1.57 | 7.07±1.62 | 0.20 (-0.95 to 1.35) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-7.29±0.76 | -1.25±0.62 | 6.04 (4.11 to 7.96) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-7.32±0.75 | -1.61±0.65 | 5.71 (3.77 to 7.65) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-8.14±0.69 | -1.56±0.64 | 6.58 (4.74 to 8.43) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-0.03±0.16 | -0.36±0.27 | -0.32 (-0.93 to 0.28) | 0.295 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-0.86±0.38 | -0.31±0.29 | 0.55 (-0.39 to1.49) | 0.249 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-0.83±0.34 | 0.05±0.12 | 0.88 (0.17 to 1.58) | 0.015 | |
Attitude | |||||
Baseline |
30.73±8.83 | 30.45±8.87 | 0.28 (-0.54 to 1.10) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-3.02±0.91 | 0.58±0.67 | 3.60 (1.37 to 5.82) | 0.002 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-2.56±0.97 | 0.59±0.59 | 3.15 (0.92 to 5.3) | 0.006 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-3.43±0.94 | 0.54±0.61 | 3.97 (1.78 to 6.16) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
0.46±0.55 | 0.02±0.42 | -0.44 (-1.81 to 0.92) | 0.524 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-0.41±0.66 | -0.03±0.46 | 0.38 (-1.21 to 1.96) | 0.639 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-0.87±0.36 | -0.05±0.14 | 0.82 (0.06 to 1.58) | 0.034 | |
Practice | |||||
Baseline |
9.07±2.05 | 8.62±2.23 | 0.45 (-0.54 t0 1.46) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-6.40±0.74 | -1.00±0.50 | 5.40 (3.65 to 7.15) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-7.35±0.78 | -1.42±0.53 | 5.93 (4.08 to 7.78) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-7.97±0.74 | -1.39±0.52 | 6.58 (4.82 to 8.34) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-0.95±0.43 | -0.42±0.23 | 0.53 (-0.43 to -0.49) | 0.279 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-1.57±0.51 | -0.39±0.25 | 1.18 (0.07 to 2.30) | 0.038 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-0.62±0.33 | 0.03±0.08 | 0.65 (0.00 to 1.31) | 0.051 | |
Self-efficacy | |||||
Baseline |
36.50±4.75 | 34.18±4.99 | 2.33 (-13.59 to 18.25) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-34.53±3.53 | 1.46±2.86 | 35.99 (27.08 to 44.90) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-38.51±3.48 | 0.54±3.16 | 39.05 (29.83 to 48.26) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-40.02±3.25 | 1.91±3.26 | 41.93 (32.91 to 50.96) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-3.97±2.18 | -0.92±1.88 | 3.06 (-2.59 to 8.70) | 0.289 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-5.49±2.40 | 0.46±2.03 | 5.94 (-0.22 to 12.11) | 0.059 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-1.51±1.12 | 1.38±0.77 | 2.89 (0.22 to 5.55) | 0.034 | |
Severity of urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline |
2.97±0.67 | 2.79±0.72 | 0.18 (-0.38 to 0.74) | 1.000 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
0.30±0.31 | -0.81±0.37 | -1.12 (-2.07 to -0.16) | 0.022 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
0.81±0.34 | -1.29±0.39 | -2.10 (-3.11 to -1.09) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
0.57±0.36 | -1.97±0.45 | -2.54 (-3.67 to -1.41) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
0.51±0.16 | -0.47±0.21 | -0.98 (-1.50 to 0.47) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
0.27±0.24 | -1.15±0.31 | -1.42 (-2.19 to -0.66) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-0.24±0.18 | -0.68±0.25 | -0.44 (-1.04 to 0.16) | <0.001 | |
Self-reported urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline |
39.7 (25) | 33.9 (20) | 0.508 | ||
Early third trimester change from baseline |
7.9 (5) | 13.6 (8) | 0.83 (0.48 to 1.43) | 0.499 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
14.3 (9) | 16.9 (10) | 0.63 (0.33 to 1.18) | 0.149 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
22.2 (14) | 27.1 (16) | 0.601 (0.29 to 1.24) | 0.170 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
6.4 (4) | 3.3 (2) | 0.76 (0.55 to 1.05) | 0.099 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
14.3 (9) | 13.5 (8) | 0.725 (0.44 to 1.19) | 0.206 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
7.9 (5) | 10.2 (6) | 0.961 (0.66 to 1.40) | 0.834 |
Outcome measure and timepoints | IG (n=85) | CG (n=85) | Difference or OR between group (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | |||||
Baseline |
6.78±0.93 | 6.52±0.96 | -0.26 (-1.19 to 0.68) | 0.590 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-7.27±0.60 | -2.96±0.55 | 4.31 (2.72 to 5.90) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-7.56±0.61 | -3.38±0.58 | 4.18 (2.53 to 5.83) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-6.39±0.67 | -5.80±0.68 | 0.60 (-1.27 to 2.46) | 0.530 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-0.30±0.16 | -0.43±0.23 | -0.13 (-0.67 to 0.41) | 0.641 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
0.87±0.43 | -2.84±0.66 | -3.71 (-5.26 to -2.17) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
1.17±0.43 | -2.41±0.66 | -3.58 (-5.14 to -2.03) | <0.001 | |
Attitude | |||||
Baseline |
30.36±4.75 | 30.12±4.75 | -0.24 (-1.04 to 0.56) | 0.559 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-2.88±0.76 | -0.14±0.58 | 2.74 (0.87 to 4.62) | 0.004 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-2.52±0.80 | -0.15±0.55 | 2.37 (0.48 to 4.27) | 0.014 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-3.71±0.57 | -3.40±0.56 | 0.31 (-1.26 to 1.88) | 0.701 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
0.36±0.52 | -0.01±0.39 | -0.37 (-1.64 to -0.91) | 0.570 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-0.82±0.67 | -3.26±0.63 | -2.44 (-4.24 to 0.64) | 0.008 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-1.18±0.73 | -3.25±0.62 | -2.07 (-3.93 to -0.20) | 0.030 | |
Practice | |||||
Baseline |
8.73±1.16 | 8.33±1.26 | -0.40 (-1.09 to 0.28) | 0.249 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-6.48±0.56 | -1.83±0.46 | 4.65 (3.24 to 6.07) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-7.46±0.61 | -2.22±0.52 | 5.24 (3.68 to 6.81) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-5.20±0.55 | -5.13±0.51 | 0.07 (-1.41 to 1.55) | 0.928 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-0.98±0.33 | -0.39±0.27 | 0.59 (-2.24 to 1.43) | 0.164 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
1.28±0.48 | -3.30±0.49 | -4.58 (-5.93 to -3.24) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
2.26±0.56 | -2.91±0.62 | -5.18 (-6.81 to -3.68) | <0.001 | |
Self-efficacy | |||||
Baseline |
34.00±3.81 | 32.79±3.77 | -1.22 (-10.14 to 7.71) | 0.789 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-34.43±3.06 | -5.83±2.91 | 28.60 (20.32 to 36.88) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
-38.91±3.11 | -6.69±3.21 | 32.22 (23.46 to 40.99) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-18.19±3.29 | 12.98±3.27 | 5.22 (-3.87 to 14.31) | 0.260 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-4.49±1.55 | -0.86±1.59 | 3.62 (-0.73 to 7.98) | 0.103 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
16.23±2.09 | -7.15±2.84 | -23.38 (-30.29 to 16.47) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
20.72±2.34 | -6.29±2.86 | -27.00 (-34.24 to -19.77) | <0.001 | |
Severity of urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline |
2.73±0.54 | 2.39±0.55 | -0.34 (-0.92 to 0.23) | 0.238 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
-0.13±0.28 | -0.99±0.35 | -0.86 (-1.74 to 0.02) | 0.054 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
0.17±0.35 | -1.50±0.37 | -1.67 (-2.66 to -0.68) | 0.001 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
-2.00±0.43 | -3.04±0.42 | -1.04 (-2.21 to 0.14) | 0.084 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
0.30±0.17 | -0.51±0.20 | -0.81 (-1.33 to -0.29) | 0.002 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-1.87±0.32 | -2.05±0.38 | -0.17 (-1.14 to 0.79) | 0.724 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-2.18±0.27 | -1.54±0.37 | 0.64 (-0.25 to 1.52) | 0.160 | |
Self-reported urinary incontinence | |||||
Baseline |
41.2 (35) | 31.8 (27) | - | 0.202 | |
Early third trimester change from baseline |
12.9 (11) | 17.6 (15) | 0.78 (0.37 to 1.69) | 0.535 | |
Late third trimester change from baseline |
15.3 (13) | 21.2 (18) | 0.77 (0.29 to 2.07) | 0.604 | |
Early postnatal change from baseline |
15.3 (13) | 10.6 (9) | 1.26 (0.45 to 3.55) | 0.659 | |
Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
2.4 (2) | 3.5 (3) | 0.95 (0.45 to 2.02) | 0.898 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
2.4 (2) | 7.1 (-6) | 1.59 (0.55 to 4.60) | 0.392 | |
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
0 | 10.6 (-9) | 1.68 (0.65 to 4.39) | 0.286 |
Outcome measure and timepoints | IG | CG | Parameters | Estimated mean difference or OR between groups (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | ||||||
Baseline |
6.96±1.23 | 6.88±1.25 | Early third trimester change from baseline |
6.48 (4.53 to 8.43) | <0.001 | |
Early third trimester |
14.85±1.30 | 8.29±1.29 | Late third trimester change from baseline |
5.78 (3.72 to 7.83) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester |
14.65±1.31 | 8.78±1.29 | Early postnatal change from baseline |
9.02 (6.99 to 11.05) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal |
17.18±1.23 | 8.07±1.29 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-0.88 (-2.09 to 0.34) | 0.156 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
1.72 (-1.30 to 4.75) | 0.264 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
2.52 (-0.65 to 5.69) | 0.119 | ||||
Attitude | ||||||
Baseline |
30.48±6.49 | 30.41±6.50 | Early third trimester change from baseline |
3.92 (1.53 to 6.30) | 0.001 | |
Early third trimester |
33.85±6.46 | 29.85±6.50 | Late third trimester change from baseline |
2.65 (0.06 to 5.24) | 0.045 | |
Late third trimester |
32.56±6.40 | 29.84±6.53 | Early postnatal change from baseline |
6.59 (3.81 to 9.38) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal |
37.28±6.38 | 30.61±6.55 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-2.10 (-4.24 to 0.03) | 0.054 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
1.21 (-2.32 to 4.73) | 0.503 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
3.27 (-0.41 to 6.95) | 0.082 | ||||
Practice | ||||||
Baseline |
8.82±1.74 | 8.64±1.81 | Early third trimester change from baseline |
5.96 (4.18 to 7.73) | <0.001 | |
Early third trimester |
15.85±1.86 | 9.71±1.77 | Late third trimester change from baseline |
6.56 (4.49 to 8.64) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester |
16.91±1.95 | 10.17±1.83 | Early postnatal change from baseline |
8.10 (5.83 to 10.38) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal |
17.76±2.07 | 9.48±1.82 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
0.43 (-1.10 to -1.97) | 0.579 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
2.38 (-0.58 to 5.34) | 0.115 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
1.96 (-1.31 to 5.23) | 0.239 | ||||
Self-efficacy | ||||||
Baseline |
34.07±4.51 | 32.93±4.36 | Early third trimester change from baseline |
45.86 (35.82 to 55.90) | <0.001 | |
Early third trimester |
73.08±3.32 | 32.55±4.53 | Late third trimester change from baseline |
46.66 (34.86 to 58.47) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester |
79.38±3.84 | 32.38±4.79 | Early postnatal change from baseline |
4.89 (-2.35 to 12.12) | <0.001 | |
Early postnatal |
73.47±4.24 | 25.67±5.45 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
39.39 (30.64 to 48.12) | 0.189 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
7.17 (-3.90 to 18.23) | 0.204 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
6.38 (-6.47 to 19.23) | 0.330 | ||||
Severity of urinary incontinence | ||||||
Baseline |
2.83±0.60 | 2.69±0.62 | Early third trimester change from baseline |
-1.16 (-2.07 to -0.15) | 0.024 | |
Early third trimester |
2.56±0.62 | 3.59±0.73 | Late third trimester change from baseline |
-2.40 (-3.58 to -1.23) | <0.001 | |
Late third trimester |
1.98±0.66 | 4.25±0.72 | Early postnatal change from baseline |
-3.81 (-6.36 to -1.26) | 0.003 | |
Early postnatal |
3.57±1.10 | 7.24±1.10 | Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
-1.28 (-2.15 to -0.41) | 0.004 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
-2.14 (-4.88 to -0.60) | 0.126 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
-0.89 (-3.69 to 1.91) | 0.532 | ||||
Self-reported urinary incontinence | ||||||
Baseline |
41.2 (35) | 31.8 (27) | Early third trimester change from baseline |
0.81 (0.46 to 1.44) | 0.481 | |
Early third trimester |
55.2 (32) | 48.1 (26) | Late third trimester change from baseline |
0.54 (0.26 to 1.10) | 0.090 | |
Late third trimester |
52.4 (22) | 57.5 (23) | Early postnatal change from baseline |
0.54 (0.07 to 4.13) | 0.555 | |
Early postnatal |
70 (7) | 81.8 (9) | Late third trimester change from early third trimester |
0.74 (0.42 to 1.30) | 0.297 | |
Early postnatal change from early third trimester |
0.67 (0.10 to 4.48) | 0.679 | ||||
Early postnatal change from late third trimester |
1.04 (0.13 to 8.53) | 0.973 |
PMME, pelvic floor muscle exercise; UI, urinary incontinence.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number of respondents (%). P-value significant at P<0.05. SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery; LSCS, lower segment cesarean section; UI, urinary incontinence; SUI, stress urinary incontinence; UTI, urinary tract infection; UUI, urge urinary incontinence. By t-test. By Fisher’s exact test. By chi-square test.
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error or % (number of respondents). P-value significant P<0.05. IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. The estimates mean difference at baseline and the changes over time between group (expressed as Exp [β] or exponentiation of the beta coefficient) based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, and group by time interaction adjusted for baseline value and covariates. Percentage difference present between study groups at baseline was calculated using the chi-square test. Percentage changes over time between group expressed as OR based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, covariate, and group by time interaction. Percentage change in number of respondents between two timepoints: a positive value is an increase; a negative value is a decrease.
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error or % (number of respondents). P-value significant P<0.05. IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval. The estimates mean difference at baseline and the changes over time between group (expressed as Exp [β] or exponentiation of the beta coefficient) based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, and group by time interaction adjusted for baseline value and covariates. Percentage difference present between study groups at baseline was calculated using the chi-square test. Percentage changes over time between group expressed as OR based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, covariate, and group by time interaction. Percentage change in number of respondents between two timepoints: a positive value is an increase; a negative value is a decrease.
Values are presented as estimated mean±standard error or % (number of respondents). P-value significant P<0.05. IG, intervention group; CG, control group; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval. The estimated mean and standard error at each timepoint in the intervention and control group and the changes over time between group (expressed as Exp [β] or exponentiation of the beta coefficient) based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, and group by time interaction adjusted for baseline value and covariates. Percentage (number of respondents) present at each timepoint was calculated using descriptive analysis. Percentage changes over time between group expressed as OR based on generalized estimating equation model: time, group, covariate, and group by time interaction.