The health benefits of physical activity have been well established. However, more than a quarter of the adult population in the world is insufficiently active (not performing at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or any equivalent combination of the two), and there has been little improvement since 2001. In South Korea, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity was 54.4% in adults and 94.1% in adolescents in 2020. There was continuous decrease in the prevalence of sufficient aerobic physical activity, from 58.3% in 2014 to 45.6% in 2020. However, daily duration of sedentary behavior increased from 7.5 to 8.6 hours in the same period. Interventions to promote physical activity are necessary in various fields including clinical and policy approaches. As physical activity has decreased during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, safer and more effective strategies to promote physical activity are required.

Citations

• Retrospective observational study of the association between changes in physical activity and frailty in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2022)
  Ye Jun Jung, Junhyuk Kim, Yun Seo Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
  BMJ Open.2025; 15(1): e092072.     CrossRef
• Sedentary Behavior and Its Association With Psychological Well-Being and Sleep Quality in Adolescents: Evidence from a Propensity Score Analysis
  Lirong Zhang, Shaocong Zhao, Shuangyin Zhao, Hua Zheng, Yizhen Ke, Weichen Yang, Mingxing Lei
  Psychology Research and Behavior Management.2025; Volume 18: 281.     CrossRef
• Application of the Multi-Process Action Control model framework to predict physical activity: a study on Korean university students
  Doheung Lee, Heejung Jung, Seungjoo Lee, Sungho Kwon
  Psychology & Health.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Maintaining optimal cardiovascular health metrics and carotid intima-media thickness among Korean adolescents
  Fumie Kaneko, Hokyou Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Hyeon Chang Kim
  Clinical Hypertension.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Assessing adherence to physical activity guidelines and correlates among older Korean adults with a focus on 10-minute bout duration using subjective and objective measures
  Junhui Park, Su Hyun Kim, Young Hoon Kim, Chang-Hyung Lee, Timoteo Salvador Lucas Daca
  PLOS One.2025; 20(6): e0324342.     CrossRef
• Trends in obesity, leisure-time physical activity, and sedentary behavior in Korean adults: Korea national health and nutritional examinations survey from 2014 to 2021
  Yunmin Han, Hoyong Sung, Younghwan Choi, Yeon Soo Kim, Hee-Taik Kang
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(1): e0296042.     CrossRef
• Effect of alcohol consumption on risk of hypertension based on alcohol-related facial flushing response: From the health examinees study
  Seung Yeon Cho, Jiwon Jeong, Sangah Shin
  Alcohol.2024; 121: 133.     CrossRef
• Feasibility of Mobile Health App-Based Home Aerobic Exercise for Physical Performance in Healthy Young Adults
  Je Shik Nam, Hyun-Ah Kim, Tae-Jin Kwak, Kang Hee Cho, Il-Young Jung, Chang-Won Moon
  Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(1): 75.     CrossRef
• Racial Differences in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: An Ecological Epidemiological Study
  Dong-Seon Kang, Pil-Sung Yang, Daehoon Kim, Eunsun Jang, Hee Tae Yu, Tae-Hoon Kim, Jung-Hoon Sung, Hui-Nam Pak, Moon-Hyoung Lee, Gregory Y. H. Lip, Boyoung Joung
  Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2024; 124(09): 883.     CrossRef
• Guidelines for physical activity counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Yun Jun Yang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 265.     CrossRef
• Exploring the meanings and aspects of urban walking in Seoul for active living
  Eunbyeol Cho, Chaerim Lee, Dong Ha Kim, Seunghyun Yoo
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2024; 41(1): 89.     CrossRef
• Effects of public transportation use on non-exercise activity thermogenesis and health promotion: a mini-review
  Sung-Woo Kim, Deunsol Hwang, Sunghwan Kyun, Inkwon Jang, Taeho Kim, Jongwon Kim, Inseop Shin, Kiwon Lim
  Physical Activity and Nutrition.2024; 28(1): 031.     CrossRef
• Physical Inactivity and Sedentariness in Older Hearing Loss patients: Restoration With Hearing Aids
  Sang‐Yoon Han, Hee Won Seo, Seung Hwan Lee, Jae Ho Chung
  The Laryngoscope.2024; 134(12): 5109.     CrossRef
• Impacts of smoking on alcoholic liver disease: a nationwide cohort study
  Jeong-Ju Yoo, Dong Hyeon Lee, Sang Gyune Kim, Jae Young Jang, Young Seok Kim, Log Young Kim
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of an e-Book on Bone Health as Educational Material for Adolescents: Single-Group Experimental Study
  Nor Aini Jamil, Jashwiny Dhanaseelan, Nurin Athirah Buhari
  JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting.2024; 7: e56611.     CrossRef
• The impact of fear of falling on health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults: mediating effects of depression and moderated mediation effects of physical activity
  Eun Sook Lee, Boyoung Kim
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Handgrip strength thresholds associated with metabolic syndrome risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Hye Ah Lee, Seunghee Jun, Hyesook Park
  Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024047.     CrossRef
• Increased Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Reduced Odds of Low Hand Grip Strength in Korean Adults
  Yoonjin Shin, Eugene Chang
  Nutrients.2023; 15(2): 321.     CrossRef
• A Cross-Sectional Investigation of the Association between Arterial Stiffness and Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety Symptoms, and Quality of Life
  Tae-Kyung Yoo, Seunghee Lee, Soo-Young Hwang, Curie Ahn, Saejong Park, Jong-Young Lee
  Medicina.2023; 59(3): 477.     CrossRef
• Combinations of lifestyle behaviors and cancer risk among Korean adults
  Ngoc Minh Luu, Thi Tra Bui, Thi Phuong Thao Tran, Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen, Jin-Kyoung Oh
  Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Does Excessive Smartphone Use Reduce Physical Activity in Adolescents?
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(5): 247.     CrossRef
• Discordance in Secular Trends of Bone Mineral Density Measurements in Different Ages of Postmenopausal Women
  Kwang Yoon Kim, Jaesun Park, Sungwon Yang, Junghwa Shin, Ji Hyun Park, Bumhee Park, Bom Taeck Kim
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The role of collegiate sport experience in social adjustment and quality of college life: moderating role of the school year
  Weisheng Chiu, Heetae Cho, Seungmo Kim
  Asia Pacific Journal of Education.2023; : 1.     CrossRef
• Physical activity trajectories of different grade levels of male adolescents in association of academic performance and mental health
  Haemi Jee
  Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.2023; 19(5): 258.     CrossRef
• Age and sex differences in coronal lower extremity alignment in a healthy Asian population
  Doohyun Hwang, Min Wook Choi, Seong-Hwan Kim, Hyuk-Soo Han, Chong Bum Chang, Myung Chul Lee, Na-Kyoung Lee, Du Hyun Ro
  The Knee.2023; 45: 198.     CrossRef
• Trends in the effects of socioeconomic position on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior among Korean adolescents
  Hunju Lee, Hyowon Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Hyeon Chang Kim
  Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023085.     CrossRef
• The Difference in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome According to Meeting Guidelines for Aerobic Physical Activity and Muscle-Strengthening Exercise: A Cross-Sectional Study Performed Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 201
  Du Ho Kwon, Young Gyu Cho, Hyun Ah Park, Ho Seok Koo
  Nutrients.2022; 14(24): 5391.     CrossRef
• Current status of physical activity in Korea and exercise prescriptions
  Yun Jun Yang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 810.     CrossRef

A health check-up is one of the best ways to prevent diseases and maintain health by screening for risk factors and diagnosing diseases early. As the burden of illness shifts from infectious to chronic diseases, the importance of health check-ups is emphasized. Korean health authorities began the National Health Screening Programs (NHSPs) for public servants and private school staff in 1980. The NHSP is composed of the National Cancer Screening Programs (NCSPs) and general health checkups. NCSPs, started in 1999, included screenings for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, and uterine cervical cancers, and they may have contributed to the improved cancer survival rate from 42.9% in 1993–1995 to 77.5% in 2013–2017 in Korea. General health check-ups included lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometric measurements; blood pressure measurement; visual acuity test; hearing test; laboratory tests including fasting glucose, lipid profile, liver function tests, creatinine, and urinalysis; and, chest radiography. Additionally, bone density, cognitive function, and depression were assessed. Testing for non-communicable diseases has improved the control rates of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Favorable changes in the risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases may lead to a decline in age-standardized mortality and heart disease over several decades. However, many areas of the programs need to be improved. NHSPs should be designed on the basis of individual health conditions, medical needs, and scientific evidence. Greater opportunities to receive NHSPs should be provided to socioeconomically vulnerable individuals. In addition, stricter quality control of NHSPs is required. Follow-up management after the NHSPs should be systematized. In conclusion, NHSPs have contributed to the improvement of public health; however, several aspects of these programs must be addressed.

Citations

• Impact of mild traumatic brain injury on health behaviors
  Yookyung Lee, Yoonjeong Choi, Jooeun Jeon, Ja-Ho Leigh, Don-Kyu Kim, Byung-Mo Oh
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Increases the Risk of Lung Abscess: Findings from a Nationwide Cohort Study
  Eunso Lee, Jungok Kim, Sun-Young Yoon
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(2): 542.     CrossRef
• Utilization of preventative health checkup services in China among middle-aged and older adult population: evidence from China’s 28 provinces
  Jingyu Shen, Weiji Fang, Yating Zhu, Chunli Ye, Yanhua Zhu, Yanling Tao
  Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Indonesia's first nationwide health screening programme
  Aqsha Nur, Dante Harbuwono
  The Lancet Global Health.2025; 13(4): e620.     CrossRef
• Association of Precarious Employment With Unmet Healthcare Needs and Health Checkup Participation
  Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
  American Journal of Preventive Medicine.2025; 68(6): 1120.     CrossRef
• Artificial Intelligence-Driven Biological Age Prediction Model Using Comprehensive Health Checkup Data: Development and Validation Study
  Chang-Uk Jeong, Jacob S Leiby, Dokyoon Kim, Eun Kyung Choe
  JMIR Aging.2025; 8: e64473.     CrossRef
• Diabetes status, duration, and risk of dementia among ischemic stroke patients
  Jonguk Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Jeong-Yoon Lee, Ye Seul Yang, Dae Young Cheon, Jae-Jun Lee, Minwoo Lee
  Alzheimer's Research & Therapy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association Between Suicidal Ideation and Cancer Screening Uptake: Results from Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Korea
  Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
  Cancers.2025; 17(6): 956.     CrossRef
• Current status of elevated blood pressure and hypertension among adolescents in Asia: a systematic review
  Binish Islam, Tasiu Ibrahim Ibrahim, Wang Tingting, Mingyang Wu, Qin Jiabi
  Journal of Global Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Cohort profile: the Korean National Health Examination Baseline (KNHEB) cohort for longitudinal health monitoring in South Korea
  Suyoung Jo, Eunsil Cheon, Heewon Kang, Min Kyung Lim, Wankyo Chung, Sun Ha Jee, Keum Ji Jung, Yeun Soo Yang, Seong Yong Park, Sunmi Lee, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Kyoungin Na, Soyeon Kim, Jieun Hwang, Sung-il Cho
  BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Trajectories of Health Screening Uptake: Focusing on Perceived Barriers Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Korea
  Sunha Choi
  Journal of Gerontological Social Work.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Unmet Needs Mediate the Impact of Fear of Cancer Recurrence on Screening Participation Among Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Mi-Lee Kim, Yeol Kim, Yu-Ri Choe
  Healthcare.2025; 13(10): 1184.     CrossRef
• Regularity of cervical cancer screening in Korea: analysis using national public data for 12 years
  Jong-Yeup Kim, Jeeyoung Hong, Juhee Yoon, Jinsol Park, Tae-Hyun Kim
  Journal of Gynecologic Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• External Validation of the BACES Score in Canadian Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease
  Marie Yan, Brooke Fraser, Eric McArthur, Matty Mehrabi, Sarah K. Brode, Theodore K. Marras
  CHEST.2024; 165(3): 521.     CrossRef
• Association between long working hours and engagement in preventive healthcare services in Korean workers: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
  Preventive Medicine.2024; 180: 107849.     CrossRef
• Extrahepatic Malignancies Are the Leading Cause of Death in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B without Cirrhosis: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study
  Young Eun Chon, Sung Jun Park, Man Young Park, Yeonjung Ha, Joo Ho Lee, Kwan Sik Lee, Eileen L. Yoon, Dae Won Jun
  Cancers.2024; 16(4): 711.     CrossRef
• Risk of Cardiovascular Disease according to Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level in Different Age Groups in Korean Diabetes Population: A Cohort Study
  Tae Kyung Yoo, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(2): 265.     CrossRef
• Temporal Trend in Uptake of the National General Health Checkups and Cancer Screening Program among Korean Women with Breast Cancer
  Thi Xuan Mai Tran, Soyeoun Kim, Chihwan Cha, Boyoung Park
  Cancer Research and Treatment.2024; 56(2): 522.     CrossRef
• Age-specific association of physical activity on visceral obesity: Cross-sectional study
  Hana Moon, Yoon Jeong Cho, Yun-A Kim, Min Jeong Ju
  Obesity Medicine.2024; 48: 100542.     CrossRef
• Cardiovascular disease risk and associated physical activity factors in gastrointestinal cancer survivors
  Su Young Kim, Hye Jung Kang, Ki-Hyun Kim, Dong Uk Kim, Seung-Joo Nam, Jae Kook Yang, Dong Kee Jang, Hyuk Soon Choi, Dae Gon Ryu, Jung Wook Lee, Jong Yoon Lee, Sohee Park, Hyun Jung Lee
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Insurance Types and All-Cause Mortality in Korean Cancer Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
  Jinyoung Shin, Yoon-Jong Bae, Hee-Taik Kang
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(8): 861.     CrossRef
• Disparities in Overall Survival Rates for Cancers across Income Levels in the Republic of Korea
  Su-Min Jeong, Kyu-Won Jung, Juwon Park, Hyeon Ji Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Mina Suh
  Cancers.2024; 16(16): 2923.     CrossRef
• Association between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and health checkup participation: A population-based longitudinal study in South Korea
  Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
  Preventive Medicine.2024; 189: 108127.     CrossRef
• Regional Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Screening
  Jongho Park, Yeaeun Kim, Jae-Hyun Park
  Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2024; 36(8): 760.     CrossRef
• The effect of the expansion of the Personal Assistance Service Program on the uptake of the National Health Screening in people with severe disability
  Woorim Kim, Mingee Choi, Jaeyong Shin
  Journal of Public Health.2024; 46(4): 537.     CrossRef
• Global obesity epidemic and rising incidence of early-onset cancers
  Jianjiu Chen, Piero Dalerba, Mary Beth Terry, Wan Yang
  Journal of Global Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A 5-Year Mortality Prediction Model for Prostate Cancer Patients Based on the Korean Nationwide Health Insurance Claims Database
  Joungyoun Kim, Yong-Hoon Kim, Yong-June Kim, Hee-Taik Kang
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(10): 1058.     CrossRef
• Health screening disparities in people living with HIV; A nationwide organized screening setting
  Boyoung Park, Yoonyoung Jang, Taehwa Kim, Yunsu Choi, Kyoung Hwan Ahn, Jung Ho Kim, Hye Seong, Youn Jeong Kim, Jun Yong Choi, Joon Young Song, Shin-Woo Kim, Sang Il Kim
  Journal of Infection and Public Health.2024; 17(12): 102567.     CrossRef
• Association between depressive symptoms and participation in influenza vaccination and health checkups: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
  General Hospital Psychiatry.2024; 91: 180.     CrossRef
• Disparities in the first-ever diagnosed liver cancers between the emergency department and outpatient department in Taiwan: a population-based study
  Tai-Yi Hsu, Jhu-Jing Ye, Sih-Yun Ye, Hsiao-Yuan Tseng, Wen-Yu Chou, Pei-Tseng Kung, Wen-Chen Tsai
  BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association of physical activity, smoking, and socioeconomic factors on health checkup participation in community-dwelling stroke survivors aged 50 years or older
  Mina Park, Jung Soo Lee, Yeo Hyung Kim
  BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Diagnostic Value of Clinical Parameters for the Prediction of Osteoporosis in Menopause Iranian Women
  Ghazaleh Fazli, Malieheh Arab, Samaneh Saraeian, Behnaz Ghavami, Behnaz Nouri, Tayebeh Jahede Bozorgan
  Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sex and Tumor-Site Differences in the Association of Alcohol Intake With the Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
  Eun Hyo Jin, Kyungdo Han, Cheol Min Shin, Dong Ho Lee, Seung Joo Kang, Joo Hyun Lim, Yoon Jin Choi
  Journal of Clinical Oncology.2023; 41(22): 3816.     CrossRef
• Association of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with severe complications of COVID-19
  Yoonkyung Chang, Jimin Jeon, Tae-Jin Song, Jinkwon Kim
  Heliyon.2023; 9(6): e17428.     CrossRef
• Large gastric hamartomatous inverted polyp accompanied by advanced gastric cancer: A case report
  Gyerim Park, Jihye Kim, Sung Hak Lee, Younghoon Kim
  World Journal of Clinical Cases.2023; 11(28): 6967.     CrossRef
• Possible Applications of the Korean Experience in the Development of Croatian Healthcare System
  Predrag Bejakovic, Romina P Družeta, Ohmin Kwon
  Science, Art and Religion.2023; 2(1--2): 26.     CrossRef
• Weight maintenance and gain were significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause and cancer-related mortality in Korean adults who were newly diagnosed with cancer based on the Korean NHIS-HEALS cohort
  Yong-June Kim, Seung Park, Won Tae Kim, Yoon-Jong Bae, Yonghwan Kim, Hee-Taik Kang
  Medicine.2023; 102(47): e36184.     CrossRef
• Disparities in Cancer Incidence across Income Levels in South Korea
  Su-Min Jeong, Kyu-Won Jung, Juwon Park, Nayeon Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Mina Suh
  Cancers.2023; 15(24): 5898.     CrossRef
• Colon Cancer Screening—Is It Necessary to Start under the Age of 50?
  Jongbeom Shin
  Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2023; 11(3): 141.     CrossRef
• Prediction Model for Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Using Korean Public Health Examination Data (2002–2017)
  Yong Whi Jeong, Yeojin Jung, Hoyeon Jeong, Ji Hye Huh, Ki-Chul Sung, Jeong-Hun Shin, Hyeon Chang Kim, Jang Young Kim, Dae Ryong Kang
  Diagnostics.2022; 12(8): 1967.     CrossRef

Dementia is a neurological condition characterized by numerous types of central nervous system diseases, which gradually deteriorates an individual’s reasoning, rational thinking, and judgment abilities. As a serious public health concern that currently affects more than 50 million older adults, dementia is one of the most significant causes of incapacity, disability, and dependency among older adults. As new cases are expected to increase exponentially in the next three decades, dementia, which is not a normal feature of healthy aging despite the fact that it generally affects older adults disproportionately, requires enormous management and care efforts due to its associated socioeconomic, psychological, and physical burdens that involve the patient, their caregivers, guardians, family members, and society at large. Presently, there is no cure for dementia; however, this condition could be prevented. This narrative review aimed to provide a broad overview of studies detailing the alternative lifestyle modification-centered preventive measures against dementia. A comprehensive search of key databases to find articles related to this topic revealed that participating in regular physical activities, healthy eating and dieting, avoiding all forms of smoking, avoiding air pollutants, halting or reducing alcohol consumption, exercising the mind and being socially dynamic, getting enough rest and establishing good sleeping habits, infection prevention, stress prevention, avoidance of injuries, preventing the effects of social isolation and lockdowns, continuing education, and depression prevention are protective measures against the development of dementia.

Citations

• Guidelines for nutrition counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Gyeongsil Lee, Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 278.     CrossRef
• A Genome-Wide Association Study of Dementia Using the Electronic Medical Record
  Xiaowen Cao, Yao Dong, Li Xing, Xuekui Zhang
  BioMedInformatics.2023; 3(1): 141.     CrossRef
• Health promotion: the essence of primary healthcare
  Sung Sunwoo
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 772.     CrossRef

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common, disregarded, underdiagnosed, and inadequately treated complaint of both young and adult females. It is characterized by painful cramps in the lower abdomen, which start shortly before or at the onset of menses and which could last for 3 days. In particular, PD negatively impacts the quality of life (QOL) of young females and is the main reason behind their absenteeism from school or work. It is suggested that increased intrauterine secretion of prostaglandins F2α and E2 are responsible for the pelvic pain associated with this disorder. Its associated symptoms are physical and/or psychological. Its physical symptoms include headache, lethargy, sleep disturbances, tender breasts, various body pains, disturbed appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and increased urination, whereas its psychological symptoms include mood disturbances, such as anxiety, depression, and irritability. While its diagnosis is based on patients’ history, symptoms, and physical examination, its treatment aims to improve the QOL through the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal contraceptives, and/or the use of non-pharmacological aids (e.g., topical heat application and exercise). Patients must be monitored to measure their response to treatment, assess their adherence, observe potential side effects, and perform further investigations, if needed.

Citations

• Natural History of Menstrual Pain and Associated Risk Factors in Early Adolescence
  Rachel E. Modarelli, Samantha A. Molsberry, Sofia Malave-Ortiz, Madison Calvert, Janet Lucien, Sheri Denslow, Daniel Zaccaro, Camilia Kamoun, Natalie D. Shaw
  Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology.2025; 38(1): 52.     CrossRef
• Therapeutic Potential of Herbal Compounds in Curing Dysmenorrhea Naturally: A Review
  Mukul Kumar, Deepika Kaushik, Naitika Gaba, Emel Oz, Jyoti Singh, Vikas Bansal, Ammu P Nair, Charalampos Proestos, Gülçin Emel Babagil, Margaret Brennan, Hilal Kiziltunc Ozmen, Vishal Kumar
  Journal of the American Nutrition Association.2025; 44(3): 223.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of dysmenorrhea changes in patients undergoing cervical dilatation: Does it work?
  Ilkhan Keskin, Osman Samet Günkaya, Arzu Bilge Tekin, Murat Yassa, Niyazi Tuğ
  Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Actualización del diagnóstico y tratamiento de dismenorrea
  G. Rubio Pérez, A. Quevedo Córdoba, L. Varela Silva, E. Álvarez Silvares
  Medicina de Familia. SEMERGEN.2025; 51(1): 102331.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of estetrol (15 mg)/drospirenone (3 mg) combination in a cyclic regimen for the treatment of primary and secondary dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study
  Yutaka Osuga, Takao Kobayashi, Akihiro Hirakawa, Toshiaki Takayanagi, Masayoshi Nogami, Kyaw Tayzar, Takayuki Mochiyama, Masashi Hirayama, Jean-Michel Foidart, Tasuku Harada
  Fertility and Sterility.2025; 123(4): 700.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of Arogya Rakshak Panchatantra (Five Lifestyle Principles) on Heart Rate Variability and Menstrual Symptoms in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Karishma Silwal, Prakash Babu Kodali, Hemanshu Sharma, Peony Biswas, Jigyasha Menghani, Gulab Tewani, Pradeep M.K. Nair
  Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.2025; 31(5): 471.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Acupressure and Massage on Pain, Menstrual Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Seda Eryılmaz, Tuba Uçar
  Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.2025; 31(4): 378.     CrossRef
• Update on Alternative Methods for the Management of Dysmenorrhea: A Narrative Review
  Karen Mishell Zurita Calle, Ricardo Recalde-Navarrete
  Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2025; 5: 1301.     CrossRef
• Primary dysmenorrhea and its associated factors among female high school students in Nekemte town, East Wallaga Zone, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
  Bekan Gudata Gindaba, Tesfaye Abera Gudeta, Lemane Dereje Sebu, Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba, Misgana Tesgara Abdisa
  Frontiers in Reproductive Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between primary dysmenorrhoea on quality of life, mental health and academic performance among medical students in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
  Herbert Situmorang, Reynardi Larope Sutanto, Kevin Tjoa, Rivaldo Rivaldo
  BMJ Open.2025; 15(1): e093237.     CrossRef
• The connection between endometriosis and secondary dysmenorrhea
  Ismat Ara Begum
  Journal of Reproductive Immunology.2025; 168: 104425.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of abhal (Juniperus communis L). on pain intensity, uterine artery doppler flow, and quality of life in primary dysmenorrhea: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial
  Taseen Banu, Arshiya Sultana, Arfa Begum, Sidra, Khaleequr Rahman
  Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2025; 342: 119388.     CrossRef
• Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Dismenore pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi
  Lintang Ar-Rakhimi, John J. E. Wantania, Erna Suparman
  Health & Medical Sciences.2025; 2(2): 9.     CrossRef
• Impact of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Inflammation and Hormonal Modulation
  Min-Yi Yang, Hao-Yu Chen, Chi-Hong Ho, Wen-Ching Huang
  Nutrients.2025; 17(4): 622.     CrossRef
• Investigation of dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls with familial Mediterranean fever: a comparative study with healthy controls
  Fatma Gül Demirkan, Aylin Yetim Şahin, Figen Çakmak, Özlem Akgün, Vafa Guliyeva, Melike Zeynep Tuğrul Aksakal, Firdevs Baş, Nuray Aktay Ayaz
  European Journal of Pediatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of therapeutic exercise for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Yi Xiang, Qinhai Li, Zengao Lu, Zemin Yu, Guanglin Ma, Siqi Liu, Yingkui Li
  Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring the impact of herbaceous Apiaceae family plants on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review protocol
  Athul T.P., Vijaya Lekshmi R., Nithya V.S., Anju Aravind T., Shibna M.V., Meenakshi Pandey, Galib R., Tanuja M. Nesari, Meena S. Deogade
  Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine.2025; 22(2): 373.     CrossRef
• Review on Diagnosis, Treatment and Medication for Dysmenorrhea for Young to Old Age Women
  Ketuvinuo Sothu, Arti Kori, Shivanad Patil
  Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology.2025; 4(1): 49.     CrossRef
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• Antidepressant and anti-nociceptive effects of Nigella sativa and its main constituent, thymoquinone
  Akbar Anaeigoudari
  Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2022; 12(12): 495.     CrossRef
• Prevalence, risk factors, and management practices of primary dysmenorrhea among young females
  Samar Karout, Lama Soubra, Deema Rahme, Lina Karout, Hani M J Khojah, Rania Itani
  BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

The teaching of family medicine and general practice should aim to develop an appreciation of the unique nature and role of the specialty. Teachers should relate patient cases to the principles of family medicine. These principles include (1) compassionate care; (2) a generalist/holistic approach focusing on the whole person, family, and community; (3) continuity of relationship, i.e., building a patient-physician bond of trust; (4) reflective mindfulness; and (5) lifelong learning. The curriculum, instructional strategy, and assessment should be carefully aligned. Core competencies include patient-centered communication, physical examination skills, clinical procedures, palliative care, humanities in medicine, holistic care, shared decision-making, family therapy, home and community visits, chronic disease care, problem-based documentation, team-based care, data-driven improvement, information mastery, ethics and professionalism, and work-life balance. Family medicine/general practice is defined as the medical specialty that manages common and long-term illnesses, focusing on overall health and well-being. Hence, clerkship schedules should maximize clinical exposure and opportunities for self-reflection. A learner-centered approach should begin with a self-identified inventory of learning needs based on the curriculum; next, these needs should be chosen as topics for student presentations. Teaching methods should include mini-workshops: a combination of didactic lectures and small-group exercises. Individual face-to-face formative feedback should occur at midcourse and culminate in a group reflection on the learning experience. Clinical supervision should gradually decrease as each resident demonstrates safe patient care. Procedure skills training should be closely supervised, formally documented, and constitute about one-fourth of learning sessions.

Citations

• Use of audio-visual aids and case studies to enhance understanding of family medicine among medical students
  Stephen T. Engmann
  African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Guidelines for nutrition counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Gyeongsil Lee, Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 278.     CrossRef
• Disease prevention measures applicable to primary healthcare clinics
  Jae-Heon Kang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 226.     CrossRef
• Perception of Family Medicine Residents on the Use of Small Group Discussion in Comparison to Standard Lectures
  Ahmed Mohammed Gharawi, Abdullah Mohammed Alateeq, Ghada Alarfaj, Ayman Afify, Saad Albatal, Alaa Alahmari, Mostafa Kofi
  European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning.2024; 2(5): 3.     CrossRef
• Strengthening Primary Health Care through Medical Education
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(4): 181.     CrossRef

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease that has caused a pandemic devastating many countries worldwide. It is a complex and multifaceted disease with a unique coronavirus etiology, pathogenesis, zoonotic, and human-to-human transmission, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome with high mortality. Accurate and timely diagnosis is of utmost importance. In this study, we discussed the complexities of COVID-19 diagnostic elements in the context of pandemicity, drawing from our awareness, observations, and lessons learned from two previous coronavirus pandemics, namely SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) in 2002 and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) in 2012, and how they applied to the diagnosis of COVID-19 today. Diagnosis of COVID-19 takes place without physician-patient personal contact due to isolation or quarantine or in the hospital setting, emergency units, and critical care units with the cumbersome barriers of personal protective equipment. Technical diagnosis is important, but we also emphasized the human impact of diagnosing COVID-19. Conveying the diagnosis of a critical disease to patients and families requires aspects of excellence in professionalism: ethics, empathy, and humility. Diagnostic skills in COVID-19 should extend to prognostication for patients suffering at the end of life, so that they will not be deprived of high-quality palliative care and comfort.

Citations

• Experience of caring for patients with COVID-19 and educational achievement among Japanese resident physicians: a nationwide survey with general medicine in-training examination
  Sho Nishiguchi, Yuji Nishizaki, Miki Hamaguchi, Atshushi Goto, Masahiko Inamori, Kiyoshi Shikino, Tomohiro Shinozaki, Koshi Kataoka, Taro Shimizu, Yu Yamamoto, Sho Fukui, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Yasuharu Tokuda
  BMC Medical Education.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide, causing many deaths, the number of which continues to increase. Global public health organizations and governments have advised on the adoption of various handwashing and hygiene guidelines, use of masks, and social distancing, along with isolation or lockdown protocols to prevent SARS-COV-2 spread. There are vaccines and drugs that are confirmed but still many human suffer from this disease. Important risk factors for SARS-COV-2 infection are similar to other viral infectious diseases as including influenza, hepatitis B, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and other lung infections. These diseases might be related to poor nutritional support, affecting the patient outcomes against COVID-19. In this review, we discuss some of the nutritional therapies currently being investigated for infectious diseases. Studies have shown that nutrition has the potential to prevent and mitigate viral infections. Micronutrients (vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, and E, B9, and trace elements, such as iron, zinc, copper, selenium, magnesium, and polyphenols) and macronutrients (carbohydrates, prebiotics, probiotics, protein [amino acids], and lipids [fatty acids]) affect the whole body, including the immune system, preventing viral entry and modulating clinical symptoms. This review discusses the importance of nutrition as a strategy to understand food groups and key nutrients that may affect the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients during the ongoing pandemic. Scientists believe that the likelihood of another pandemic is imminent. COVID-19 remains important and scientists believe it will continue will in the future. We emphasize the lack of studies on the nutritional impact of COVID-19 in terms of nutrition, even though nutritional interventions has been shown to have many advantages during the treatment of viral infections.

Citations

• Guidelines for nutrition counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Gyeongsil Lee, Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 278.     CrossRef
• Vitamin-mineral complexes to help adult patients frequently suffering with acute respiratory viral infections: A review
  Dmitry I. Trukhan, Natalya V. Bagisheva
  Consilium Medicum.2024; 26(03): 164.     CrossRef
• Association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
  Binshan Jiang, Qiangru Huang, Mengmeng Jia, Xinai Xue, Qing Wang, Weizhong Yang, Luzhao Feng
  Chinese Medical Journal.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

The year 2020 saw the emergence of a novel coronavirus—the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2— which has led to an unprecedented pandemic that has shaken the entire world. The pandemic has been a new experience for Malaysia, especially during the implementation of large-scale public health and social measures called the Movement Control Order (MCO). This paper seeks to describe the experiences of the Malaysian healthcare system thus far in combatting the pandemic. The Malaysian healthcare system comprises two main arms: public health and medicine. The public health arm focuses on early disease detection, contact tracing, quarantines, the MCO, and risk stratification strategies in the community. The medical arm focuses on the clinical management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; it encompasses laboratory services, the devising of clinical setting adjustments, and hospital management for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Malaysia experienced intense emotions at the beginning of the pandemic, with great uncertainty regarding the pandemic’s outcome, as the world saw a frighteningly high COVID-19 mortality. As of writing (May 30, 2020), Malaysia has passed the peak of its second wave of infections. The experience thus far has helped in preparing the country’s healthcare system to be vigilant and more prepared for future COVID-19 waves. To date, the pandemic has changed many aspects of Malaysia’s life, and people are still learning to adapt to new norms in their lives.

Citations

• Unveiling the Nexus Between Intellectual Capital Efficiency and Financial Performance in Malaysia's Healthcare Sector Amidst the Covid-19 Crisis
  Noor Sharida Badri Shah, Roslan Ja’afar
  Information Management and Business Review.2024; 16(1(I)): 262.     CrossRef
• An Online Survey of the Perceptions of Clinical and Non-Clinical Professionals on Healthcare for Non-Communicable Diseases and COVID-19 Measures During the Pandemic in Malaysia
  Sugitha Sureshkumar, Feisul Mustapha, Haironi Yusoff, Kibachio Joseph Mwangi, Kailing Marcus, Bogomil Kohlbrenner, David Issom, Mohamed-Rida Benissa, Sigiriya Aebischer-Perone, Nirit Braha, Egidio Candela, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, B. R. Desikachari, Arianna
  International Journal of Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune, and inflammatory disease that affects 2% of the world’s population. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that psoriasis confers a 25% increase in relative risk of cardiovascular disease, independent of factors such as hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity. The objective of this review was to analyze and describe the association between psoriasis and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe the epidemiological association of psoriasis and cardiovascular disease, pathophysiology, mechanisms, and its association with the well-known cardiovascular risk calculators. In addition, we describe diagnostic tools, such as imaging techniques and novel biomarkers, that are useful in the evaluation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Finally, we present different systemic therapies that are used in patients with psoriasis and their effect on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This article provides an overview of the current literature on psoriasis and cardiovascular risk, which can be useful for primary care physicians in their daily clinical practice.

Citations

• Cardiovascular risk in patients with scarring and nonscarring alopecias: Assessing the current state of evidence
  Rachel Sally, Camille Robinson, Seth J. Orlow, Jerry Shapiro, Michael Garshick, Kristen Lo Sicco
  JEADV Clinical Practice.2024; 3(1): 7.     CrossRef
• Automated mass screening and association rules analysis for comorbidities of psoriasis: A population‐based case–control study
  Bo Ri Kim, Kun Hee Lee, Kyungho Paik, Minjae Kim, Jung Min Bae, Chong Won Choi, Sang Woong Youn
  The Journal of Dermatology.2024; 51(4): 539.     CrossRef
• The impact of serum uric acid on psoriasis: NHANES 2005–2014 and Mendelian randomization
  Minghui Hu, Yangyang Wang, Wenwu Xu, Juan Bai, Xingming Tang
  Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• SCORE2 Screening Tool for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Psoriasis—A Case–Control Study
  Tomáš Kampe, Janette Baloghová, Peter Kolarčik, Kvetoslava Rimárová, Erik Dorko
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(11): 3237.     CrossRef
• Bilateral STA-MCA bypass for Moyamoya angiopathy associated with severe erythrodermic psoriasis
  Rohan Jha, Ari D. Kappel, Abdullah H. Feroze, Walid Ibn Essayed, Nirav J. Patel
  Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2024; 33(11): 107997.     CrossRef
• Jordanian Population’s Perception and Understanding of Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Rand Murshidi, Nour Shewaikani, Assem Al Refaei, Dana Q Khateeb, Raghad Al-Shami, Bayan E Hwidi, Maram Nasrallah, Leen Alshamasneh, Raghad Murshidi, Mahmoud Abdallat
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Impact of Treatment with IL-17/IL-23 Inhibitors on Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis and/or Psoriatic Arthritis: A Systematic Review
  Aikaterini Tsiogka, Stamatios Gregoriou, Alexander Stratigos, Stergios Soulaidopoulos, Natalia Rompoti, Pantelis Panagakis, Marina Papoutsaki, Panagiotis Kostakis, George Kontochristopoulos, Konstantinos Tsioufis, Anna Campanati, Annamaria Offidani, Chara
  Biomedicines.2023; 11(2): 318.     CrossRef
• Association between cardio‐cerebrovascular disease and systemic antipsoriatic therapy in psoriasis patients using population‐based data: A nested case–control study
  Bo Ri Kim, Kun Hee Lee, Jinseob Kim, Jee Woo Kim, Kyungho Paik, Woojae Myung, Hyewon Lee, Chong Won Choi, Sang Woong Youn
  The Journal of Dermatology.2023; 50(11): 1442.     CrossRef
• Effect of psoriasis on cardiovascular risk
  Olga A. Kuzmina, Olga Iu. Mironova, Anfisa A. Lepekhova, Karinat S. Tregub, Artem I. Demin, Victor V. Fomin, Olga Yu. Olisova
  Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases.2023; 26(5): 465.     CrossRef
• Galectin-3 as a Novel Multifaceted and Not Only Cardiovascular Biomarker in Patients with Psoriasis with Regard to Systemic Treatment—Preliminary Data
  Anna Baran, Paulina Kiluk, Julia Nowowiejska, Tomasz W. Kaminski, Magdalena Maciaszek, Iwona Flisiak
  Biology.2022; 11(1): 88.     CrossRef
• Looking beyond the Skin: Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Psoriasis and the Protective Role of Biologics
  Isabel Andújar, Juan V. Esplugues, Patricia García-Martínez
  Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(9): 1101.     CrossRef
• L-Theanine Alleviates IMQ-Induced Psoriasis Like Skin Inflammation by Downregulating the Production of IL-23 and Chemokines
  Yaohan Xu, Jiang Zhu, Jingyi Hu, Ziqi Zou, Yueling Zhao, Lihua Lai, Ping Xu, Yinjing Song, Hao Cheng
  Frontiers in Pharmacology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Psoriasis by DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Datasets
  Yong Liu, Shengnan Cui, Jiayi Sun, Xiaoning Yan, Dongran Han
  Frontiers in Genetics.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriasis (Review)
  Daciana Branisteanu, Alin Nicolescu, Daniel Branisteanu, Catalina Branisteanu, Andreea Dragoi, Camelia Bogdanici, Mihaela Toader, Andreea Tucaliuc, Andreea Dimitriu, Doru Daogaru, Ruxandra Pirvulescu, Elena Porumb
  Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Hypoglycemia is one of the severe complications of diabetes. To prevent hypoglycemia, an emphasis is placed on maintaining an appropriate balance between nutrition, activity, and treatment, which can be achieved by the repetition of self-trials based on self-monitoring. Clinicians routinely focus on patients’ contribution, including timely intake of an adequate amount of carbohydrates, physical activity, antidiabetic medication, and abstinence from alcohol. Recently, many guidelines have highlighted the importance of clinicians’ factors and recommend individualized treatments according to lifestyle patterns and specific needs following the de-intensification of treatment. The optimal value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels for blood glucose level regulation remains controversial among countries, but it generally does not exceed 8.0%. In populations that are at a risk of hypoglycemia, such as the older adults, it is advisable to adjust the target blood glucose level to less than 8.0%. Meanwhile, a blood glucose level of 7.0%–7.5% is generally recommended for healthy older adults. If the expected lifetime is shorter than 10 years or in patients with chronic kidney disease and severe cardiovascular disease, the HbA1c level target can be increased to 7.5%–8.0%. For even shorter lifetime expectancy, the target can be adjusted up to 8.0%–9.0%. To prevent hypoglycemia, the target blood glucose level needs to be adjusted, particularly in older adult patients. Ultimately, it is important to identify the maximum blood glucose levels that do not cause hypoglycemia and the minimum blood glucose levels that do not cause hyperglycemia-associated complications.

Citations

• Initiating an Insulin Safety Campaign to reduce the incidence of glycemic harm events for hospitalized adults 65 and older
  Michelle Cohen, Kristen de Grandpre, William M. Herlihy, Lise Cooper
  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2025; 73(2): 602.     CrossRef
• Hyperglycaemia aversion in type 1 diabetes: A grounded theory study
  Vicky McKechnie, Nick Oliver, Stephanie A. Amiel, John R. E. Fox
  British Journal of Health Psychology.2024; 29(1): 254.     CrossRef
• Review—Glucose Monitoring Sensors: History, Principle, and Challenges
  Yanzhen Jing, Shwu Jen Chang, Ching-Jung Chen, Jen-Tsai Liu
  Journal of The Electrochemical Society.2022; 169(5): 057514.     CrossRef

Physical inactivity is a global health burden. Promoting physical activity in primary care through physical activity counseling is an effective intervention. This article provides an overview of and perspectives on physical activity counseling in primary care. The identification of physical inactivity as a health problem may increase the awareness of physical inactivity among patients and primary care providers, which will lead to an action plan. The contents of physical activity counseling should be based on evidence-based recommendations. Safety issues should be evaluated appropriately to optimize the utilization of primary care services. Physical activity counseling methods should be “tailored” for an individual using appropriate counseling methods and setting-specific resources. Multilevel barriers to physical activity counseling in primary care (i.e., healthcare providers, patients, and systems) must be addressed. Setting-specific strategies to overcome these barriers should be implemented to maximize the effectiveness of physical activity counseling in primary care.

Citations

• Exploring the Physical Activity Counselling for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis—Perceptions of Nurses and Physiotherapists
  Katja Lehtomäki, Iina Ryhtä, Jaana Peltonen, Minna Stolt
  Musculoskeletal Care.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Physical Inactivity and Cardiovascular Health in Aging Populations: Epidemiological Evidence and Policy Implications from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  Abdulaziz M. Alodhialah, Ashwaq A. Almutairi, Mohammed Almutairi
  Life.2025; 15(3): 347.     CrossRef
• Práctica del “running”. Un enfoque desde la medicina preventiva
  JA Castillo Calderón, Claudia Liliana Sánchez Vargas
  Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte.2025; 14(1): 306.     CrossRef
• Feasibility trial protocol assessing the use of aerobic exercise to promote recovery from work-related concussion
  Jacob I. McPherson, Jeffrey C. Miecznikowski, Haley Chizuk, Patrick Sparks, John J. Leddy, Mohammad N. Haider, Christopher J. Stavisky, Johanna Pruller
  PLOS One.2025; 20(6): e0325701.     CrossRef
• GP specialty trainees’ knowledge and values towards physical activity: a national survey of Scottish trainees
  Callum Leese, Robert H Mann, Emma J Cockcroft, Kirstin Abraham
  BJGP Open.2024; 8(1): BJGPO.2023.0051.     CrossRef
• Physical Activity with Sports Scientist (PASS) programme to promote physical activity among patients with non-communicable diseases: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial protocol
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Poramet Hemarachatanon, Kamlai Somrak, Saranrat Manunyanon, Sanhapan Wattanapisit, Areekul Amornsriwatanakul, Piyawat Katewongsa, Sorawat Sangkaew, Polathep Vichitkunakorn, Ping Yein Lee, Siti Nurkamilla Ramdzan, Hani Salim, Chirk Je
  BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine.2024; 10(2): e001985.     CrossRef
• Guidelines for physical activity counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Yun Jun Yang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 265.     CrossRef
• A movement for movement: an exploratory study of primary healthcare professionals’ perspectives on implementing the Royal College of General Practitioners’ active practice charter initiative
  Callum J. Leese, Robert H. Mann, Hussain Al-Zubaidi, Emma J. Cockcroft
  BMC Primary Care.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Physical Activity Assessment of Physicians in Primary Healthcare Centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  Alaa G Alolayan, Salman Alsubhi
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Physical Activity Is Predictive of Conditioned Pain Modulation in Healthy Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Sophie Van Oosterwijck, Mira Meeus, Jacob van Der Wekken, Evy Dhondt, Amber Billens, Jessica Van Oosterwijck
  The Journal of Pain.2024; 25(11): 104639.     CrossRef
• Bewegungsempfehlungen in der Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas
  Christine Joisten
  Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie.2023; 17(01): 19.     CrossRef
• Narrative review – Barriers and facilitators to promotion of physical activity in primary care
  Callum Leese, Kirstin Abraham, Blair H Smith
  Lifestyle Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Tools to guide clinical discussions on physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and/or sleep for health promotion between primary care providers and adults accessing care: a scoping review
  Tamara L. Morgan, Emma Faught, Amanda Ross-White, Michelle S. Fortier, Mary Duggan, Rahul Jain, Kirstin N. Lane, Amanda Lorbergs, Kaleigh Maclaren, Taylor McFadden, Jennifer R. Tomasone
  BMC Primary Care.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Does Excessive Smartphone Use Reduce Physical Activity in Adolescents?
  Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(5): 247.     CrossRef
• Current Status of Physical Activity in South Korea
  Yoo Bin Seo, Yun Hwan Oh, Yun Jun Yang
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(4): 209.     CrossRef
• Barriers to and Facilitators of the Use of Digital Tools in Primary Care to Deliver Physical Activity Advice: Semistructured Interviews and Thematic Analysis
  Paulina Bondaronek, Samuel J Dicken, Seth Singh Jennings, Verity Mallion, Chryssa Stefanidou
  JMIR Human Factors.2022; 9(3): e35070.     CrossRef
• Perceived barriers to physical activity behaviour among patients with diabetes and hypertension in Kosovo: a qualitative study
  Ariana Bytyci Katanolli, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Katrina Ann Obas, Jana Gerold, Manfred Zahorka, Naim Jerliu, Qamile Ramadani, Nicu Fota, Sonja Merten
  BMC Primary Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Summary and application of the WHO 2020 physical activity guidelines for patients with essential hypertension in primary care
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Chirk Jenn Ng, Chaisiri Angkurawaranon, Sanhapan Wattanapisit, Sirawee Chaovalit, Mark Stoutenberg
  Heliyon.2022; 8(10): e11259.     CrossRef
• Current status of health promotion in Korea
  Soo Young Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
• Primary Health Care Providers’ Perspectives on Developing an eHealth Tool for Physical Activity Counselling: A Qualitative Study
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Sanhapan Wattanapisit, Titiporn Tuangratananon, Waluka Amaek, Sunton Wongsiri, Prachyapan Petchuay
  Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2021; Volume 14: 321.     CrossRef
• Challenges of Implementing an mHealth Application for Personalized Physical Activity Counselling in Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Waluka Amaek, Sanhapan Wattanapisit, Titiporn Tuangratananon, Sunton Wongsiri, Prasert Pengkaew
  International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 3821.     CrossRef
• What Elements of Sport and Exercise Science Should Primary Care Physicians Learn? An Interdisciplinary Discussion
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Marisa Poomiphak Na Nongkhai, Poramet Hemarachatanon, Soontaraporn Huntula, Areekul Amornsriwatanakul, Chirawat Paratthakonkun, Chirk Jenn Ng
  Frontiers in Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Usability and utility of eHealth for physical activity counselling in primary health care: a scoping review
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Titiporn Tuangratananon, Sanhapan Wattanapisit
  BMC Family Practice.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

Diverticular disease can present anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can result from various pathologies such as abnormal contraction within the GI tract or inflammation causing scar tissue and the resulting forces surrounding the GI tract. Its clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic to severe symptoms, with significant decrease in quality of life. The treatment for various diverticula along the GI tract can also vary, depending on the severity of symptoms. This article describes diverticular disease occurring within the foregut, with emphasis on pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment.

The importance of adopting healthy exercise routines has been repeatedly emphasized to individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, knowledge about the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia is limited. Regular exercise reduces and delays the onset of DM-related complications particularly in individuals who already have DM. However, an excessive exercise can lead to hypoglycemia. Excessive exercise in the evening can cause hypoglycemia while sleeping. Furthermore, if individuals with DM want to have a greater amount of exercise, the exercise duration rather than intensity must be increased. In weight resistance exercises, it is beneficial to first increase the number of repetitions, followed by the number of sets and gradually the weight of resistance. When performing intermittent high-intensity training within a short time period, hypoglycemia may develop for an extended period after exercise. In addition to adjusting exercise regimens, the medication doses must be modified accordingly. Delaying exercise, adjusting the number of snacks consumed prior to exercise, reducing insulin dose before exercise, and injecting insulin into the abdomen rather than the limbs prevent exercise-induced hypoglycemia prior to a spontaneous exercise. Ultimately, with personal knowledge on how to prevent hypoglycemia, the effects of exercise can be maximized in individuals with DM, and a healthy lifestyle can prevent future complications.

Citations

• Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Sweat‐Based Potassium Ion and Glucose Detection in Exercise Health Monitoring
  Lei Ma, Wenhao Hou, Zhi Ji, Ziheng Sun, Muxi Li, Bolin Lian
  ChemistryOpen.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Management of Glycemia during Acute Aerobic and Resistance Training in Patients with Diabetes Type 1: A Croatian Pilot Study
  Marul Ivandic, Maja Cigrovski Berkovic, Klara Ormanac, Dea Sabo, Tea Omanovic Kolaric, Lucija Kuna, Vjera Mihaljevic, Silvija Canecki Varzic, Martina Smolic, Ines Bilic-Curcic
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(6): 4966.     CrossRef
• Minimizing Hypoglycemia with Insulin Therapy
  Gagan Priya, Emmy Grewal
  Chronicle of Diabetes Research and Practice.2022; 1(2): 76.     CrossRef

Fruits are considered healthy because of their high antioxidant, vitamin, mineral, fiber, and phytochemical contents. However, their high sugar content is a concern for glucose, lipid, and uric acid metabolism. We reviewed related articles published in the last 10 years and summarized evidence that relates fruit intake to the prevention and control of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Clinicians should familiarize themselves with appropriate fruit intake to counsel at-risk patients on hypertension and diabetes.

Citations

• Associations between the Global Diet Quality Score and risk of type 2 diabetes: Tehran lipid and glucose study
  Shahrzad Daei, Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani, Azam Ildarabadi, Parvin Mirmiran, Fereidoun Azizi, Meisam Akhlaghdoust
  PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0313886.     CrossRef
• Is breakfast consumption detrimental, unnecessary, or an opportunity for health promotion? A review of cardiometabolic outcomes and functional food choices
  Heitor O. Santos, Grant M. Tinsley
  Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adult population in central zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia 2020: A cross‐sectional study
  Haftea Hagos Mekonen, Tsegu Hailu Gebru, Kbrom Gemechu Kiros, Tesfay Gebreslassie Gebrehiwot, Yohannes Ashebir Tesfamichael
  Health Science Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Drug-related problems among type 2 diabetic patients in Sunwal Municipality of Western Nepal
  Sushma Chapagain, Nabin Pathak, Kushal Subedi, Prakash Ghimire, Bijay Adhikari, Niranjan Shrestha, Nim Bahadur Dangi, Naeem Mubarak
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(11): e0309781.     CrossRef
• The Diet Quality of Athletes as Measured by Diet Quality Indices: A Scoping Review
  Stella Dion, Gabriel Walker, Kelly Lambert, Anita Stefoska-Needham, Joel C. Craddock
  Nutrients.2024; 17(1): 89.     CrossRef
• Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites
  Zongyan Song, Xiong Xiong, Gangliang Huang
  Ultrasonics Sonochemistry.2023; 95: 106416.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Factors Associated with Prehypertension and Hypertension Among Adults: Baseline Findings of PURE Malaysia Cohort Study
  Rosnah Ismail, Noor Hassim Ismail, Zaleha Md Isa, Azmi Mohd Tamil, Mohd Hasni Ja'afar, Nafiza Mat Nasir, Suraya Abdul-Razak, Najihah Zainol Abidin, Nurul Hafiza Ab Razak, Philip Joseph, Khairul Hazdi Yusof
  American Journal of Medicine Open.2023; 10: 100049.     CrossRef
• Effects of fresh vs dried mango consumption on satiety and postprandial glucose in healthy adults
  Candice Stamper, Sama Safadi, Andrew Gehr, Pia Asuncion, Mee Young Hong
  Metabolism Open.2023; 19: 100253.     CrossRef
• Revisiting Fruit Allergy: Prevalence across the Globe, Diagnosis, and Current Management
  Thanachit Krikeerati, Pongsawat Rodsaward, Jutamard Nawiboonwong, Kanokkarn Pinyopornpanish, Songwut Phusawang, Mongkhon Sompornrattanaphan
  Foods.2023; 12(22): 4083.     CrossRef
• The effect of dietary patterns on mild cognitive impairment and dementia incidence among community-dwelling older adults
  Nurul Fatin Malek Rivan, Suzana Shahar, Nik Nur Izzati Nik Mohd Fakhruddin, Yee Xing You, Normah Che Din, Roslee Rajikan
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Current status of health promotion in Korea
  Soo Young Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef
• Role of Indian Fruits in the Prevention and Management of Hypertension
  Pankaj Prabhakar
  Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences.2022; 8(3): 135.     CrossRef
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Benign hepatic tumors (BHTs) are commonly detected as incidental finding mainly due to the frequent utilization of imaging modalities, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Rigorous clinical evaluation, with a particular focus on chronic liver disease (CLD) or risk factors for CLD, medication history, physical examination for signs of CLD, blood tests, and a review of past liver radiology constitute the initial steps in the evaluation of a new liver lesion. Further, contrast-enhanced imaging using US, CT and MRI, can be used depending on the clinical scenario and their availability. The contrast-enhanced MRI provides detailed tissue assessment while avoiding exposure to radiations, although it is scarcely available and expensive. While the liver tissue-specific protocols ensure precise diagnosis, a biopsy is recommended in selected or doubtful cases. Further, most BHTs, such as hemangiomas, are harmless and do not require special management or followup, the hepatic adenomas and large or atypical cases of focal nodular hyperplasia are clinically relevant and require management/follow-up. In such cases, it is favorable to have a multidisciplinary team approach, which includes hepatologist, radiologist, hepatobiliary surgeon, and pathologist. This review aims to elaborate the current understanding of BHTs, and provide a practical guidance for primary care and practitioners of family and internal medicine for the disease evaluation and management.

Citations

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• Операция лапароскопической изоляции воротного кровотока как метод профилактики пострезекционной печеночной недостаточности
  Владислав Александрович Пельц, Валентин Евгеньевич Тропин, Игорь Вадимович Пачгин
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• An Extreme Case of Liver Adenomatosis: Are They All the Same?
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• Focal nodular hyperplasia‐like lesion in a girl with obesity and fatty liver
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• Hémangiome hépatique géant
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One-third of the global population aged 15 years and older engages in insufficient physical activities, which affects health. However, the health risks posed by sedentary behaviors are not well known. The mean daily duration of sedentary behavior is 8.3 hours among the Korean population and 7.7 hours among the American adult population. Sedentary lifestyles are spreading worldwide because of a lack of available spaces for exercise, increased occupational sedentary behaviors such as office work, and the increased penetration of television and video devices. Consequently, the associated health problems are on the rise. A sedentary lifestyle affects the human body through various mechanisms. Sedentary behaviors reduce lipoprotein lipase activity, muscle glucose, protein transporter activities, impair lipid metabolism, and diminish carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, it decreases cardiac output and systemic blood flow while activating the sympathetic nervous system, ultimately reducing insulin sensitivity and vascular function. It also alters the insulin-like growth factor axis and the circulation levels of sex hormones, which elevates the incidence of hormone-related cancers. Increased sedentary time impairs the gravitostat, the body’s weight homeostat, and weight gain, adiposity, and elevated chronic inflammation caused by sedentary behavior are risk factors for cancer. Sedentary behaviors have wide-ranging adverse impacts on the human body including increased all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, cancer risk, and risks of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; musculoskeletal disorders such as arthralgia and osteoporosis; depression; and, cognitive impairment. Therefore, reducing sedentary behaviors and increasing physical activity are both important to promote public health.

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  Bijar Ghafouri, Emelie Edman, Marie Löf, Eva Lund, Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard, Peter Lundberg, Mikael Fredrik Forsgren, Björn Gerdle, Huan-Ji Dong
  PAIN Reports.2022; 7(6): e1042.     CrossRef
• Summary and application of the WHO 2020 physical activity guidelines for patients with essential hypertension in primary care
  Apichai Wattanapisit, Chirk Jenn Ng, Chaisiri Angkurawaranon, Sanhapan Wattanapisit, Sirawee Chaovalit, Mark Stoutenberg
  Heliyon.2022; 8(10): e11259.     CrossRef
• Objective and subjective measures of daily physical activity in persons with Multiple Sclerosis beginning a rehabilitation regime: A cross-sectional study
  Alessandro Torchio, Giulia Fusari, Gloria Perini, Valeria Crispiatico, Cristina Grosso, Davide Cattaneo, Chiara Pagliari, Johanna Jonsdottir
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• Aortic stiffness increases during prolonged sitting independent of intermittent standing or prior exercise
  Alexander Wright, Jon Stavres, Riley Galloway, Paul Donahue, Zhanxin Sha, Stephanie McCoy
  European Journal of Applied Physiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Gut–Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome
  Salvatore Pezzino, Maria Sofia, Gloria Faletra, Chiara Mazzone, Giorgia Litrico, Gaetano La Greca, Saverio Latteri
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• The Effect of Public Healthcare Expenditure on the Reduction in Mortality Rates Caused by Unhealthy Habits among the Population
  José Manuel Santos-Jaén, Ana León-Gómez, María del Carmen Valls Martínez, Fernando Gimeno-Arias
  Healthcare.2022; 10(11): 2253.     CrossRef
• COVID-19 pandemisinin çocukların ve adölesanların fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve ekran süresi üzerindeki etkisi: bir sistematik derleme ve meta-analiz
  İsa ÇELİK, Murat BEKTAŞ, Seçil DURAN
  Current Perspectives on Health Sciences.2022; 3(3): 92.     CrossRef
• Public Health Concern on Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis of Literature from 1990 to 2022
  Zhen Yang, Sitong Chen, Ran Bao, Ruizhe Li, Kaiming Bao, Renzhi Feng, Ziyi Zhong, Xuebin Wang
  Medicina.2022; 58(12): 1764.     CrossRef
• Bioactivity of Carrageenans in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases
  Ana Valado, Maria Pereira, Mónica Amaral, João Cotas, Leonel Pereira
  Nutraceuticals.2022; 2(4): 441.     CrossRef
• A Narrative Review: Exercise Induces Adipose Browning by Altering the Gut Microbiome Profile
  Dini Suryani, Vita Murniati Tarawan, Imam Megantara, Ronny Lesmana, Nova Sylviana, Hanna Goenawan
  The Open Sports Sciences Journal.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Housework-based exercise versus conventional exercise on health-related fitness of adolescent learners
  Jem Cloyd M. Tanucan, Marino A. Garcia, Marlon T. Bojos
  Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports.2022; 26(6): 364.     CrossRef
• Current status of health promotion in Korea
  Soo Young Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
• Development of Equilibrium in Dynamic and Static Conditions in Children Aged 8-9 Years Using Standard Classics
  Georgiy Georgievich Polevoy
  Journal of Organizational Behavior Research.2022; 7(2): 310.     CrossRef
• Fructose metabolism: The pathogenic potential of a little molecule
  Dijana Mirić, Bojana Kisić, Dragana Pavlović, Ilija Dragojević, Sladoje Puhalo
  Praxis medica.2022; 51(3): 45.     CrossRef
• Determinants of Adolescents’ Healthy Lifestyle Behavior in Kediri, East Java
  Dian Jayantari Putri K Hedo, Katmini Katmini
  Jurnal PROMKES.2022; 10(2): 103.     CrossRef
• The Psychological Determinants toward The Value of Healthy Food among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Consumers
  Nurliza Nurliza
  Media Gizi Indonesia.2022; 17(2): 122.     CrossRef
• SEASONAL CHANGES IN MIDLIFE WOMEN'S PERCENTAGE BODY FAT: A 1-YEAR COHORT STUDY
  A.M. Nelson, S.L. Casperson, L. Jahns, D.G. Palmer, J.N. Roemmich
  The Journal of Aging Research & Lifestyle.2022; 11: 20.     CrossRef
• Fatigue and the prediction of negative health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis
  V. Knoop, B. Cloots, A. Costenoble, A. Debain, R. Vella Azzopardi, S. Vermeiren, B. Jansen, A. Scafoglieri, I. Bautmans, Ivan Bautmans, Dominque Verté, Ingo Beyer, Mirko Petrovic, Liesbeth De Donder, Tinie Kardol, Gina Rossi, Peter Clarys, Aldo Scafoglier
  Ageing Research Reviews.2021; 67: 101261.     CrossRef
• Fitness Level Differences between Students in Kosovo and Montenegro
  Besnik Morina, Florian Miftari, Dana Badau
  Education Sciences.2021; 11(3): 140.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Obesity in Primary School Students and its Relation to Watching TV in Arar City
  Afaf Amer Flag Alenazi, Sabry Mohamed Hammad, Amel Elwan
  International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Phytopharmacological Research.2021; 11(1): 159.     CrossRef
• Co-Occurrence and Clustering of Sedentary Behaviors, Diet, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, and Alcohol Intake among Adolescents and Adults: The Latin American Nutrition and Health Study (ELANS)
  Ana Carolina B. Leme, Gerson Ferrari, Regina M. Fisberg, Irina Kovalskys, Georgina Gómez, Lilia Yadira Cortes, Martha Cecilia Yépez Gárcia, Marianella Herrera-Cuenca, Attilo Rigotti, María Reyna Liria-Domínguez, Mauro Fisberg
  Nutrients.2021; 13(6): 1809.     CrossRef
• The Lifestyle of Saudi Medical Students
  Khalid A. Bin Abdulrahman, Ahmad M. Khalaf, Fahad B. Bin Abbas, Omran T. Alanezi
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 7869.     CrossRef
• Youth Leisure-Time Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (YLSBQ): Reliability and Validity in Colombian University Students
  Miguel Alejandro Atencio-Osorio, Hugo Alejandro Carrillo-Arango, María Correa-Rodríguez, Diego Rivera, José Castro-Piñero, Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 7895.     CrossRef
• Physical Activity, Physical Well-Being, and Psychological Well-Being: Associations with Life Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Early Childhood Educators
  Ken Randall, Timothy G. Ford, Kyong-Ah Kwon, Susan S. Sisson, Matthew R. Bice, Danae Dinkel, Jessica Tsotsoros
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(18): 9430.     CrossRef
• Videoconference-Based Adapted Physical Exercise Training Is a Good and Safe Option for Seniors
  Olga Kuldavletova, Florane Pasquier, Lucile Bigot, Antoine Langeard, Antoine Gauthier, Gaëlle Quarck
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(18): 9439.     CrossRef
• When Much Is Too Much—Compared to Light Exercisers, Heavy Exercisers Report More Mental Health Issues and Stress, but Less Sleep Complaints
  Sanobar Golshani, Ali Najafpour, Seyed Sepehr Hashemian, Nasser Goudarzi, Fatemeh Shahmari, Sanam Golshani, Masthaneh Babaei, Kimia Firoozabadi, Kenneth M. Dürsteler, Annette Beatrix Brühl, Jalal Shakeri, Serge Brand, Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
  Healthcare.2021; 9(10): 1289.     CrossRef
• Analyzing the Influence of Wine and Beer Drinking, Smoking, and Leisure Time Screen Viewing Activity on Body Weight: A Cross-Sectional Study in Germany
  Elena Raptou, Georgios Papastefanou
  Nutrients.2021; 13(10): 3553.     CrossRef
• Effects of Somatic, Depression Symptoms, and Sedentary Time on Sleep Quality in Middle-Aged Women with Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
  Hyun-Sook Choi, Kyung-Ae Kim
  Healthcare.2021; 9(10): 1378.     CrossRef
• On the Issue of Functional Vestibular Disorders and Methods of Their Correction in Foreign Students
  M. P. Kyrychenko, S. V. Shenger, A. V. Goncharova, O. V. Dunaeva
  Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu.2021; 6(5): 356.     CrossRef
• Calorie Restriction With Exercise Intervention Improves Inflammatory Response in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Yubo Liu, Feng Hong, Veeranjaneya Reddy Lebaka, Arifullah Mohammed, Lei Ji, Yean Zhang, Mallikarjuna Korivi
  Frontiers in Physiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effects of Exercise on Appetite in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Sarah Hubner, Julie Blaskewicz Boron, Karsten Koehler
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Multiple Applications of Different Exercise Modalities with Rodents
  Denise Börzsei, Renáta Szabó, Alexandra Hoffmann, Attila Harmath, Judith Sebestyén, Jasmin Osman, Béla Juhász, Dániel Priksz, Csaba Varga, Anikó Pósa, Tiago Fernandes
  Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Real-Time Tracking of Human Neck Postures and Movements
  Korupalli V. Rajesh Kumar, Susan Elias
  Healthcare.2021; 9(12): 1755.     CrossRef

Heated tobacco products (HTPs), a hybrid between conventional and electronic cigarettes, were first launched in South Korea in June 2017. Owing to advertisements stating that HTPs are odorless, tar-free, and less harmful to health, the sales of HTPs have grown quickly enough to account for about 10% of the total tobacco market in a year. HTP use by young, highly educated, and high-income groups had a significant impact on both the overall tobacco market over the past 3 years and the smoking and quitting behaviors of smokers. Based on national smoking rate statistics, tobacco sales trends, and the number of visitors to smoking cessation clinics, the following changes have been identified: (1) The decline in current smoking rates has slowed or rose in some groups. (2) The decline in total cigarette sales has slowed but rose again in the first quarter of 2020. (3) The number of visitors to smoking cessation clinics decreased just after the advent of HTPs. These results may be due to the insufficient support of tobacco regulation policies but also coincide chronologically with the appearance of HTPs in South Korea. It is necessary to investigate the usage rate of various tobacco products, including HTPs and e-cigarettes, to examine the health risks of novel tobacco products and provide accurate information to users and policymakers. Finally, tobacco companies are continuously developing new product concepts to escape the regulation of existing cigarettes; thus, comprehensive management measures for all nicotine-containing products are needed.

Citations

• Maintaining optimal cardiovascular health metrics and carotid intima-media thickness among Korean adolescents
  Fumie Kaneko, Hokyou Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Hyeon Chang Kim
  Clinical Hypertension.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Assessing use of inhalable nicotine products within complex markets: the dilemma of heated tobacco products
  Connor Richard Miller, Steve S Xu, Danielle M Smith, Edward Sutanto, Maciej Lukasz Goniewicz, Anne C K Quah, Geoffrey T Fong
  Tobacco Control.2024; 33(1): 103.     CrossRef
• The smoking population is not hardening in South Korea: a study using the Korea Community Health Survey from 2010 to 2018
  Boyoung Jung, Jung Ah Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Hong-Jun Cho
  Tobacco Control.2024; 33(2): 171.     CrossRef
• Heated Tobacco Product Use and Mental Health: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2018–2020)
  Young-Gyun Seo, Sungkyu Lee, Min Kyung Lim, Yu-Jin Paek
  International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2024; 22(3): 979.     CrossRef
• Perception of heated tobacco products and support for regulations: a cross-sectional study in Hong Kong
  Yongda Socrates Wu, Yee Tak Derek Cheung, Sai Yin Ho, Henry Sau Chai Tong, Vienna Wai Yin Lai, Tai Hing Lam, Man Ping Wang
  Tobacco Control.2024; 33(e1): e132.     CrossRef
• Heated tobacco products do not help smokers quit or prevent relapse: a longitudinal study in Japan
  Satomi Odani, Kanami Tsuno, Israel T Agaku, Takahiro Tabuchi
  Tobacco Control.2024; 33(4): 472.     CrossRef
• A Scoping Review of Behavioural Studies on Heated Tobacco Products
  Ian M Fearon, Sarah F Cordery, Martin Fitzpatrick, Sarah Weaver, Matthew Stevenson, Erika Grandolfo, Layla Malt, Keith Thompson, Thomas Nahde
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting COPD: A nationwide population-based study in South Korea
  Seungeun Oh, Hyungkyun Mok, Kyuhee Jo
  Medicine.2024; 103(39): e39901.     CrossRef
• Association between the dual use of electronic and conventional cigarettes and NAFLD status in Korean men
  Minjung Han, Seogsong Jeong, Jihun Song, Sun Jae Park, Cheol Min Lee, Kiheon Lee, Sang Min Park
  Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(February): 1.     CrossRef
• JUUL preference among Korean adult tobacco users and its effect on attempts to quit tobacco: A follow- up survey four months post JUUL launch
  Ju Sam Hwang^{+, Kiheon Lee+, Choon-Young Kim, Heejin Kim, Sungroul Kim, Cheol Lee
  Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(March): 1.     CrossRef}
• Electronic device or regulated tobacco product? Learning from the diffusion of heated tobacco products in Spain
  J.M. Martín-Álvarez, A. Almeida, A.A. Golpe, E. Asensio
  Public Health.2023; 219: 61.     CrossRef
• Is Using Heated Tobacco Products Helpful in Smoking Cessation?
  Young Gyu Cho
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(3): 127.     CrossRef
• Comparison of the Smoking Cessation of Heated Tobacco Product Users and Conventional Cigarette Smokers in Korea
  Doyeon Won, Wonyoung Jung, Dongwook Shin
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(3): 151.     CrossRef
• The relationship between heated cigarette smoking and blood white blood cell count: a population-based cross-sectional study
  D.-H. Koh
  Public Health.2023; 222: 154.     CrossRef
• The Need for Policy Changes for Tobacco End Game
  Cheol Min Lee
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2023; 14(3): 118.     CrossRef
• Relationship between heated tobacco product use and allergic rhinitis in Korean adults
  Young-Gyun Seo, Yu-Jin Paek, Joo-Hee Kim, Jwa-Kyung Kim, Hye-Mi Noh
  Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(November): 1.     CrossRef
• Characterizing Heated Tobacco Product Use Among Adult Cigarette Smokers and Nicotine Vaping Product Users in the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking & Vaping Survey
  Connor R Miller, Edward Sutanto, Danielle M Smith, Sara C Hitchman, Shannon Gravely, Hua-Hie Yong, Ron Borland, Richard J O’Connor, K Michael Cummings, Geoffrey T Fong, Andrew Hyland, Anne C K Quah, Maciej L Goniewicz
  Nicotine & Tobacco Research.2022; 24(4): 493.     CrossRef
• Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence
  Harry Tattan-Birch, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Loren Kock, Erikas Simonavicius, Leonie Brose, Sarah Jackson, Lion Shahab, Jamie Brown
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Perceived relative harm of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes and its association with use in smoke-free places: A cross-sectional analysis of Korean adults
  Choon-Young Kim^*+, Kiheon Lee^*+, Cheol Min Lee, Sungroul Kim, Hong-Jun Cho
  Tobacco Induced Diseases.2022; 20(February): 1.     CrossRef
• Subjective Changes in Tobacco Product Use among Korean Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic
  Jieun Hwang
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3272.     CrossRef
• Methods of the 2020 (Wave 1) International Tobacco Control (ITC) Korea Survey
  Anne Quah, Sungkyu Lee, Hong Gwan Seo, Sung-il Cho, Sujin Lim, Yeol Kim, Steve Xu, Matthew Grey, Mi Yan, Christian Boudreau, Mary Thompson, Pete Driezen, Geoffrey Fong
  Tobacco Prevention & Cessation.2022; 8(March): 1.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Japanese university students' perception of smoking, interest in quitting, and smoking behavior: An examination and public health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic
  Makoto Aoike, Yukihiro Mori, Kiyoshi Hotta, Yukihiro Shigeno, Yuka Aoyama, Mamoru Tanaka, Hana Kouzai, Hatsumi Kawamura, Masato Tsurudome, Morihiro Ito
  Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics.2022; 16(3): 118.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Quit Intentions among Adult Smokers in South Korea: Findings from the 2020 ITC Korea Survey
  Minjung Han, Donghee Seo, Yeol Kim, Hong Gwan Seo, Sung-il Cho, Sungkyu Lee, Sujin Lim, Susan C. Kaai, Anne C. K. Quah, Mi Yan, Steve S. Xu, Geoffrey T. Fong
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(17): 10839.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Tobacco Use and Cessation Behavior between Conventional Cigarette and Heated Tobacco Product Users: Based on the Analyses of the Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019
  Hyeree Yu, Cheol Min Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2022; 43(5): 296.     CrossRef
• Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia after Combined Use of Conventional and Heat-Not-Burn Cigarettes: A Case Report
  Bo Hyoung Kang, Dong Hyun Lee, Mee Sook Roh, Soo-Jung Um, Insu Kim
  Medicina.2022; 58(11): 1527.     CrossRef
• Current status of tobacco use, cessation and control policy in Korea
  Cheol Min Lee
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 789.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and predictors of heated tobacco products use among male ever smokers: results from a Korean longitudinal study
  Jeeeun Yi, Cheol Min Lee, Seung-sik Hwang, Sung-il Cho
  BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nicotine Dependence of Electronic Cigarette, Dual Combustible and Electronic Cigarette Users
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(3): 189.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and reasons for use of Heated Tobacco Products (HTP) in Europe: an analysis of Eurobarometer data in 28 countries
  Anthony A. Laverty, Constantine I. Vardavas, Filippos T. Filippidis
  The Lancet Regional Health - Europe.2021; 8: 100159.     CrossRef
• Combined Associations of Changes in Noncombustible Nicotine or Tobacco Product and Combustible Cigarette Use Habits With Subsequent Short-Term Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among South Korean Men: A Nationwide Cohort Study
  Seulggie Choi, Kiheon Lee, Sang Min Park
  Circulation.2021; 144(19): 1528.     CrossRef
• Bibliometric Analysis of Publications Related to Heated Tobacco Products Reported over the Period 2015-2020
  Min Joo Jeon, Su Mi Lee, Kiheon Lee, Eunbyul Cho, Joo Young Kim, Woo Kyung Bae, Jong Soo Han, Hyejin Lee, Se Young Jung
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2021; 12(2): 74.     CrossRef
• Reasons for Using Heated Tobacco Products among South Korean Adults
  Ji Min Kim, Hong-Jun Cho
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2021; 12(2): 53.     CrossRef
• Are Heated Tobacco Product Users Less Likely to Quit than Cigarette Smokers? Findings from THINK (Tobacco and Health IN Korea) Study
  Cheol Min Lee, Choon-Young Kim, Kiheon Lee, Sungroul Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(22): 8622.     CrossRef
• The Change of Tobacco Use Pattern among Adolescents after the Introduction of Novel Tobacco Products
  Cheol Min Lee
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2020; 11(2): 84.     CrossRef

Disability in older adults has become a significant burden, both individually and socially, due to the rapidly aging population in Korea. It is important to manage both frailty and chronic diseases to delay disability. Frailty, which is considered to be a transition phase between healthy status and disability, is defined as a significant decline in functional reserves of multiple organ systems and the resultant extreme vulnerability to stressors, leading to a higher risk of adverse health-related outcomes. The frailty phenotype and frailty index are the most commonly used methods to diagnose frailty. Frailty is related to physical, psychological, cognitive, and social dysfunction, and is sometimes caused by chronic disease. Therefore, primary care providers are ideally situated to incorporate the concept of frailty into their practice, as they are champions in comprehensive care. Although the identification and treatment of frailty is not yet standard practice in primary care, primary care physicians must use the electronic frailty index to identify frailty in all the patients aged ≥65 years in the United Kingdom. In Canada, some insurance companies and governments are using a similar program, which is called the Community Actions and Resources Empowering Seniors model. The clinical practice guidelines of the International Conference of Frailty and Sarcopenia Research, as well as some additional references, will be introduced. Here, we review the current literature on how to diagnose and manage frailty in primary care.

Citations

• Frailty and nutrition
  Neil Wilson, William Mullaney
  British Journal of Community Nursing.2024; 29(3): 118.     CrossRef
• The Chinese translation and cross-cultural adaptation of PRISMA-7 questionnaire: an observational study to establish the accuracy, reliability and validity
  Meredith T. Yeung, Yen Gan, Shu Qi Teo, Kai Quan Lim, Hui Xuan Leow, Myriam Jbabdi, Michel Raiche, Mingxing Yang
  BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Frailty and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
  Bo Daelman, Liesbet Van Bulck, Koen Luyckx, Adrienne H. Kovacs, Alexander Van De Bruaene, Magalie Ladouceur, Hsiao-Ling Yang, Ju Ryoung Moon, André Schmidt, Birgitte Lykkeberg, Edward Callus, Michèle de Hosson, Camilla Sandberg, Bengt Johansson, Joanna Hl
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2024; 83(12): 1149.     CrossRef
• Looking out across the front yard: aboriginal peoples’ views of frailty in the community – A qualitative study
  Ebony T. Lewis, Leanne Howard, Uncle Robert Carroll, Adam Howie, Gail Kenning, Adrienne Withall, Kenneth Rockwood, Magnolia Cardona, Kylie Radford, Katherine Schreyenberg, Ruth Peters
  Ethnicity & Health.2024; 29(8): 987.     CrossRef
• Physical activity and nutrient intake levels according to grip strength among single-household elderly in Korea: data from 2014 and 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
  Mi-Young Park, Nana Chung
  Physical Activity and Nutrition.2024; 28(3): 027.     CrossRef
• The challenge of home and community older adult care in China: a survey of the capability of primary care physicians in providing geriatric healthcare services
  Xiufang Chen, Kun Xie, Yahui Li, Dan Hu, Yong Chen, Jiaying Chen
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Patient-reported outcomes in the aging population of adults with congenital heart disease: results from APPROACH-IS
  Philip Moons, Koen Luyckx, Corina Thomet, Werner Budts, Junko Enomoto, Maayke A Sluman, Hsiao-Ling Yang, Jamie L Jackson, Paul Khairy, Stephen C Cook, Shanthi Chidambarathanu, Luis Alday, Erwin Oechslin, Katrine Eriksen, Mikael Dellborg, Malin Berghammer,
  European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2023; 22(4): 339.     CrossRef
• Nutritional and physical activity issues in frailty syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic
  Maria Chiara Massari, Viviana Maria Bimonte, Lavinia Falcioni, Antimo Moretti, Carlo Baldari, Giovanni Iolascon, Silvia Migliaccio
  Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis of Posture and Gait Parameters to Prevent Frailty Condition and Fall Risk in the Elderly
  Valentina Presta, Laura Galuppo, Giancarlo Condello, Francesca Rodà, Prisco Mirandola, Marco Vitale, Mauro Vaccarezza, Giuliana Gobbi
  Applied Sciences.2023; 13(6): 3387.     CrossRef
• Building resilience and reversing frailty: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care intervention for older adults
  John Travers, Roman Romero-Ortuno, John Langan, Fergal MacNamara, Darren McCormack, Christopher McDermott, Jude McEntire, Joanne McKiernan, Seán Lacey, Peter Doran, Dermot Power, Marie-Therese Cooney
  Age and Ageing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Management of Sarcopenia in Primary Care Settings
  Chang Won Won
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(2): 71.     CrossRef
• Utilizing multimodal approach to identify candidate pathways and biomarkers and predicting frailty syndrome in individuals from UK Biobank
  Watson Hua-Sheng Tseng, Amrita Chattopadhyay, Nam Nhut Phan, Eric Y. Chuang, Oscar K. Lee
  GeroScience.2023; 46(1): 1211.     CrossRef
• Biological Age in Congenital Heart Disease—Exploring the Ticking Clock
  Tijs K. Tournoy, Philip Moons, Bo Daelman, Julie De Backer
  Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease.2023; 10(12): 492.     CrossRef
• Unsupervised Home-based Exercise for Rural Frail Elderly: An Evidence-based Case-report
  Gilbert Lazarus, Czeresna Heriawan Soejono
  Activities, Adaptation & Aging.2022; 46(3): 218.     CrossRef
• Up-to-date knowledge of frailty
  Chang Won Won
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(2): 108.     CrossRef
• Born to Age: When Adult Congenital Heart Disease Converges With Geroscience
  Philip Moons, Ariane Marelli
  JACC: Advances.2022; 1(1): 100012.     CrossRef
• Fragilidade e funcionalidade familiar de idosos da Atenção Domiciliar: estudo transversal analítico
  Gilmara Ramos, Mariane Lurdes Predebon, Fernanda Laís Fengler Dal Pizzol, Naiana Oliveira dos Santos, Lisiane Manganelli Girardi Paskulin, Ana Karina Silva da Rocha Tanaka, Idiane Rosset
  Acta Paulista de Enfermagem.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictive Ability of the Three-Time Stand and Walk Test to Determine Frailty and its Associations with Fear of Falling and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
  Sirintip Kumfu, Puttipong Poncumhak
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2022; 26(4): 316.     CrossRef
• Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
  Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef
• World Health Organization Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) and the Integrated Care of Older Patients with Frailty in Primary Care (ICOOP_Frail) Study in Korea
  Chang Won Won, Eunmi Ha, Eunjin Jeong, Miji Kim, Juhyun Park, Ja Euk Baek, Sungouk Kim, Sung Bae Kim, Jihun Roh, Jee Hye Choi, Seung Youn Jeon, Heeeun Jung, Daehyun Lee, Yuri Seo, Hyungeun Shin, Heesun Kim
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2021; 25(1): 10.     CrossRef
• Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Frailty in Community-Dwelling Korean Elderly Adults in Primary Care Settings
  Hyo-Sun You, Yu-Jin Kwon, Sunyoung Kim, Yang-Hyun Kim, Ye-seul Kim, Yonghwan Kim, Yong-kyun Roh, Byoungjin Park, Young Kyu Park, Chang-Hae Park, Joung Sik Son, Jinyoung Shin, Hyun-Young Shin, Bumjo Oh, Jae-woo Lee, Jae Yong Shim, Chang Won Won, Ji Won Yoo
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(6): 413.     CrossRef
• Implications of frailty interventions from Korean frailty and aging cohort study
  Chang Won Won
  AGING MEDICINE.2021; 4(4): 247.     CrossRef
• Perceived Recovery Time from Common Cold as a Possible Indicator of Physical Resilience
  Yoonki Kim, Chang Won Won, Sunyoung Kim, ByungSung Kim, Miji Kim, Eunjin Jeong, Jisoo Yang, Hyona Lee
  Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2021; 25(3): 204.     CrossRef
• Grip Strength as a Cardiometabolic Marker
  Jungun Lee
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(5): 271.     CrossRef

An increasing number of studies are using healthcare claims databases to assess healthcare intervention utilization patterns or outcomes in real-world clinical settings. However, methodological issues affecting study design or data analysis can make conducting and reporting these types of studies difficult. This review presents an overview of the types of information contained in claims data, describes some advantages and limitations of using claims data for research purposes, and outlines steps for utilizing the Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment and National Health Insurance Service databases. The study also reviews epidemiological approaches utilizing healthcare claims databases (including cross-sectional, case-control, case-crossover, and cohort designs) with respect to protocol development, analysis, and reporting of results, and introduces relevant guidelines and checklists, including the Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist, and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool.

Citations

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Chronic constipation (CC) is a common disorder in the elderly population globally and is associated with comorbidities and negative implications on the quality of life. Constipation prevalence varies in different studies, primarily owing to the nonuniformity of the diagnostic criteria. However, 15%–30% of individuals aged >60 years are diagnosed with CC. Primary care physicians are the main healthcare providers that manage constipation in elderly patients in parallel with increased population aging and increased prevalence of constipation. Physical inactivity, polypharmacy, chronic medical conditions, rectal hyposensitivity, and defecatory disorders all play a role in the pathogenesis of CC in elderly patients. Detailed anamnesis, particularly history related to chronic medication use, with digital rectal examination may assist in identifying constipation causes. Additionally, blood tests and colonoscopy may identify organic causes of CC. Physiologic tests (i.e., anorectal manometry, colonic transit time with radiopaque markers, and defecography) can evaluate the physiologic function of the colon, rectum, and anus. However, generally, there are several causes of constipation in older patients, and an individualized approach is recommended. Treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation is empiric, based on the stepwise approach. Lifestyle advice, adjustment of chronic medications, and prescription of laxatives are the first steps of management. Several laxatives are available, and the treatment is evolving in the last decade. Biofeedback is an effective therapy especially for defecatory disorders. This review aimed to summarize the most updated knowledge for primary care physicians in the approach and management of CC in elderly patients.

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