Exercise, environmental conditions, and diet are integral to athletes’ health and performance. Understanding how these factors interact to influence appetite-regulating hormones is a growing area of interest in sports science. This knowledge facilitates the development of personalized strategies for precisely monitoring and improving dietary intake, enhancing well-being, and improving athletic performance. For this narrative review, databases like “PubMed,” “SportDiscus,” “Scopus,” “ProQuest,” and “Google Scholar” were referred to using Boolean operators (AND, OR) to combine keywords related to exercise, environmental conditions, diet, and appetite-regulating hormones. High-intensity interval training, sprint interval training, resistance exercises, and high-intensity aerobic exercises were found to enhance satiety and suppress appetite by increasing appetite-suppressing hormones while reducing ghrelin levels. Greater exercise intensity prolonged appetite suppression by sustaining elevated levels of satiety hormones. Environmental factors such as high altitude, hypoxia, and extreme heat were associated with increased satiety, reduced appetite, and lower energy intake. Conversely, exposure to cold temperatures and participation in cold water exercises stimulated appetite. Dietary interventions, particularly ketogenic and high-protein diets, promoted satiety by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and decreasing ghrelin levels. Calorie restriction, especially when meals were infrequent but included breakfast, helped maintain satiety for extended periods by elevating satiety hormones. Integrating personalized exercise routines with dietary strategies while considering environmental adaptations is essential for optimizing appetite regulation, athletic performance, and overall health.

Allogeneic stem cells derived from umbilical cord tissue, placenta, and umbilical cord blood have shown potential in treating delayed systemic aging and aging-related diseases. Aging induces cellular senescence, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and stem cell depletion, all of which contribute to tissue damage and functional decline. Recent advances in regenerative medicine suggest that allogeneic stem cells can mitigate these aging processes through immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. In particular, umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells have gained attention for clinical applications owing to their strong immunomodulatory properties and low immunogenicity. These cells can repair damaged tissues and enhance metabolic and cognitive function by secreting various cytokines, growth factors, and exosomes, offering potential treatment for aging-related conditions such as osteoporosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Both clinical and preclinical studies indicate that allogeneic stem cells play a critical role in alleviating these diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite their therapeutic potential, challenges remain, such as immune compatibility, long-term safety, and the lack of standardized protocols for large-scale production. This review outlines the biological mechanisms by which allogeneic stem cells contribute to delayed aging, summarizes current clinical research, and explores future prospects. Allogeneic stem cells may offer novel strategies for delaying aging and extending lifespan.

Metabolism-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver condition worldwide and affects nearly 30% of the global population. While traditionally associated with metabolic risk factors, such as obesity and insulin resistance, increasing attention is being directed toward socioeconomic and environmental determinants that contribute to disparities in MASLD prevalence and outcomes. Low-income populations often experience higher rates of MASLD owing to limited access to healthcare, poor diet quality, and reduced opportunities for physical activity. Conversely, high-income countries are witnessing a paradoxical rise in MASLD cases, driven by sedentary lifestyles and excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods. This review examined the effects of socioeconomic status, education, healthcare access, and environmental exposure on the epidemiology of MASLD. The findings revealed that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and migrant populations experience a disproportionately higher burden of MASLD due to systemic healthcare barriers, dietary transitions, and occupational exposure. Children and adolescents face increasing susceptibility owing to rising obesity rates, and geographic disparities highlight Europe as the most affected region, followed by Asia and North America. Given the growing public health impact of MASLD, addressing both socioeconomic and environmental determinants is essential. Future efforts should prioritize policy-driven interventions, including equitable healthcare access, lifestyle modifications, and research into novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate the disease burden and improve patient outcomes.

Primary care services improve healthcare outcomes and limit unnecessary specialty care. Thus, it is essential to monitor primary care physician demand and supply projections to suggest evidence-based healthcare reforms and promote better healthcare delivery. This study evaluates 28 demand variables, 50 supply variables, and 26 additional variables associated with the demand and supply projections of physicians by reviewing scenarios from other countries, including Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, and the United States of America. The results indicate that Korea uses less diverse demand and supply indicators and suggest the need to implement variables used in the other four countries to improve projection modeling.

Citations

• What is the optimal number of physicians for a sustainable healthcare system?
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(1): 1.     CrossRef

Long coronavirus disease (COVID), also known as the post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (PASC), is a significant concern since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, as it still manifests in individuals with persistent symptoms and complications beyond the acute phase of infection. Defining this disease is challenging, as it manifests as a spectrum of symptoms varying in severity among individuals who have previously tested positive for COVID-19. Long COVID is more prevalent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and presents in various ways, ranging from pulmonary to extrapulmonary symptoms. This literature review examines the current body of research on long COVID with a focus on its effects on the cardiovascular, hematological, respiratory, renal, and neurological systems with systematically analyzed, peer-reviewed articles retrieved from the PubMed database. There have been several proposed pathophysiological mechanisms by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 affects the aforementioned organ systems; however, research on the definite mechanisms is lacking, especially when considering the management of long COVID in the perioperative setting. The impact of post-COVID sequelae necessitates individualized management strategies tailored to each symptomatic profile, particularly in patients with comorbidities. The COVID-19 pandemic affected millions of people and had a profound impact on those who developed PASC, lowering their quality of life and increasing potential surgical risks. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the specific risk factors for long COVID and who is most susceptible to it. Further research is required to fill these gaps and explore potential avenues for preventing PASC.

Citations

• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• The Development and Initial Validation of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Long COVID (MSAS-LC): A Promising Tool for Measuring Long COVID
  Sadie B. Sommer, Mary S. Dietrich, Julie V. Barroso
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(5): 728.     CrossRef
• Comprehensive Health Strategies for the Post-pandemic Era: Integrating Physical Health, Psychological Resilience, Lifestyle Choices, and Occupational Well-being
  Su Hwan Cho
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(6): 303.     CrossRef

Metformin is widely used drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanisms of action are complex and are still not fully understood yet. Metformin has a dose-dependent blood sugar-lowering effect. The most common adverse reactions of metformin are gastrointestinal symptoms, and women tend to be more experienced than men. A positive correlation between the administration of duration and the daily dose of metformin and the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency is confirmed. Novel glucose-lowering mechanism through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and alteration of gut microbiota composition is identified. In addition, metformin has immunomodulatory properties in various mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory actions, and so forth. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity, which may reduce the risk of tumor growth in certain cancers. The antiviral effects of metformin may occur through several mechanisms, including blocking angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, and so forth. These potential mechanisms of metformin are promising in various clinical settings, such as inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and coronavirus disease 2019.

Citations

• USING BIOPELLETS WITH METFORMIN IN THE EXPERIMENTAL METABOLIC SYNDROME
  N. I. Voloshchuk, V. G. Zolotareva, A. V. Hara, O. S. Pashynska, I. V. Taran, A. V. Melnyk, V. O. Denysiuk
  World of Medicine and Biology.2024; 20(89): 220.     CrossRef
• Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives
  Iryna Halabitska, Pavlo Petakh, Oleh Lushchak, Iryna Kamyshna, Valentyn Oksenych, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
  Viruses.2024; 16(12): 1938.     CrossRef

Increased mechanization and technological advances have simplified our lives on the one hand and increased sedentary behaviors on the other hand, paving the way for emerging global health concerns, i.e., sedentarism, which could be the leading cause of all major chronic health problems worldwide. Sedentarism is a habitual behavior of choosing and indulging in low-energy expenditure activities (≤1.5 metabolic equivalents), such as chairtype (sitting, studying, traveling) or screen-type activities (TV, computers, mobile). With technological advancements, there is a significant transition in the lifestyles of people from being active (walking) to being more deskbound (sitting). Prolonged sitting can have unintended consequences for health with sitting time >7 h/d, leading to a 5% increase in all-cause mortality with each additional hour spent sitting (i.e., +7 h/d), while considering physical activity levels. This review will highlight how sedentarism is emerging as a major risk factor for the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases, especially among young adults and adults. Chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cancer, are the leading causes of death worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for collective action to mitigate the burgeoning public health crisis posed by sedentarism in the 21st century. This paper intends to set in motion a call for all policymakers and public health professionals placed nationally or internationally to reach a consensus on ending sedentarism and provide viable resolutions for effective management of excessive sedentary behaviors and healthy adoption and maintenance of active lifestyles among individuals of all age groups.

Citations

• The Impact of Avatar Appearance on the Persuasiveness of a Short Video Encouraging Physical Activity: A Randomized Observational Study
  Momoko Tohyama, Ryo Momosaki, Kazuma Tora, Tsuyoshi Okuhara
  Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Associations of the Social Determinants of Health and Lifestyle Components with Dietary Patterns in a Population of Reproductive Age
  Anca-Elena Crăciun, Adriana Rusu, Cornelia Bala, Dana Mihaela Ciobanu, Cristian-Ioan Crăciun, Adriana Fodor, Gabriela Roman, Camelia Vonica, Georgeta Inceu
  Nutrients.2025; 17(6): 950.     CrossRef
• A Neutral Risk Framework for Active Participation Across the Lifespan: A Call to Action for Using Risk in Movement Contexts as a Tool for Human Flourishing
  Melanie Stuckey, Brandy Tanenbaum, Dean Kriellaars
  Sports Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Applying Multi-criteria Decision Analysis Methods to Explore the Key Factors in Using Interactive Intelligent Health Promotion Equipment
  Tsu-Ming Yeh, Hsiao-Yuan Lu, Fan-Yun Pai
  SAGE Open.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Efeitos da musculação na saúde e bem-estar de pessoas sedentárias
  Jardel Nimet, Aline Rosa Marosti, Carmem Patrícia Barbosa
  Arquivos do Mudi.2025; 29(1): e75704.     CrossRef
• Assessment of cardiac outcomes of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review
  Jorge Lopes Cavalcante-Neto, Ricele da Silva Brito, Lucinete Sena de Oliveira Silva, Antonio Roberto Zamunér
  Research in Autism.2025; 125: 202604.     CrossRef
• Primary Care Physicians’ Important Role: Lifestyle Modification for Chronic Disease Management
  Su-Min Jeong
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(5): 237.     CrossRef

Metformin is the most widely used antihyperglycemic drug in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Over the past 2 decades, several studies have highlighted a substantial increase in the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D on metformin therapy. This can lead to several complications and induce or exacerbate peripheral neuropathy. Despite these data, there are no definite guidelines for screening, diagnosing, and treating vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D on metformin therapy. Therefore, in this narrative review, we aimed to suggest a practical diagnostic and therapeutic strategy to address vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D receiving metformin treatment. Clinical evidence supporting an increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D on metformin therapy and its risk factors and potential complications are also discussed.

Citations

• Rethinking about Metformin: Promising Potentials
  Kyunam Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(5): 258.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Metformin Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Shoaib Asghar, Haider Tanvir, Asad Riaz, Muhammad Hamza Ejaz, Mamuna Akram, Al Muktadir Chowdhury Evan, Salman Shahid
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is notable among infectious diseases for its distinctive impact, which has halted millions of livelihoods owing to strict social distancing rules and lockdowns. Consequently, millions of individuals have turned to online sources, particularly social media, to remain informed about the virus. The transition to digital sources has resulted in an abundance of information, including both accurate and misleading or false content being shared and consumed on online platforms, contributing to what is commonly referred to as an “infodemic.” Although these platforms have been valuable tools for healthcare professionals and public health authorities in disseminating crucial public health messages, they have also aided in the spread of misleading and false information. The widespread dissemination of false information has been instrumental in propagating harmful beliefs and behaviors such as vaccine hesitancy, promoting discriminatory attitudes, and endorsing false beliefs about the efficacy of certain therapeutic products for treating COVID-19. False information has undoubtedly become a challenge and burden for governments, health professionals, and the general population. This review has three main objectives: (1) to assess the scope of the “infodemic” issue, including investigating the factors contributing to the spread of false information online; (2) to examine the multifaceted consequences resulting from false information; and (3) to argue that an interdisciplinary, multi-layered approach, encompassing a focus on prevention, deterrence, and education, should be adopted to prevent the conception and dissemination of false information in this modern digital age.

Citations

• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• The Interconnected Nature of Smoking, Depression, and Obesity in Behavioral Medicine
  Joung Sik Son
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(4): 181.     CrossRef

Shared decisions, in which physicians and patients share their agendas and make clinical decisions together, are optimal for patient-centered care. Shared decision-making (SDM) training in family medicine residency is always provided, but the best training approach for improving clinical practice is unclear. This review aims to identify the scope of the literature on SDM training in family medicine residency to better understand the opportunities for training in this area. Four databases (Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from their inception to November 2022. The search was limited to English language and text words for the following four components: (1) family medicine, (2) residency, (3) SDM, and (4) training. Of the 522 unique articles, six studies were included for data extraction and synthesis. Four studies referenced three training programs that included SDM and disease- or condition-specific issues. These programs showed positive effects on family medicine residents’ knowledge, skills, and willingness to engage in SDM. Two studies outlined the requirements for SDM training in postgraduate medical education at the national level, and detailed the educational needs of family medicine residents. Purposeful SDM training during family medicine residency improves residents’ knowledge, skills, and willingness to engage in SDM. Future studies should explore the effects of SDM training on clinical practice and patient care.

Medication review is an intervention with the potential to reduce drug-related problems (DRPs) in the elderly. This study aimed to determine the effect of pharmacists’ medication reviews on geriatric patients. This study accessed two online databases, MEDLINE Complete and Scopus, and examined all studies published in English between 2019 and 2023, except for reviews. The studies included (1) participants over 65 years of age and (2) medication reviews conducted by pharmacists. The titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed for data extraction to determine whether the studies satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Forty-four of the initial 709 articles were included in this study. The articles included discussions on the incidence rates of DRPs and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) (n=21), hospitalization (n=14), medication adherence (n=9), quality of life (QoL) (n=8), and falls (n=7). Pharmacist medication reviews were associated with a reduced incidence of DRPs and PIMs, and improved adherence to medications. Patients’ overall QoL is also increasing. However, pharmacist medication reviews were not strongly associated with decreased hospitalization or falls. A pharmacist’s medication review may be a feasible intervention for reducing the incidence rates of DRPs and PIMs, regardless of whether it is performed as a sole intervention or supplemented with other interventions. The intervention was also effective in increasing medication adherence and QoL.

Citations

• Quality of prescribing and health-related quality of life in older adults: a narrative review with a special focus on patients with atrial fibrillation and multimorbidity
  Cheima Amrouch, Deirdre A. Lane, Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga, Mirko Petrovic, Delphine De Smedt
  European Geriatric Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Erratum: The Impact of Pharmacist Medication Reviews on Geriatric Patients: A Scoping Review
  Nor Liana Che Yaacob, Mathumalar Loganathan, Nur Azwa Hisham, Habibah Kamaruzzaman, Khairil Anuar Md Isa, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim, Kwok-Wen Ng
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(4): 235.     CrossRef
• Application of the Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms-Clinical Index to a Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Phlebotomy at an Endocrinology Clinic
  Nor Humaira Mohd Tajudin, Mathumalar Loganathan Fahrni, Rohana Abdul Ghani, Mohd Hazriq Awang, Hitesh Chopra, Ali Saleh Alkhoshaiban
  Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.2024; 15(4): 389.     CrossRef
• Contribución de los Farmacéuticos Comunitarios en la detección y notificación de reacciones adversas en Andalucía
  Miguel Romero Pérez, Manuel Sánchez Polo, José Alberto Ayala Ortiz, Blanca Contreras Aguilar, María José Zarzuelo-Romero
  Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet).2024; 66(1): 25.     CrossRef

Although major countries, such as South Korea, have developed and disseminated national smoking cessation guidelines, these efforts have been limited to developing individual societies or specialized institution-based recommendations. Therefore, evidence-based clinical guidelines are essential for developing smoking cessation interventions and promoting effective smoking cessation treatments. This guideline targets frontline clinical practitioners involved in a smoking cessation treatment support program implemented in 2015 with the support of the National Health Insurance Service. The Guideline Development Group of 10 multidisciplinary smoking cessation experts employed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-ADOLOPMENT approach to review recent domestic and international research and guidelines and to determine evidence levels using the GRADE methodology. The guideline panel formulated six strong recommendations and one conditional recommendation regarding pharmacotherapy choices among general and special populations (mental disorders and chronic obstructive lung disease [COPD]). Strong recommendations favor varenicline rather than a nicotine patch or bupropion, using varenicline even if they are not ready to quit, using extended pharmacotherapy (>12 weeks) rather than standard treatment (8–12 weeks), or using pharmacotherapy for individuals with mental disorders or COPD. The conditional recommendation suggests combining varenicline with a nicotine patch instead of using varenicline alone. Aligned with the Korean Society of Medicine’s clinical guideline development process, this is South Korea’s first domestic smoking cessation treatment guideline that follows standardized guidelines. Primarily focusing on pharmacotherapy, it can serve as a foundation for comprehensive future smoking cessation clinical guidelines, encompassing broader treatment topics beyond medications.

The burgeoning interest in precision medicine has propelled an increase in the use of genome tests for screening purposes within the healthy population. Gene screening tests aim to pre-emptively identify those individuals who may be genetically predisposed to certain diseases. However, as genetic screening becomes more commonplace, it is essential to acknowledge the unique challenges it poses. A prevalent issue in this regard is the occurrence of falsepositive results, which can lead to unnecessary additional tests or treatments, and psychological distress. Additionally, the interpretation of genomic variants is based on current research evidence, and can accordingly change as new research findings emerge, potentially altering the clinical significance of these variants. Conversely, a further prominent concern regards false assurances in genetic testing, as genetic tests can yield false-negative results, potentially posing a significant clinical risk. Moreover, the results obtained for the same disease can vary among different genetic testing services, due to differences in the types of variants assessed, the scope of tests, analytical methods, and the algorithms used for predicting diseases. Consequently, whereas genetic testing holds significant promise for the future of medicine, it poses unique challenges. If conducted without a full understanding of its implications, genetic testing may fail to achieve its purpose potentially hindering effective health management. Therefore, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the implications of genetic testing within the general population, sufficient discussion and careful consideration should be given to counseling based on gene test results.

Citations

• Implementation of Precision Medicine in Primary Care: A Struggle to Improve Disease Prevention
  Erlina Wijayanti, Zwasta Pribadi Mahardhika
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(6): 359.     CrossRef

Manifestations of gender-based violence although many, and sometimes more pronounced in areas of armed conflict, go unnoticed due to multiple factors. Gender-based violence targeted towards women, affect their overall health negatively, particularly the reproductive well-being. Major conflicts arising in the Middle East over the past 10–15 years, ranging from the Arab uprising to the Syrian civil war, have drawn attention world-wide. This study aims to shed light on the importance of recognizing violence against women, its effect on their reproductive health, and the policies that should be implemented to limit its adverse impact. Towards this end, we have highlighted the important role played by all healthcare professionals, epidemiologists, and surveyors working in peace and war areas to recognize such atrocities towards women.

Citations

• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Women’s Health and Primary Care
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Correction: Gender-Based Violence and Women Reproductive Health in War Affected Area
  Manar Shalak, Favour Ekerete Markson, Manoj Nepal
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(5): 302.     CrossRef

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an alarming increase in domestic violence against women owing to lockdown measures and limited access to support services. This article provides insights into the global prevalence of domestic violence, barriers to seeking help, its impact on women and children, and the best practices implemented worldwide. Domestic violence encompasses various forms of abuse; many young women experience partner violence. Barriers to seeking help include fear, financial constraints, lack of awareness of available services, and distrust among stakeholders. The consequences of domestic violence affect the mental health of both mothers and children. Countries have increased shelter funding and developed innovative protocols to reach survivors and address this issue. However, the healthcare sector’s involvement in addressing domestic violence has been limited. This review advocates collaboration among healthcare institutions and government bodies. Key recommendations include utilizing telehealth services, implementing comprehensive training programs, establishing effective referral systems, enhancing health education, developing a domestic violence registry, improving the responses of law enforcement and justice systems through healthcare integration, promoting data sharing, and conducting further research. Healthcare systems should recognize domestic violence as a public health concern and detect, prevent, and intervene in cases to support survivors.

Citations

• Implementing an Educational Intervention on Formal Training of MBBS Interns Regarding Response to Violence Against Women
  Madhva Prasad, Amruta Pentakota, Pubali Biswas, Nagavaishnavi Bhaskara
  The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India.2025; 75(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Emerging Trends in Intimate Partner Rape and Marital/Spousal Rape During the Biennium 2020 and 2021, Including the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece
  Maria-Valeria Karakasi, Ioannis Nikolaidis, Eleni Fotou, Anestis Sapounas, Apostolos Patounas, Sofia Sakka, Charalampos Ntentopoulos, Pavlos Pavlidis, Polychronis Voultsos
  Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2025; 40(1-2): 370.     CrossRef
• Reflecting on progress and challenges: the Korean Journal of Family Medicine in 2024
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Understanding domestic violence in rural south India: Prevalence and associated risk factors in married women
  H.V. Nair, A. Dinesh, S. Sidharthan, R. Bhaskaran
  Éthique & Santé.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Women’s Health and Primary Care
  Seung-Won Oh
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Investigating and Practicing Orthopedics at the Intersection of Sex and Gender: Understanding the Physiological Basis, Pathology, and Treatment Response of Orthopedic Conditions by Adopting a Gender Lens: A Narrative Overview
  Carlo Biz, Rola Khamisy-Farah, Luca Puce, Lukasz Szarpak, Manlio Converti, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Alberto Crimì, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Pietro Ruggieri
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(5): 974.     CrossRef

Elderly abuse and neglect are among the primary public health problems linked to global demographic changes in the population, impacting not only the well-being of the elderly but also the growth of the nation or economy. This article discusses the effects of elder abuse and neglect on population health from the national and international perspectives through a narrative review of previously published articles on the concept of aging, the prevalence of elderly abuse and neglect, its risk factors and effects, and finally measures, legal perspectives, and recommendations to curb it. Interventions in Malaysia and selected nations, including Indonesia, South Korea, the United States, Australia, and Hong Kong, are examined. This issue is important as the majority of countries are moving toward being elderly populations. Improving global surveillance and the monitoring of instances is essential to inform policy actions to prevent elder abuse. In addition, a thorough assessment of the identified risk factors for violence and steps to prevent violence is required.

Prediabetes is a condition associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, in which blood glucose levels are high but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. The rapid increase in the prevalence of prediabetes is a major global health challenge. The incidence of prediabetes has increased to pandemic levels and can lead to serious consequences. Unfortunately, nearly 90% of prediabetic individuals are unaware of their ailment. A quarter of prediabetic individuals develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) within 3–5 years. Although prediabetes is a reversible condition, the prevention of diabetes has received little attention. It is essential for prediabetic individuals to implement new health-improvement techniques. Focusing on family systems is one strategy to promote health, which is determined by health patterns that are often taught, established, and adjusted within family contexts. For disease prevention, a family-based approach may be beneficial. Family support is essential for the metabolic control of the disease. This study aimed to show several strategies for involving the patient’s family members in preventing the conversion of prediabetes to T2DM and to emphasize that the patient’s family members are a valuable resource to reduce the incidence of diabetes.

Citations

• Assessment of burden of prediabetes and diabetes with oral glucose tolerance test in community-based settings of Bengaluru rural district
  Gokul Sarveswaran, Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan, Sukanya Rangamani, Deepadarshan Huliyappa, Pruthvish Sreekantaiah
  Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2024; 13(9): 3806.     CrossRef

This study aimed to identify the indices/indicators used for evaluating the “creating supportive environments” mechanism of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, with a focus on built environments, in different settings. A search for literature with no time limit constraint was performed across Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, and Embase databases. Search terms included “Ottawa Charter,” “health promotion,” “supportive environments,” “built environments,” “index,” and “indicator.” we included the studies conducted on developing, identifying, and/or measuring health promotion indices/indicators associated with “built environments” in different settings. The review articles were excluded. Extracted data included the type of instrument used for measuring the index/indicator, the number of items, participants, settings, the purpose of indices/indicators, and a minimum of two associated examples of the indices domains/indicators. The key definitions and summarized information from studies are presented in tables. In total, 281 studies were included in the review, within which 36 indices/indicators associated with “built environment” were identified. The majority of the studies (77%) were performed in developed countries. Based on their application in different settings, the indices/indicators were categorized into seven groups: (1) Healthy Cities (n=5), (2) Healthy Municipalities and Communities (n=18), (3) Healthy Markets (n=3), (4) Healthy Villages (n=1), (5) Healthy Workplaces (n=4), (6) Health-Promoting Schools (n=3), and (7) Healthy Hospitals (n=3). Health promotion specialists, health policymakers, and social health researchers can use this collection of indices/indicators while designing/evaluating interventions to create supportive environments for health in various settings.

Citations

• The Role of Pharmacists in Health Promotion
  Pallav Dave
  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences.2024; 4(2): 32.     CrossRef

Assessment of the risk of bias is an essential component of any systematic review. This is true for both nonrandomized studies and randomized trials, which are the main study designs of systematic reviews. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) was developed in 2013 and has gained wide usage as a risk-of-bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies. Four risk-of-bias assessment experts revised it by reviewing existing assessment tools and user surveys. The main modifications included additional domains of selection and detection bias susceptible to nonrandomized studies of interventions, a more detailed consideration of the comparability of participants, and more reliable and valid outcome measurements. A psychometric assessment of the revised RoBANS (RoBANS 2) revealed acceptable inter-rater reliability (weighted kappa, 0.25 to 0.49) and construct validity in which intervention effects of studies with an unclear or high risk of bias were overestimated. The RoBANS 2 has acceptable feasibility, fair-to-moderate reliability, and construct validity. It provides a comprehensive framework for allowing authors to assess and understand the plausible risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions.

Citations

• Comparison of working memory performance in athletes and non-athletes: a meta-analysis of behavioural studies
  Chenxiao Wu, Chenyuan Zhang, Xueqiao Li, Chaoxiong Ye, Piia Astikainen
  Memory.2025; 33(2): 259.     CrossRef
• Dysphagia development in heart failure patients: A scoping review
  Mizue Suzuki, Yoko Saino, Shinsuke Nagami, Junko Ueshima, Tatsuro Inoue, Ayano Nagano, Fumiya Kawase, Haruko Kobayashi, Kenta Murotani, Keisuke Maeda
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2025; 130: 105728.     CrossRef
• Preoperative radiotherapy combined with surgery versus surgery alone for primary retroperitoneal sarcoma: a meta-analysis
  Young Rak Kim, Chang-Hyun Lee, Hangeul Park, Jun-Hoe Kim, Chi Heon Kim
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Acute and chronic effects of elastic band resistance training on athletes’ physical performance: a systematic review
  Henrique Sousa, Eduardo Abade, Filipe Maia, Júlio A. Costa, Rui Marcelino
  Sport Sciences for Health.2025; 21(1): 69.     CrossRef
• Suitability of Measures of Pharmacy-Based Medication Adherence for Routine Clinical Use Among Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review
  Wardatul Jannah, Qisty Khoiry, Sofa Alfian, Rizky Abdulah
  Patient Preference and Adherence.2025; Volume 19: 265.     CrossRef
• School nurse-led educational interventions for sexual and reproductive health promotion in adolescents in high-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review protocol
  Yu Mi Choi, Suyeon Noh, Hyun-Ju Seo, Jaehee Yoon
  BMJ Open.2025; 15(2): e087528.     CrossRef
• The protective effects of hyperbaric oxygen on ionising radiation injury: A systematic review
  Amanda Holyer, Thomas Stewart, Edward T. Ashworth
  Acta Astronautica.2025; 232: 296.     CrossRef
• Exploring the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in Disabled Saudi Patients: A Systematic Review
  Faleh Alqahtani, Saeed A. Al Awadh, Muhammad Fawad Rasool
  Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(4): 582.     CrossRef
• Circulating angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) and steatotic liver disease related to metabolic dysfunction: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
  Farah Abdelhameed, Lukasz Lagojda, Chris Kite, Alexander Dallaway, Attia Mustafa, Nwe Ni Than, Eva Kassi, Harpal S. Randeva, Ioannis Kyrou
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Short versus longer duration antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infections in companion animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Fiona Emdin, Sean W. X. Ong, Clare McGall, Valerie Leung, Kevin L. Schwartz, Bradley J. Langford, Kevin A. Brown, Susan Massarella, Nick Daneman
  BMC Veterinary Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Curative-Intention Surgery with Lobe-Specific Versus Systematic Lymph Node Dissection in Clinical Stage IA–IB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Our Experience and Literature Review
  Bogdan Cosmin Tanase, Teodor Horvat, Mihnea Davidescu, Claudiu Eduard Nistor, Calin Muntean, Gabriel Veniamin Cozma, Alin Nicola, Felix Bratosin, Sorina Maria Denisa Laitin, Alin Burlacu
  Healthcare.2025; 13(8): 957.     CrossRef
• Gut microbiota of patients with post-stroke depression in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Qiaoling Li, Yuejuan Zhang, Xiaoqian Wang, Lin Dai, Wenli Zhao
  Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Occupational risk factors for lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review
  S Y Kim, M-Y Yang, S Salo, R Sund, J Sirola, H Kröger, H Yoo, M-Y Kang
  Occupational Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of radioiodine therapy on preventing recurrence in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review
  Bima Indra, Nur Qodir, Didit Pramudhito, Legiran Legiran, Zen Hafy, Andi M Iqbal Yusran
  Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Fronto–Cerebellar Diaschisis and Cognitive Dysfunction after Pontine Stroke: A Case Series and Systematic Review
  Kei Shimmyo, Shigeru Obayashi
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(3): 623.     CrossRef
• Fine-needle aspiration cytology for neck lesions in patients with antithrombotic/anticoagulant medications: systematic review and meta-analysis
  Dongbin Ahn, Ji Hye Kwak, Gill Joon Lee, Jin Ho Sohn
  European Radiology.2024; 34(10): 6843.     CrossRef
• What is the role of physical exercise in the era of cancer prehabilitation? A systematic review
  Nicole Del Bianco, Anita Borsati, Linda Toniolo, Christian Ciurnielli, Lorenzo Belluomini, Jessica Insolda, Marco Sposito, Michele Milella, Federico Schena, Sara Pilotto, Alice Avancini
  Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2024; 198: 104350.     CrossRef
• Psychiatric adverse events associated with the COVID-19 vaccines approved in the Republic of Korea: a systematic review
  Seungeun Ryoo, Miyoung Choi, Nam-Kyong Choi, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Jun Hee Woo, Byung-Joo Park, Sanghoon Oh
  Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2024; 15(2): 107.     CrossRef
• A Systematic Review on Health Impact of Electronic Cigarettes in South Korea
  Eunsil Cheon, Hana Kim, Naeun Kang, Susan Park, Sung-il Cho, Jieun Hwang
  Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2024; 15(2): 29.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of artificial intelligence robot interventions on psychological health in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review
  Yujin Park, Sun Ju Chang, Hee Jung Kim, Ha Na Jeong
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(3): 234.     CrossRef
• Nursing care services to address unmet supportive care needs among cancer survivors: a systematic review
  Hyun Jin Song, Hyun-Ju Seo, Eun Jeong Choi, Ji Sung Lee, Yumi Choi
  Journal of Cancer Survivorship.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Swimming Exercise on Early Adolescents’ Physical Conditioning and Physical Health: A Systematic Review
  Francisco A. Ferreira, Catarina C. Santos, António L. Palmeira, Ricardo J. Fernandes, Mário J. Costa
  Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology.2024; 9(3): 158.     CrossRef
• Safety and Efficacy of Bispecific Antibodies in Adults with Large B-Cell Lymphomas: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trial Data
  Elena Bayly-McCredie, Maxine Treisman, Salvatore Fiorenza
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(17): 9736.     CrossRef
• Characteristics of fragility hip fracture-related falls in the older adults: A systematic review
  Seung-Kyu Lim, Kyomin Choi, Nam Hun Heo, Younji Kim, Jae-Young Lim
  The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2024; 28(10): 100357.     CrossRef
• Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
  Nurfatima Azzahra Fadli, Mariati Abdul Rahman, Saiful Anuar Karsani, Roszalina Ramli
  Diagnostics.2024; 14(19): 2184.     CrossRef
• Characteristics and Effects of Well-dying Program Interventions among Older Adults in Korea: A Systematic Review
  Jin Hui Han, Hee Joo Oh
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2024; 38(2): 115.     CrossRef
• Substituting with alternative iodinated contrast medium to prevent recurrent adverse drug reactions associated with its use: a meta-analysis
  Su Jin Lim, Pae Sun Suh, Chong Hyun Suh, Pyeong Hwa Kim, Kye Jin Park, Hyo Jung Park, Choong Wook Lee
  European Radiology.2024; 35(5): 2569.     CrossRef
• Also long overdue: consideration of collider bias in guidelines and tools for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies
  Judith J M Rijnhart, Ava Rabbers, Santina Rizzuto
  International Journal of Epidemiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Safety and Efficacy of Atogepant for the Preventive Treatment of Migraines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Abdulrahim Saleh Alrasheed, Taif Mansour Almaqboul, Reem Ali Alshamrani, Noor Mohammad AlMohish, Majed Mohammad Alabdali
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(22): 6713.     CrossRef
• Clinical predictors and noninvasive imaging in Fontan-associated liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jae Hee Seol, Jinyoung Song, Soo Jin Kim, Hoon Ko, Jae Yoon Na, Min Jung Cho, Hee Joung Choi, Jue Seong Lee, Kyung Jin Oh, Jo Won Jung, Se Yong Jung
  Hepatology Communications.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparative evaluation of pit & fissure sealant retention using cotton roll & rubber dam isolation techniques – a systematic review & meta-analysis
  Neha Shukla, Zainab Akram, P. G. Naveen Kumar, Mahesh R. Khairnar, Sachin Kumar Jadhav, Savitha Priyadarsini
  Evidence-Based Dentistry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Biopsychosocial approach to sports injury: a systematic review and exploration of knowledge structure
  Moonjung Bae
  BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is a major public health concern with several undesirable health consequences for older adults. In this overview, we aimed to map and gather information from existing literature to provide a better insight into the prevalence of PIP among community dwellers. Electronic databases were searched from their inception to April 2022. The quality of the included systematic reviews (SRs) was assessed using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews checklist. The degree of overlap within the SRs was also evaluated (2% overlap). All SRs on the prevalence of PIP in older individuals in community settings were included, and a narrative approach was used to synthesize data. Nineteen SRs comprising 548 primary studies met the inclusion criteria, and the average quality of the included SRs was moderate. More than half (50.5%) of the primary studies were conducted in Europe, followed by the United States (22.8%), and Asia (18.9%). Thirty different criteria were used in the primary studies to estimate the prevalence of PIP. The most widely used criteria were those presented in Beers (41.8%) and STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions)/START (Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) (21.8%) criteria. Benzodiazepines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressants were the most frequently reported PIPs. A considerable variation in the prevalence of PIP ranging from 0% to 98% was reported by SRs. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the extent of PIP in community settings. To identify knowledge-to-action gaps, SR authors should consider the differences in prevalence of PIP according to settings, applied tools, data sources, geographical areas, and specific pathologies. There is also a need for primary and SR studies from low- and middle-income countries regarding the prevalence of PIP.

Period poverty is a global community health dilemma that has long been overlooked. This condition is described as having insufficient access to menstrual products, education, and sanitation facilities. Briefly, period poverty means that millions of women are subjected to injustice and inequity due to menstruation. This review aimed to explore the definition, challenges, and effects of period poverty on the community, especially among women at their productive ages. In addition, suggestions to minimize the impact of period poverty are discussed. A search strategy was applied using the keywords “period poverty,” “period equity,” “period poverty,” and “menstrual hygiene” in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, MEDLINE, and PubMed electronic databases, journals, and articles on relevant topics. Trained researchers conducted a keyword search from January 2021 to June 2022. Based on the reviewed studies, it has been proven that many countries are still affected by the period stigma and taboo, inadequate exposure to menstrual health and its management, lack of education about menstruation, and shortage of access to menstrual products and facilities. The next step is to reduce and slowly eliminate the period poverty issue by conducting more research to increase clinical evidence and future references. This narrative review could inform policymakers of the magnitude of the burden related to this issue and guide them to develop effective strategies to minimize the impact of poverty, especially during the challenging years of the post-coronavirus disease 2019 era.

Citations

• Period Poverty: How School Nurses Can Support Menstrual Health and Hygiene
  Damaris Pereda, Sasha Mahuna
  NASN School Nurse.2025; 40(1): 38.     CrossRef
• Period poverty and mental health among students attending a US university
  Jonathan Noel, Samantha Strong, Sarah Miller, Kelsey Gately, Samantha Rosenthal
  Journal of American College Health.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• The economic impact of Long-Acting Contraceptives (LARCs) on public health
  Ana Claudia Marcelino, Paula da Cunha Pereira, Luis Bahamondes
  Clinics.2025; 80: 100598.     CrossRef
• Cycles of Neglect: A Statutory Review of State Policies Regarding Feminine Hygiene Product Provision During Incarceration
  McKenzie Wood, Nicole E. Garrett, Douglas Routh, Michelle Jeffs
  International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Pilot Study of Menstrual Health Education, Attitudes, and Product Access in Rural Honduras
  Eleanor Stubley, Janice M. Marshall
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(3): 374.     CrossRef
• Menstrual hygiene management among girls and women refugees in Africa: a scoping review
  Alexis Harerimana, Gugu Mchunu, Julian David Pillay
  Conflict and Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Menstrual pain and epistemic injustice
  Adriana Joanna Mickiewicz
  Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Period Poverty and Barriers to Menstrual Health Equity in U.S. Menstruating College Students: A Scoping Review
  Lea Sacca, Diana Lobaina, Sara Burgoa, Vama Jhumkhawala, Meera Rao, Goodness Okwaraji, Yasmine Zerrouki, Joshua Sohmer, Michelle Knecht, Maria C. Mejia, Panagiota Kitsantas
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(4): 619.     CrossRef
• Integrating demographic insights into menstrual product choices: a study through the lens of Engel–Kollat–Blackwell Model
  Anushka Mehar, Yamini
  Health Education.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Women's reproductive mental health: currently available evidence and future directions for research, clinical practice and health policy
  Louise M. Howard, Claire A. Wilson, Thomas J. Reilly, Katrina M. Moss, Gita D. Mishra, Ella Coupland‐Smith, Anita Riecher‐Rössler, Soraya Seedat, Shubulade Smith, Julia R. Steinberg, Jenneke van Ditzhuijzen, Sian Oram
  World Psychiatry.2025; 24(2): 196.     CrossRef
• Period poverty in the United States of America: a socio-economic policy analysis
  Binda Godlove Aka
  Journal of Global Health Economics and Policy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Menstrual Products: Attitudes About Taxation and Safety
  Trupti Dhumal, Pragya Rai, Drishti Shah, Pamela W. Murray, Kimberly M. Kelly
  Journal of Women's Health.2024; 33(4): 491.     CrossRef
• “For men, by men”: Menstrual victimization and the weaponization of period products in carceral settings
  Kathryn Tapp, Abigail Henson
  Women's Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Tranexamic acid for management of heavy vaginal bleeding: barriers to access and myths surrounding its use
  Heather VanderMeulen, Grace H. Tang, Michelle Sholzberg
  Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2024; 8(3): 102389.     CrossRef
• “Ritual Purity” Reimagined: Eco-Friendly Menstrual Practices and Emotional Well-being in Muslim Women
  Shahida
  Women's Reproductive Health.2024; 11(4): 767.     CrossRef
• Management of abnormal uterine bleeding on anticoagulation: the patient–clinician perspective
  Bethany T. Samuelson Bannow
  Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2024; 22(7): 1819.     CrossRef
• A pilot survey of students’ menstrual attitudes, experiences, and needs on an urban university campus
  Abigail Suleman, Shruthi Krishna, Divya Krishnakumar, Kai Nemoto, My Lê Thảo Nguyễn, Supriya D Mehta
  Women's Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Period poverty, reuse needs, and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in Jordan’s camps: a cross-sectional study
  Nadia Muhaidat, Joud Al Karmi, Abdulrahman M. Karam, Farah Abushaikha, Mohammad Ali Alshrouf
  BMC Women's Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Menstrual poverty scale: reliability and validity study
  Özge Öz Yildirim, Ayla Hendekci, Ilknur Aydın Avci
  Women & Health.2024; 64(6): 526.     CrossRef
• Syndemics in women’s health: poverty, social exclusion, and clustering of thrombotic and hemostasis disorders
  Ellen O’Rourke, Sarah Kelliher, Barry Kevane
  Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2024; 8(5): 102481.     CrossRef
• Forbidden Conversations: A Comprehensive Exploration of Taboos in Sexual and Reproductive Health
  Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit, Mainul Haque
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Perspectives on prior preparation for menstrual experience from women and female health workers in Malawi
  Gertrude Mwalabu, Safari Mbewe, Annie Namathanga, Rodney Masese, Charity Kabondo, Leah Katuya, Pammla Petrucka, Patrick Mapulanga
  Women's Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Behavior and attitudes of female medical students regarding menstrual products
  Teodora Marković, Vuk Marušić, Aleksandra Nikolić, Isidora Vujčić, Milan Bjekić, Sandra Šipetić-Grujičić
  Zdravstvena zastita.2024; 53(3): 32.     CrossRef
• Period poverty is a continuing global challenge
  Lucy Khofi
  Nature Human Behaviour.2024; 8(11): 2070.     CrossRef
• Addressing the commercial determinants of menstrual health: a call to regulate menstrual product manufacturers
  Céline Brassart Olsen
  Health Promotion International.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Menstrual Hygiene Management and Reproductive Morbidity among Women Tea Plantation Workers in Wayanad District, Kerala, India
  Puthupparambil S. Alifia, Paul T. Francis, Malathi Mini, Jeby J. Olickal, Kavumpurathu R. Thankappan
  Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth.2024; 17(Suppl 1): S178.     CrossRef
• Ubóstwo menstruacyjne w świetle badań i opracowań naukowych z lat 2013–2023
  Agata Buczak
  Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy.2024; (80): 105.     CrossRef

Since each person has a different ability to break down alcohol, it is inappropriate to apply a uniform standard to everyone when evaluating drinking status. In Korea, there has been a guideline for moderate drinking based not only on sex and age but Koreans’ alcohol metabolism capabilities that can be predicted by presence of facial flushing response. So far, there have been no studies that have investigated drinking habits of Koreans in accordance with the guideline. This study tried to identify the current drinking status of Koreans according to the guideline. As a result, it was confirmed that about 1/3 of the total population was accompanied by facial flushing when drinking alcohol, and it was found that different drinking habits were shown even in the same age and gender groups according to the presence of facial flushing. It is difficult to accurately evaluate drinking habits because facial flushing has not yet been investigated in some large data or various medical examinations. In the future, it is necessary to ensure that the presence of facial flushing can be confirmed at the medical treatment or examination site so that accurate drinking habit evaluation and prevention and resolution of drinking problems can be achieved.

Citations

• Unhealthy alcohol use: screening and behavioral counseling interventions
  Wonyoung Jung, Seung-Won Oh, Se-Hong Kim, Soo Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2025; 46(1): 20.     CrossRef
• The preventative effects of statin on lung cancer development in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using the National Health Insurance Service Database in Korea
  Yoo Jung Lee, Nayoon Kang, Junghyun Nam, Eung Gu Lee, Jiwon Ryoo, Soon Seog Kwon, Yong Hyun Kim, Hye Seon Kang, Tsai-Ching Hsu
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(3): e0299484.     CrossRef
• Cancer risk based on alcohol consumption levels: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
  Seunghee Jun, Hyunjin Park, Ui-Jeong Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Hye Ah Lee, Bomi Park, Soon Young Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Hyesook Park
  Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023092.     CrossRef

Cancer, or malignancy, continues to be one of the most serious health problems in the world, leading to death and disability. Unlike in previous years, where new cases of cancer were predominant in developed nations, the number of cases of cancer and the resultant deaths are increasing in low- and middle-income countries. This is partially attributable to the current trend of adopting a Western lifestyle, substantial urbanization, and the rise in infections, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), which together account for over 30% of cancer cases in underdeveloped and developing nations. The deleterious impact of cancer, as cases multiply worldwide, is multi-dimensional. Cancer exerts serious physical, psychological, and monetary burdens, not only on cancer patients but also on their family members, close friends, health care systems, and society at large. Importantly, over half of all cancer types can be prevented globally by mitigating the risk and causative factors as well as prompt adherence to scientifically recommended prevention measures. This review provides various scientifically based and people-centered strategies that every individual could adopt to reduce their risk of developing cancer in the future. It is recommended that, for these cancer prevention strategies to be effective, there should be a strong political will from the governments of individual countries to enact specific laws and implement policies that will significantly reduce sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating among the general public. Likewise, HPV and HBV vaccines, as well as cancer screenings, should be made available, affordable, and accessible on a timely basis for those who are eligible to take them. Finally, intensified campaigns and numerous informative and educational programs that promote cancer prevention should be initiated globally.

Citations

• Vegan Diet: A Novel Trend in Healthy Living
  Gaithaongamliu Kamei, Prasad Rasane, Jyoti Singh, Sawinder Kaur, Mahendra Gunjal, Jaspreet Kaur, Raghav Gupta, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Sushma Gurumayum, Sunil Kumar Dwivedi
  Current Nutrition & Food Science.2024; 20(8): 952.     CrossRef
• Rising potentials of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) loaded lipid-based delivery platforms for breast cancer
  Sagnik Nag, Adrija Bhunia, Sourav Mohanto, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
  Discover Applied Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring the Role of Artificial Light and Tanning for Skin Cancer
  Muhammad Majid, Abdul Qayoom, Ali Haider
  Indus Journal of Bioscience Research.2024; 2(2): 1506.     CrossRef
• Exploring the Role of Artificial Light and Tanning for Skin Cancer
  Muhammad Majid, Abdul Qayoom, Ali Haider
  Indus Journal of Bioscience Research.2024; 2(2): 1584.     CrossRef
• Application of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Using Medical Images: A Systematic Review
  Olusola Olabanjo, Ashiribo Wusu, Mauton Asokere, Oseni Afisi, Basheerat Okugbesan, Olufemi Olabanjo, Olusegun Folorunso, Manuel Mazzara
  Analytics.2023; 2(3): 708.     CrossRef

With aging, loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle function increases, resulting in an increased risk of falls, fractures, long-term institutional care, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and even death. Sarcopenia, which is derived from the Greek words “sarx” or flesh+“penia” or loss, is defined as a condition characterized by low muscle mass and low muscle strength and performance. In 2019, the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) published a consensus paper on the diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia. The AWGS 2019 guideline, specifically, presented strategies for case-finding and assessment to help diagnose “possible sarcopenia” in primary care settings. For case finding, the AWGS 2019 guideline proposed an algorithm that recommends calf circumference measurement (cut-off <34 cm in men, <33 cm in women) or the SARC-F (strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls) questionnaire (cut-off ≥4). If this case finding is confirmed, handgrip strength (cutoff <28 kg in men, <18 kg in women) or the 5-time chair stand test (≥12 seconds) should be performed to diagnose “possible sarcopenia.” If an individual is diagnosed as “possible sarcopenia,” AWGS 2019 recommends that the individual should start lifestyle interventions and related health education for primary healthcare users. Because no medication is available to treat sarcopenia, exercise and nutrition is essential for sarcopenia management. Many guidelines, recommend physical activity, with a focus on progressive resistance (strength) training, as a first-line therapy for the management of sarcopenia. It is essential to educate older adults with sarcopenia on the need to increase protein intake. Many guidelines recommended that older people should consume at least 1.2 g of proteins/kg/d. This minimum threshold can be increased in the presence of catabolic or muscle wasting. Previous studies reported that leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, is essential for protein synthesis in muscle, and a stimulator for skeletal muscle synthesis. A guideline conditionally recommends that diet or nutritional supplements should be combined with exercise intervention for older adults with sarcopenia.

Citations

• Evaluating sarcopenia and nutritional status in outpatients with liver cirrhosis: concordance of diagnostic methods
  Marina Demas Rezende Gischewski, Fernanda Lívia Cavalcante Araujo, Aryana Isabelle De Almeida Neves Siqueira, Alina Joana da Silva Wallraf, João Araújo Barros Neto, Nassib Bezerra Bueno Nassib, Juliana Célia de Farias Santos, Fabiana Andréa Moura
  Nutrición Hospitalaria.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Update on the Complications and Management of Liver Cirrhosis
  Hiba Fadlallah, Diala El Masri, Hisham F. Bahmad, Wassim Abou-Kheir, Jad El Masri
  Medical Sciences.2025; 13(1): 13.     CrossRef
• Diabetes and Sarcopenia: Intersection of Co Morbid Conditions
  Byron J. Hoogwerf
  OBM Geriatrics.2025; 09(01): 1.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dynapenia, Pre-Sarcopenia, and Sarcopenia in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study
  Do-Youn Lee
  Medicina.2025; 61(4): 575.     CrossRef
• The Prognostic Significance of Handgrip Strength in Cirrhosis: Simplicity Is the Ultimate Sophistication
  Binxin Cui, Ziyi Yang, Chao Sun
  Portal Hypertension & Cirrhosis.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Guidelines for obesity clinic consultations in primary healthcare clinics
  Jee-Hyun Kang, Kyoung-Kon Kim
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 240.     CrossRef
• Guidelines for physical activity counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Yun Jun Yang
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 265.     CrossRef
• Whole Genome Linkage and Association Analyses Identify DLG Associated Protein-1 as a Novel Positional and Biological Candidate Gene for Muscle Strength: The Long Life Family Study
  Adam J Santanasto, Sandeep Acharya, Mary K Wojczynski, Ryan K Cvejkus, Shiow Lin, Michael R Brent, Jason A Anema, Lihua Wang, Bharat Thyagarajan, Kaare Christensen, E Warwick Daw, Joseph M Zmuda, Lewis A Lipsitz
  The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of hip fracture in 15 European countries: a longitudinal study of 48,533 geriatric adults using SHARE dataset
  M. Azhar Hussain, Rizwan Qaisar, Asima Karim, Firdos Ahmad, Fabio Franzese, Atif Awad, Abeer A. Al-Masri, Mohammed Alsaeed, Shaea A. Alkahtani
  Archives of Osteoporosis.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Open, Active-Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Correlation between Whole Body DEXA and BIA Muscle Measurements
  Yong-Chan Ha, Shinjune Kim, Jun-Il Yoo
  Journal of Bone Metabolism.2024; 31(3): 219.     CrossRef
• Doctor and patient perceptions of sarcopenia in community-based primary care clinics: a questionnaire survey
  Jungha Park, Daehyun Lee, Jae Young Jang, Jung-Ha Kim, Jae Uk Baek, Myungkwan Jeong, Sungwouk Kim, Moonbae Kyoung, Miji Kim, Chang Won Won
  European Geriatric Medicine.2024; 15(6): 1827.     CrossRef
• Frequency of clinical signs in patients with Cushing's syndrome and mild autonomous cortisol secretion: overlap is common
  Leah T Braun, Frederick Vogel, Elisabeth Nowak, German Rubinstein, Stephanie Zopp, Katrin Ritzel, Felix Beuschlein, Martin Reincke
  European Journal of Endocrinology.2024; 191(4): 473.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of a combined exercise and nutrition intervention study for outpatients with possible sarcopenia in community-based primary care clinics (ENdSarC): study protocol for a multicenter single-blinded randomized controlled trial
  Woohyuk Ji, Daehyun Lee, Minjin Kim, Nahyun Lim, Jae-Young Lim, Jae Uk Baek, Sungwouk Kim, Choong Hyung Lee, Miji Kim, Chang Won Won
  BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Age-related increase in the excitability of mouse layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex is accompanied by an increased persistent inward current
  Jose A. Viteri, Nikolaus Bueschke, Joseph M. Santin, W. David Arnold
  GeroScience.2024; 47(2): 2199.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Muscle Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Maha Timraz, Ahmad Binmahfoz, Terry J. Quinn, Emilie Combet, Stuart R. Gray
  Nutrients.2023; 15(16): 3579.     CrossRef

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing exponentially globally, with 90% of the confirmed cases being type 2 DM. The global incidence of DM is expected to increase by 48% during 2017–2045. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to have a massive impact on human health, causing sudden lifestyle changes through quarantine measures, such as lockdown, social distancing, various curfews, and isolation at home. This in turn might increase the risk of developing numerous chronic diseases, such as DM, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, which increase the severity of COVID-19. To this end, we performed a comprehensive review to determine viable measures for the prevention of DM and its subsequent upsurge globally. Additionally, we have determined strategies that should be adopted globally to ensure a healthy lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic and later.

Citations

• Enhancement of Virtues: Key to a Healthy Lifestyle against Chronic Diseases and Future Health Crisis
  Dalmacito A. Cordero Jr.
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(4): 244.     CrossRef

Patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-induced angioedema (ACEIIA) may visit family physicians. The aim of this article was to describe a case of delayed-onset ACEIIA and to present a concise scoping review. Using a case report and a scoping review study design, we report a case of ACEIIA, with clinically confirmed diagnosis. The symptoms resolved after replacing the offending ACEI with another antihypertensive agent. After excluding other causes of perioral swelling and discontinuation of ACEI, the patient was symptom-free within a few days thereafter. Based on this case presentation, we performed a meta-narrative scoping review including up-todate diagnosis and management of ACEIIA, based on published data in English, French, and German from inception to April 1, 2021. Patients with angioedema of unknown origin should be cautiously examined to rule out oral diseases, including allergy to dental materials and drug-induced angioedema. Clinicopathological aspects and current treatment guidelines for ACEI-associated angioedema are also presented.

Citations

• A stepwise approach to chainsaw kickback injury of the nasoorbital complex: a case-based meta-narrative review
  Poramate Pitak-Arnnop, Ornvenus Nimitwongsakul, Nattapong Sirintawat, Keskanya Subbalekha, Christian Stoll, Jean-Paul Meningaud
  Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2024; 138(1): e1.     CrossRef

Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) can be defined as systematically developed recommendations and related content obtained by reviewing scientific evidence, which help healthcare providers make decisions. CPG is one of the most powerful tools that helps clinicians make evidence-based decisions in practice. Methodologies in areas essential for CPG development, such as for systematic review, risk of bias (ROB) assessment, adaptation, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations, are rapidly developing. Therefore, they must be well-understood and applied to evidence-based CPG development. In this regard, it is necessary to learn about the updates and changed in the methodologies for CPG development. This manuscript covers the following CPG development methodologies: (1) main principles of CPG, (2) managing conflict of interest, (3) considering patient value and preference, (4) determination of key questions, (5) ROB assessment, (6) adaptation, (7) rapid guideline development, (8) living guideline development, and (9) GIN-McMaster Guideline Development Checklist.

Citations

• RoBANS 2: A Revised Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions
  Hyun-Ju Seo, Soo Young Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, Ji-Eun Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(5): 249.     CrossRef
• Association between Conflicts of Interest Disclosure and Quality of Clinical Practice Guidelines in Japan: A Meta-Epidemiological Study
  Norio Yamamoto, Akihiko Ozaki, Shunsuke Taito, Takashi Ariie, Hidehiro Someko, Hiroaki Saito, Tetsuya Tanimoto, Yuki Kataoka
  Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 13(12): 1722.     CrossRef

Pharmacovigilance is used to detect, assess, understand, and prevent the adverse effects of medications. The need for safety monitoring has evolved around unfortunate incidents in history, with deaths caused by anesthesia and congenital malformations from thalidomide use. Reports from adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are stored in a global database and can be used to evaluate the associations between various medications and associated ADRs. Clinicians play an important role in the recognition and reporting of ADRs to national pharmacovigilance centers (NPCs). The purpose of NPCs is to make the clinicians understand their functions, including the monitoring, investigation, and assessment of ADR reports, along with periodical benefit-risk assessments of medications via multiple sources. A case study on NPCs and the types of safety issues evaluated by them are provided to illustrate their role in medicine safety surveillance. ADR monitoring was also combined with vaccine safety surveillance approaches. Overall, this study will provide insights to clinicians on the importance of pharmacovigilance in maintaining patient safety with the proper use of medications.

Citations

• Analysis of literature-derived duplicate records in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database
  Weiru Han, Robert Morris, Kun Bu, Tianrui Zhu, Hong Huang, Feng Cheng
  Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.2025; 103(2): 56.     CrossRef
• Leveraging Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Methods for Adverse Drug Event Detection in Electronic Health/Medical Records: A Scoping Review
  Su Golder, Dongfang Xu, Karen O’Connor, Yunwen Wang, Mahak Batra, Graciela Gonzalez Hernandez
  Drug Safety.2025; 48(4): 321.     CrossRef
• Patient Experience Regarding Medication-Related Information Received in a Rural Private Polyclinic Setting in Vietnam
  Quang Loc Duyen Vo, Minh Trung Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Yen Dang, Thi Hong Dung Quach, Huynh Kim Ngoc Truong, Rebecca Susan Dewey, Thi Thu Tran, Van De Tran
  Journal of Patient Experience.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Interações Fármaco-fármaco em Prescrições de Pacientes em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto em Hospital Público de Montes Claros
  Anna Lívia Lima, Kelly Cristiane Lopes, Esther Alves Marinho , Flávio Júnior Figueredo , Cecília Paiva Duarte , Viviane de Oliveira Vasconcelos, Izabella Mendes Lima , Thiago Santos Monção, Guilherme Henrique Azevedo dos Reis , Yves André Rodrigues Gomes
  Revista de Gestão e Secretariado.2025; 16(2): e4715.     CrossRef
• Safety of COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy and Lactation: A VigiBase Analysis
  Dayeon Kang, Ahhyung Choi, Suneun Park, Seung-Ah Choe, Ju-Young Shin
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Revolutionizing drug discovery: The impact of artificial intelligence on advancements in pharmacology and the pharmaceutical industry
  Seema Yadav, Abhishek Singh, Rishika Singhal, Jagat Pal Yadav
  Intelligent Pharmacy.2024; 2(3): 367.     CrossRef
• Drug Repurposing Using FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database
  Robert Morris, Rahinatu Ali, Feng Cheng
  Current Drug Targets.2024; 25(7): 454.     CrossRef
• Drug-Related Glomerular Phenotypes: A Global Pharmacovigilance Perspective
  Alexandre Baptista, Ana M. Macedo, Ana Marreiros, André Coelho, Mark A. Perazella
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(16): 4869.     CrossRef
• Postmarketing Surveillance: Review of Open Sources of Drug Safety Data
  E. V. Shubnikova
  Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy.2024; 12(3): 309.     CrossRef
• Exploring the community pharmacist’s knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding adverse drug reactions and its reporting in the United Arab Emirates: a survey-based cross-sectional study
  Javedh Shareef, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar, Mullaicharam Bhupathyraaj, Atiqulla Shariff, Sabin Thomas
  Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pharmacovigilance: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Safety Monitoring Practices
  Aniket Anil Pawar, Aftab Imtiyaz Patel, Suhani Balu Jadhav, Harshavardhan T. Suryawanshi, Suhani Balu Jadhav
  International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology.2024; : 314.     CrossRef
• Explicit potentially inappropriate medications criteria for older population in Asian countries: A systematic review
  Chee Tao Chang, Siew Li Teoh, Philip Rajan, Shaun Wen Huey Lee
  Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy.2023; 19(8): 1146.     CrossRef
• A Real-World Data Driven Pharmacovigilance Investigation on Drug-Induced Arrhythmia Using KAERS DB, a Korean Nationwide Adverse Drug Reporting System
  Chaerin Go, Semi Kim, Yujin Kim, Yongjun Sunwoo, Sae Hyun Eom, Jiseong Yun, Sooyoung Shin, Yeo Jin Choi
  Pharmaceuticals.2023; 16(11): 1612.     CrossRef

Identifying and preventing modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease is very important. Vascular calcification has been studied clinically as an asymptomatic preclinical marker of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular disease. It is known that higher homocysteine levels are associated with calcified plaques and the higher the homocysteine level, the higher the prevalence and progression of vascular calcification. Homocysteine is a byproduct of methionine metabolism and is generally maintained at a physiological level. Moreover, it may increase if the patient has a genetic deficiency of metabolic enzymes, nutritional deficiencies of related cofactors (vitamins), chronic diseases, or a poor lifestyle. Homocysteine is an oxidative stress factor that can lead to calcified plaques and trigger vascular inflammation. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes endothelial dysfunction, transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and the induction of apoptosis. As a result of transdifferentiation and cell apoptosis, hydroxyapatite accumulates in the walls of blood vessels. Several studies have reported on the mechanisms of multiple cellular signaling pathways that cause inflammation and calcification in blood vessels. Therefore, in this review, we take a closer look at understanding the clinical consequences of hyperhomocysteinemia and apply clinical approaches to reduce its prevalence.

Citations

• Methionine synthetase A2756G and Cystathionine-β-synthase 844ins68 polymorphisms and coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
  Yan-yan Li, Hui Wang, Yang-yang Zhang
  The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2025; 369(5): 574.     CrossRef
• Blood metabolites mediate causal inference studies on the effect of gut microbiota on the risk of vascular calcification
  Aoran Huang, Jianshuai Ma, Huijin Zhu, Yanli Qi, Yang Jin, Mingxuan Zhang, Li Yin, Minhong Luo, Sifan Chen, Chen Xie, Hui Huang
  Journal of Advanced Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Guidelines for nutrition counseling in primary healthcare clinics
  Gyeongsil Lee, Seung-Won Oh
  Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(4): 278.     CrossRef
• Plasma Homocysteine Levels as Cardiovascular Disease Risk vis-a-vis Estrogen Levels in Pre and Postmenopausal Women
  Likhitha Munnangi, K. S. S. Sai Baba, Noorjahan Mohammed, Oruganti Sai Satish, M. Vijaya Bhaskar, Siraj Ahmed Khan, N. N. Sreedevi, Bhavya Sirivelu
  Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women.2024; 9: 143.     CrossRef
• Impact of Hyperhomocysteinemia on Cytokine and Matrix Metalloproteinases Contents in Rat Skeletal Muscle
  Olha Kravchenko, Raksha Nataliia, Kostiuk Oleksandra, Liashevska Oleksandra, Tiron Oksana, Maievskyi Oleksandr
  Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal.2024; 8(3): 387.     CrossRef
• Vitamin K and age-related diseases
  K. A. Eruslanova, Yu. S. Onuchina, E. V. Ivannikova, E. N. Dudinskaya
  Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine.2023; (4): 236.     CrossRef

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected several countries worldwide, including Malaysia, with the first reported case occurring in January 2020. Terengganu, a state on the east coast of Malaysia, is finding it challenging to contain the disease by aggressively instituting all public health measures to reduce the number of COVID-19 cases and community transmission. Our primary health clinic, which is situated in a semi-rural district in Terengganu, is also involved in the implementation of containment measures, community risk measurement, and the initial management of COVID-19 cases. The health clinic changed the clinic system for the delivery of healthcare services to avoid overcrowding of patients and adapted innovative ways of providing medical services, such as telemedicine and “drive-through” pharmacy. It also provided continuous health education and awareness regarding COVID-19 to both patients and clinic attendees. The essential element of combating the infection is the effective control of infection in a small, isolated clinic in which space and adequate facilities are known challenges. This study aimed to highlight the flow of COVID-19 management starting from screening, triaging, and management based on protocol, implementation of infection control measures, and training of healthcare workers in our health clinic. The mental health of these workers was managed by the Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Unit, as recommended by the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The role of primary care clinics in the ongoing pandemic is currently increasing. Hence, higher authority and the government must increase the number of facilities, human resources, and financial budget to ensure that all initiatives can be implemented effectively.

Citations

• Promoting Health Literacy: Preparing for Future Health Crises
  Dalmacito A. Cordero Jr.
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(2): 124.     CrossRef
• Post-pandemic period in N. Macedonia: an opportunity to expand the role of pharmacist
  Iskra Jordanovska, Katerina Anchevska Netkovska, Aleksandra Kapedanovska Nestorovska, Aleksandra Grozdanova
  Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin.2022; 68(03): 577.     CrossRef