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Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2001;22(6):878-885.
Published online June 1, 2001.
Usability of HHIE S as a screening test of hearing imairment in the Korean elderly.
Young San Kim, Chang Won Won, Byoung Sung Kim, Hyun Rim Choi, Sung Hoon Kim, Jun Chul Kim, Jong Bum Lim
Department of Family Medicine, College of medicine, Kyung Hee University.
노인성 청력장애 선별검사로서 HHIE - S 의 유용성
김영산, 원장원, 김병성, 최현림, 김성훈, 김준철, 임종범
경희대학교 가정의학교실
Abstract
Background
: Hearing impairment is one of the most common physical handicaps of the aged. This diseases has recently attracted such amount of social attention and understanding as never attracted several years age, and high degree of achievement was made with regard to screening test method, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. However, unfortunately, even now, not enough attention is being paid upon early discovery hearing handicap for patients frequently encountered in clinics.
Therefore, as a screening test method of senile hypacusis, we were to apply "Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly - Screening Version" (HHIE-S) inquiries in Korea and studied the usabulity, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value and cutoff point of this method.

Methods : This study was performed for 120 persons over the age of 60, who visited general health screening centers of one university hospital located in Seou, during the period of October 1996 through to March 1999. HHIE-S questionnaires were used and pure tone audiometry was performed to generate gold standard.

Results : Only 119 out of 120 initial subjects were included in the study because of incomplete questionnaire answers by excluded 10 subject. We defined gold standard of hearing handicap to be ⑴ lower than 30 dB of hearing capability of both ears to frequency between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz or ⑵ lower than 40 dB of hearing capability of an ear to frequency between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz, as determined by pure tone audiometry. Assuming cutoff point of HHIE-S as 4 points, the sensitivity and specificity resulted to bo 80%, and 67% each. Assuming cutoff point of HHIE-S as 6 points, the sensitivity and specificity were 76% and 78% each. At 8 points, the percentages were 64%, and 80%, At 10 points, the percentages were 64% and 85%. As a result of this study, the appropriate cutoff point is 6 points. In order to specify the correlation between questionnaire result and pure tone audiometry, we performed 500 Hz, 100 Hz and 200 Hz audi-ometry which are within conversational range, calculated arithmetic mean from the results, and inspected correlation between the resultant mean of the better performing ear and questionnaire resultant points. The correlation coefficient was 0.612 and Chronbach's alpha, as a measurement of internal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.9044.

Conclusion : HHIE-S proved to be useful in screening hearing handicap in the Korean elderly.
초록
연구배경 : 청력장애는 노인들의 가장 흔한 신체적 변화의 하나로서 최근 수년간 청력장애에 대한 이해와 관심이 매우 높아졌고 이에 대한 정확한 검사 방법과 진단, 치료와 재활 분야에 많은 발전이 있었으나 환자의 조기 발견에는 거의 큰 관심을 갖지 않아 온 것이 사실이다. 따라서 저자들은 노인성 청력장애의 선별검사로 HHIE-S(Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening Version)설문지를 우리나라 노인들을 대상으로 사용함에 있어 그 유용성을 알아보고 이의 민감도와 특이도, 양성예측도와 음성예측도 및 기준점(Cutoff point)을 알아보고자 하였다.

방법 : 1997년 10월부터 1999년 3월까지 서울시에 소재한 일개 종합병원 종합건강검진센터를 방문한 60세 이상의 노인들 120명을 대상으로 하여 HHIE-S를 이용한 설문지를 작성하도록 하였으며 청력장애의 정도는 순음청력검사를 이용하였다.

결과 : 전체조사 대상자 120명중 불완전한 설문지 작성자를 제외한 110명을 실제 연구대상으로 하였다. 순음청력검사를 하여 (1)양측 귀에서 1000 Hz 또는 2000 Hz에서 40dB이하의 청력소실을 보이거나 (2)한쪽 귀에서 1000 Hz와 2000 Hz에서 40dB이상의 청력소실을 보일 때를 청력장애의 황금률(Gold Standard)로 하였다. HHIE-S의 점수가 4점일 때를 기준으로 하였을 때 민감도와 특이도는 80%, 67%이고, 6점으로 하였을 때 민감도와 특이도는 76%, 78%였으며, 8점으로 하였을 때는 64%와 80%, 10점으로 했을 때는 64%와 85%로 나타나 본 연구에서의 cutoff point는 6점으로 나타났다. 또한 설문지의 점수와 순음청력검사와의 상관관계를 알아보기 위하여 순음청력검사에서 회화음역에 속하는 주파수인 500, 1,000, 2,000 Hz에서의 기도청력역치를 산술 평균한 후 잘 들리는 쪽의 귀를 기준으로 하여 설문지의 점수와의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 상관계수는 0.612였으며 설문지의 내적일치도(internal consistency)를 분석하기 위한 Cronbach’s alpha점수는 0.904이었다.

결론 : HHIE-S 설문지는 한국 노인의 청력장애를 선별검사하는데 매우 유용한 것으로 나타났다.


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